Various Types Of Waste Research Articles

Analisis Pengelolaan Limbah Medis Padat Di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Cibinong Tahun 2021: Analysis of medical solid waste management at the Cibinong Hospital in General Year 2021

Introduction: The Cibinong Regional General Hospital is a type B hospital, which produces many types of waste. Hospital activities produce various types of waste, namely liquid, solid and gas. The problem of managing hospital solid medical waste is currently a serious concern considering the negative impacts that can be caused if it is not managed properly. Some steps for good solid medical waste management include sorting, storing, transporting, destroying, impacting waste management, controlling combustion residue storage, and further processing by third parties. Methods: This study used a descriptive type of research, with qualitative methods. The research method was in-depth interview, observation and document review. There were 12 sources of information. Results: Based on the results of the study, the analysis of hospital solid medical waste management at Cibinong Hospital in general did not meet the requirements of Minister of Health Regulation No. 7 of 2019 including at the stages of sorting and transporting, but there are also some things that have been optimal so that they need to be improved. Human resources and the absence of continuous socialization, monitoring and socialization for implementing officers for managing solid medical waste triggers the mixing of solid medical waste with non-medical waste. Discussion: The hospital have to increase commitment in solid medical waste management, by oraginizing special training for officers on the stages of sorting in waste management, paying attention to the availability of plastic bags for medical waste, planning an incinerator maintenance budget and providing garbage carts in accordance with Minister of Health Regulation No. 7 of 2019.

Effectiveness of Waste Management in the United States of America

Waste is a significant concern at this time. No matter what country, waste will always exist in people's daily lives, including the United States. To deal with all types of waste, the United States has implemented policies and regulations called the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and 3R.This study aims to see how the policies launched by the United States, namely the Environmental Protection Agency and 3R, in dealing with environmental problems, where one of the causes is that it comes from various types of waste, both from the household sector and large companies. In writing this journal, the author uses a descriptive-qualitative research method based on green theory. The environmental crisis has penetrated almost all parts of the world since the 60s, starting from an individual protest until finally, this environmental problem has become an international concern; green theory is present as a form of concern for the environment because the environment is the world's primary asset, so by saving the environment indirectly also save the inhabitants of the earth. Each country is competing in finding ways to overcome these problems. One of which is the United States. The environmental protection agency and 3R are some of the steps taken by the United States in dealing with environmental problems in the hope that the policies taken can save them from environmental problems not only in the present but also in the future, where several factors cause these problems. In this program, the United States implements several activities. The most important is providing education about the dangers of waste and recycling waste in the environment. This is done in response to the environmental crisis, which is the leading cause of damage and life crises, including disease. In this paper, the authors also see how effective Environmental Protection Agency policies are and describe several types of waste that damage the environment.

Advanced Modular and Integrated Equipment Design Trend in Waste-to-Energy Processes

Proper processing and management of various types of waste represent an important feature of a developed society. Thermal processing followed by heat utilization of waste (or Waste-to-Energy) provides an excellent solution to reduce environmental pollution, and simultaneously to maximize the financial profit. Following the current trend of energy decentralization by small energy sources, this paper presents several novel incineration based technologies for processing solid and gaseous wastes. In the case of solid waste processing, the micro-incineration unit, called EVECONT, is presented as a modular advanced technology enabling environmentally friendly and energy-efficient waste management in place of its origin. Subsequently, two industrial units for waste gas treatment are introduced in an up to date integrated design enabling the minimization of the built up area and heat losses. Finally, an experimental unit based on Urea hydrolysis for NOx removal from flue gas is presented as a promising complementary technology to Waste-to-Energy processes.

What do Yellow Trash Containers Hide?

We do not know whether recycling will save us from environmental disaster. We believe, however, that segregating trash makes sense. From an early age, our children learn to link the colors of containers with various types of waste. Plastic bags, plastic bottles, metal caps, aluminum cans and milk cartons end up in yellow containers and bags every day. These few examples already show the diversity of these materials. According to the Resin Identification Code (RIC) system introduced in 1988, there are as many as seven codes to designate plastics alone. The waste we separate must therefore undergo another sorting process so that we can speak of proper recycling. How to do it? It turns out that an adequately designed camera is sufficient.

The Future of Flash Graphene for the Sustainable Management of Solid Waste.

Graphene research has steadily increased, and its commercialization in many applications is becoming a reality because of its superior physicochemical properties and advances in synthesis techniques. However, bulk-scale production of graphene still requires large amounts of solvents, electrochemical treatment, or sonication. Recently, a method was discovered to convert bulk quantities of carbonaceous materials to graphene using flash Joule heating (FJH) and, so named, flash graphene (FG). This method can be used to turn various solid wastes containing the prerequisite element carbon into FG. Globally, more than 2 billion tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) are generated every year and, in many municipalities, are becoming unmanageable. The most commonly used waste management methods include recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, and landfill disposal. However, around 70% of global waste ends up in landfills or open dumps, while the rest is recycled, composted, or incinerated. Even the various waste valorization techniques, such as pyrolysis and gasification, produce some waste residues that have their ultimate destination in landfills. Thus, technologies that can minimize waste volume or convert waste into valuable products are required. The thermal treatment process of FJH for FG production provides both waste volume reduction and valorization in the form of FG. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of FJH and its possible applications in various types of waste conversion/valorization. We describe the typical current MSW management system as well as the potential for creating FG at various stages and propose a schematic plan for the incorporation of FG in MSW management. We also analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of MSW as an FG precursor in terms of technical, economic, environmental, and social sustainability. This valuable waste valorization and management strategy can help achieve near-zero waste and an economy-boosting MSW management system.

Investigation on the Properties of Mortar Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Seashell Powder as Partial Cement Replacement

The concept of utilizing various types of wastes, such as agricultural dumps and marine by-products, as a partial replacement of cement has gained a great interest to develop eco-friendly and economical mortars for sustainable construction. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an agro-industrial waste by-product from palm oil mills and seashell powder (SSP) derived from seashells, a marine waste material partial replacement of cement in mortars. The water to binder (w/b) ratio of 0.49 and the sand to binder (s/b) ratio of 2.54 with 0% to 30% of ordinary portland cement (OPC) by weight was replaced with POFA and SSP, and the resulting mortar samples were tested for mechanical properties and durability in this study. The compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and flow table tests were performed in this study for different percentages of POFA and SSP after 7, 28, and 130 days. The results showed that the 30% POFA incorporated mortars achieved the highest compressive strength (35.12N/mm2), flexural strength (4.06N/mm2), high density with less water absorption (4.79%) after 130 days of curing and the high strength mortar with less water flow (22.2cm) during casting. Also, it found that the 25% POFA and 5% SSP incorporated mortars attained acceptable results as supplementary cementing material. This study suggests that the POFA and SSP incorporated mortars could be used in concrete for sustainable development of construction through the efficient valorization of waste materials.

WASTE MANAGEMENT ON BOARD SEAGOING SHIPS

"The reality remains uncomfortable, the climate crisis is coming with extreme phenomena more and more devastating around the globe and more and more people and more and more parts of ecosystems are suffering from the greed of large companies and lack of constructive action and coherent decision-makers. There are various types of waste generated during operation, and to be able to implement a waste management system, it is necessary to identify and quantify the different types of waste on board. The purpose of this paper is to examine the responsibilities, management, handling and disposal of ship-generated waste and the requirements for the preparation of an on-board waste management plan. "

The Latest Research in Mongolia on the Utilization of Coal Combustion By-Products

With a geological reserve of over 170 billion tons, coal is the most abundant energy source in Mongolia with six operating thermal power stations. Moreover, in Ulaanbaatar city over 210000 families live in the Ger district and use over 800000 tons of coal as a fuel. The three thermal power plants in Ulaanbaatar burn about 5 million tons of coal, resulting in more than 500000 tons of coal combustion by-products per year. Globally, the ashes produced by thermal power plants, boilers, and single ovens pose serious environmental problems. The utilization of various types of waste is one of the factors determining the sustainability of cities. Therefore, the processing of wastes for re-use or disposal is a critical topic in waste management and materials research. According to research, the Mongolian capital city's air and soil quality has reached a disastrous level. The main reasons for air pollution in Ulaanbaatar are reported as being coal-fired stoves of the Ger residential district, thermal power stations, small and medium-sized low-pressure furnaces, and motor vehicles. Previously, coal ashes have been used to prepare advanced materials such as glass-ceramics with the hardness of 6.35 GPa, geopolymer concrete with compressive strength of over 30 MPa and zeolite A with a Cr (III) removal capacity of 35.8 mg/g. Here we discuss our latest results on the utilization of fly ash for preparation of a cement stabilized base layer for paved roads, mechanically activated fly ash for use in concrete production, and coal ash from the Ger district for preparation of an adsorbent. An addition of 20% fly ash to 5-8% cement made from a mixture of road base gave a compressive strength of ~ 4MPa, which exceeds the standard. Using coal ashes from Ger district prepared a new type of adsorbent material capable of removing various organic pollutants from tannery water was developed. This ash also showed weak leaching characteristics in water and acidic environment, which opens up an excellent opportunity to utilize.

Core Elements towards Circularity: Evidence from the European Countries

In this paper, the authors identified key elements important for circularity. The primary goal of circularity is to eliminate waste and prove the constant use of resources. In the paper, we classified studies according to circular approaches and stated which of them get the highest attention. Further, we identified the principal elements, grouped them into four categories important for circularity, and presented scientific works dedicated to each of the above-mentioned categories. Further on, several core elements from the first category were investigated, aiming to connect different waste streams and provide a regression model. Finally, the methodological part reviewed the correlation between various types of waste and their recycling and selected suitable ones for developing a new panel regression model. The empirical research was delivered for the 27 European Union countries during the period between 2000 and 2019. We indicate that the recycling rate of municipal waste impacts the increase of recycling biowaste the same calendar year. The increase of recycling of municipal waste by one per cent means the increase of the recycling of biowaste by 0.6 per cent.

Assessment of the Gross Potential of Local Waste Based on Geoinformation Systems for Bioenergy Production

This article analyzes the gross potential of local hydrocarbon waste and biomass using the example of the Republic of Uzbekistan with the aim of producing bioenergy. To calculate the raw material potential, we used official and reference data on the production and consumption of fuel, fertilizers and the formation of organic waste, the accumulation of municipal solid waste (MSW), the amount of saline land where halophytic plantations can be created, which can be considered as biomass. Based on the collected data, mathematical operations and calculations of the potential of biogas technology were performed. A block diagram has been developed that describes the steps of a Geo Information Systems (GIS) map. GIS maps have been created that give a visual representation of the spatial distribution of the gross potential of various types of waste in the regions of the republic and can serve as a tool in planning the distribution of biogas technology.

WITHDRAWN: Ground water: A study of its importance, its sources, and the causes of its pollution

The study of groundwater, its sources and the causes of its pollution has received great interest from researchers and those interested in studying the environment and pollution, given its great importance in several areas. It is the life under the surface of the earth formed by the gathering of rainwater, rivers, etc., and it has many uses, especially in desert areas where surface water and rain are less. The research addressed several important topics, including defining the concept of groundwater and its movement in the ground, its importance as one of the most important sources of life, and the research referred to the components of groundwater from salts, and the most important sources such as rainwater, geological water, crystallization water, and others. The research discussed the most prominent advantages of using groundwater, the reasons for its contamination with chemicals resulting from the use of pesticides and fertilizers, sewage water, and various types of waste, including industrial and agricultural, liquid and solid, as well as its pollution with nitrates. The research shed light on the most important methods of treating groundwater contaminated with nitrates, and the most important means to reduce its pollution.

Drilling waste management using zero discharge technology with Drill Cutting Re-injection (DCRI) method for environmental preservation

The energy requirement level in Indonesia is quite high. The increasing oil and gas upstream industries to fulfil energy requirement in the future is highly connected with the escalation of wastes, especially drilling wastes. Drilling is one of the main operations in upstream oil and gas industries, which can harm the environment with its various types of wastes. The drilling process produces millions of barrels of wastes each year. However, with the industries being rapidly developed to fulfil national energy requirement, environmental-related regulations for drilling activities have been firmly tightened. Drilling and drilling mud system technology is more sophisticated and the majority of oil drilling companies are starting to adopt environmentally friendly drilling options. The objective of writing this article is to acknowledge the method of drilling waste processing by considering environmentally friendly aspect. Drill Cutting Re-Injection (DCRI) is one of the developing environmentally friendly processing techniques with zero discharge in oil and gas industries. With the utilization of the DCRI process, the companies can produce positive outcomes such as low environmental impact, low safety risks, low transportation problems, and economically cleaning responsibility.

Selected Environmental Aspects of Gasification and Co-Gasification of Various Types of Waste

The process of gasification of carbonaceous fuels is a technology with a long-standing practice. In recent years, the technology has been extensively developing to produce energy or chemicals on the basis of obtained gas. Studies focused on the improvement of the gasification process aims at developing the process by increasing environmental safety, the efficiency and the possibilities to utilize various types of alternative fuels (post-consumer waste, various types of biomass waste, by-products and post-process residues, sewage sludge) independently or by co-gasification with coal. The choice of the gas purification system, the process operating parameters and introducing the necessary modifications to the existing technologies are essential steps while processing these kinds of feedstock, with regard to their individual characteristics. This paper discusses selected environmental aspects of the gasification and co-gasification of municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, various types of biomass waste and post-process residues. Selected alternative fuels are also characterized, focusing on the influence of their presence in the feedstock in terms of production and the emission of polychlorinated organic compounds, tars, heavy metals and toxic elements.

Preliminary studies on electron beam irradiation as a treatment method of radioactive oil sludge

Radiation-induced advanced oxidation processes have been proposed for the treatment of various types of wastes. However, electron beam technologies for the removal of recalcitrant compounds in petroleum wastes are still poorly understood. This work aims at evaluating the effects on the degradation of organic matter from oil sludge by electron beam irradiation. Characterization methods were employed to identify the chemical elements present in the waste. Radiometric analysis was performed to identify radionuclides and measure dose rates. Preliminary immobilization of the untreated waste with cement indicated resistance values very close to the minimum established in national regulation. To treat the waste, an electron beam accelerator, model Dynamitron II, with variable current up to 25 mA was employed and the irradiation doses ranged from 20 to 200 kGy. Solutions were prepared with an initial H2O2 concentration of 1.34 mol·L-1. The effects on the removal of total organic carbon are discussed.

Analysis In The Application Of Plastic Waste As A Constructive Material In Flexible Pavement

Road construction is the main sign of the development of any country. Day to day increase in the usage of roads leads to frequent deterioration. It causes timely maintenance of roads and sometimes reconstruction also. As the construction cost of the roads is high, one should take pre measures to lessen the maintenance cost. A project is successful not only when it is executed economically but also when the maintenance cost is low. Any material can be given more strength by adding some additives regarding its nature and structure, likewise in roads. Safeguarding of pavements requires a precise approach for the execution of sustainable roads. Due to the increased axel load and speed of the vehicles the ability of bituminous layers is been lessened resulting in seepage, rutting, pot holes. On other hand, day to day increase of various types of wastes that are non-bio- degradable are increasing drastically which in turn are a threat to life. One such type of waste is plastic which is highly impossible to get decomposed in the earth surface. Both these problems can be solved by providing a solution involving by using plastic waste in flexible pavement construction.

Possibility of using alternative fuels in Polish power plants in the context of mercury emissions

The progressive decarbonisation of industry is leading to a reduction in coal consumption and the substitution for coal with other types of fuels, including waste-derived alternative fuels. These fuels are characterised by high variation in the content of highly toxic mercury. Co-combustion with coal can cause significant emissions, exceeding mercury emission limits. Various alternative fuels (refuse-derived fuel (RDF), waste paper, textiles, plastics, film, tires and their char, and sewage sludge) were examined for mercury content. The mercury content in analysed alternative fuels ranged from 0.4 to 92.0 µg Hg/MJ, with an average of 17.7 µg Hg/MJ. The fuels with the highest mercury content were RDFs (2.0–79.3 µg Hg/MJ) and sewage sludge (42.3–92.0 µg Hg/MJ). An acceptable amount of RDF added to hard coal which would remain within the emission limits was estimated to be 9–24% of the chemical energy in the blend. For sewage sludge, this amount was estimated to be 5–13%. For brown coal, with a much higher mercury content than hard coal, co-combustion with alternative fuels has a positive effect on reducing mercury emissions. It is possible to meet the mercury emission limits with a 95% contribution of the chemical energy coming from RDF. The blending of various types of waste supported by mild pyrolysis of high-mercury waste allows alternative fuels with relatively low mercury content to be produced. Such fuels may contribute a reduction in mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants in Poland.

The Management of Polymer and Biodegradable Composite Waste in Relation to Petroleum-Based Thermoplastic Polymer Waste—In Terms of Energy Consumption and Processability

The article presents a comparative analysis of the flow and utilisation of biodegradable polymer waste in relation to the waste of petroleum-based thermoplastic polymers. It compares energy expenditures and the costs of the reutilisation of both types of plastics in industrial applications. The performed studies and an analysis of the yielded results enabled the acquisition of real data involving the subject of managing petroleum-based plastic waste after the end of its life cycle, as well as biodegradable plastic waste, over the recent years, which is the main purpose of the study. So far, this subject has not been analysed very frequently, and, considering climate change, the predatory economy and the growing population of our planet, it is becoming an important topic, within the scope of which it is necessary to develop a new approach and new solutions regarding legal regulations and social awareness, as well as the technological possibilities of their implementation. The authors’ own research will indicate factual results related to managing various types of waste, based on the example of data acquired from a company involved in the retreatment of plastics and give answers to bothering questions such as: Is there an impact of retreatment on technological indicators defined by means of the mass flow rate? Is the retreatment of biodegradable plastics justified in terms of economy, energy and ecology? Is the retreatment of biodegradable plastics efficient?

Human Health Risk Assessment on the Consumption of Apples Growing in Urbanized Areas: Case of Kharkiv, Ukraine.

This study aims to determine the safety of consumption of plant products grown in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Kharkiv, as well as many other post-Soviet cities, is environmentally characterized by the widespread growing of edible plants—from industrial areas to school gardens—as well as the presence of a significant number of nature management conflicts, the location of heavy industry, the prevalence of obsolete environmentally unfriendly transport, etc. The article presents the results of the study of apple samples taken in different functional zones of Kharkiv city, Ukraine. The results of the study showed that the maximum levels of heavy metals were exceeded in apple samples from all sampling sites: Pb—from 11.47 to 38.86 times; Cd—from 1.76 to 5.68 times (of the norms of the FAO and EU). The most polluted were samples from the residential areas, which is partly due to significant land pollution from various types of waste. Levels of hazard index (HI) differ by age groups: from 24.37 to 70.11 HI (children group, 1–6 years); from 10.28 to 29.59 HI (children group, 7–16 years); from 0.88 to 2.53 HI (adult group, 18–65 years). Non-carcinogenic risks can be related to disorders of the immune system, blood, urinoexcretory, and nervous systems as well as problems in the functioning of liver and kidneys. The total carcinogenic risk of eating apples exceeds the permissible level.

ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ СЕЙСМОСТОЙКОГО КИРПИЧА НА ОСНОВЕ ШЛАКА ОТ ВЫПЛАВКИ БЕЗУГЛЕРОДИСТОГО ФЕРРОХРОМА И НЕКОНДИЦИОННОЙ ГЛИНЫ

In the Russian Federation, most low-melting clays used in the production of ceramic bricks have a low content of aluminum oxide (Al2O3=12-15%). With such a low content of aluminum oxide in clay materials, it is impossible to obtain bricks of grades M150 and higher from them. For the construction of load-bearing walls of the lower floors of high-rise buildings (15 floors or more), ceramic bricks of the M150-M300 brands are required. In such clay materials, to obtain earthquake-resistant bricks M150 and higher, it is necessary to introduce a thinning agent containing A12O3>50%. Taking into account the reduction of reserves of traditional high-alumina natural raw materials, it is necessary to find new ways to replace it with various types of waste. The experience of advanced foreign countries has shown the technical feasibility of this direction and its application as a tool for protecting the natural environment from pollution. In this paper, instead of natural traditional desiccants, it is proposed to use slag from the smelting of carbon-free ferrochrome containing A12O3=55.8%. As a clay material, substandard beidellite clay was used, which is not suitable for the production of ceramic bricks without thinners. A ceramic earthquake-resistant brick M125-M175 was obtained on the basis of slag from the smelting of carbon-free ferrochrome and substandard clay in the temperature range of 1050-1100oC

Urban Social Waste and Urban Solid Waste in Brazil: Problems, Consequences and Possible Solutions

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions, with a surface area of 8,510,296km2 , which is distributed among 26 federal states and a federal district. However, due to an extremely unequal income distribution, one of the major social problems that the country still faces is urban segregation, experienced by a large part of its almost 212 million inhabitants, who still find severe problems with housing, public transportation, security, health, employment, education and infrastructure, especially with regard tothe process of collecting and the treatment of waste generated. In the case of solid urban waste (SUW), approximately 190,000tons are produced daily, which implies a per capita production rate of 0.90kg(inhab.day)-1. Of the total generated, a fraction greater than 90% (w/w) is collected and, of this fraction, a percentage of 25% is still disposed of in open dumps, generating environmental impacts of different magnitudes. In addition, of the quantity of SUW generated in Brazil, about 55% (w/w) corresponds to putrescible organic matter, which could be fully used as an alternative source of energy (methane gas, for example), which normally does not occur. In these terms, Brazil becomes a country with strong social, economic and public health problems, and with regard to basic sanitation, there are still great demands, especially when considering the collection and treatment of the various types of waste generated.