Various Types Of Fraud Research Articles

The application of right-angle fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool to distinguish five autochthonous commercial Greek white wines

White wine is among the most widely consumed alcoholic beverages. Varietal discrimination of wines has received increasing attention. Today's consumers require a sense of authenticity and are deterred by falsehood or misrepresentation in product marketing. However, wine can involve various types of frauds, which directly affects the distribution of wine in national and international markets. Right-angle fluorescence spectroscopy is a simple and rapid analytical technique that in combination with chemometric algorithms, constitutes a novel method for wine authentication. In this study, the stepwise-Linear Discriminant Analysis algorithm was applied in three representative spectral regions related to phenolic compounds for the purpose of distinguishing white wines according to the grape variety. The wavelength at 310 nm attributed to the hydroxycinnamic acids and stilbene provided a higher classification rate (95.5%) than the λex 280 and 295 nm regions (79.8%), suggesting that these compounds are highly related to the botanical origin of samples. The chemometric models were validated utilizing cross-validation and an external validation set to enhance the robustness of the proposed methodology. The above-mentioned methodology constitutes a powerful tool for the varietal discrimination of white wines and can be used in industrial setting. The ultimate goal of this study is to contribute to the efforts towards the authentication of Greek white wine which will eventually support producers and suppliers to remain competitive and simultaneously protect the consumers from fraudulent practices.

Irregularities in Football. ‘Cooperativa’: A History of Match-Fixing in Romanian Football

Fixed football matches are a widely analysed phenomenon and in order to better understand it, it is useful to follow its historical trajectory. In this direction, the Romanian case is important to discover various types of fraud under two different political regimes. The roots of the fixing phenomenon in Romanian football were prominent during the communist era and also during the subsequent developments following the fall of communism. This complex system is known in popular culture under the name ‘Cooperativa’ and was a relational structure of a few football clubs, whose connections continued after the fall of communism. In time, the phenomenon of fixed matches came to be considered a normal condition in Romanian football. The way how 'Cooperativa’ transformed and how this phenomenon evolved still fascinates Romanian society. Started as a form of sports survival through corruption during communism. ‘Cooperativa’ became a central group of influence having adapted to capitalist society and succeeded to control the competition through intimidation, abuses and match fixing.

The Effect of Financial Ratios in Detecting Fraudulent Company Listed on The Indonesia Stock Exchange

Financial statements are means used by entities to communicate financially related circumstances to interested parties both related to the entity's internal and external entities. There are various types of fraud occur in the companies. Types of fraud cases that often occur are asset misappropriation and fraudulent financial statements. Asset Misappropriation is the kind of act of fraud committed by using or taking company property for personal gain. Fraudulent financial statements are defined as fraudulent actions committed by the manager of the company which in the form of material misstatement in the financial report for the purpose to attract the investor. The fraud can be financial or non-financial. This study is meant to examine the effect of financial ratios in detecting fraudulent financial statements. The independent variable used in this study consisted of 5 variables: leverage, profitability, asset composition, liquidity and capital turn over. This study used the financial statements listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) as samples. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling. The period range of the financial statements used in this study is 2014-2018 or the range of 5 years. Collected data are then tested via SPSS software.

The commutative justice and the doctrine of the restitution in the Summa Theologica of Saint Thomas

Este estudo pretende analisar a temática relativa ao conceito de Justiça e às suas espécies no pensamento de S. Tomás, apresentado particularmente em algumas questões da Suma Teológica, que é considerada sua obra principal. Por este motivo apresenta-se o esquema geral da Suma Teológica para poder entender melhor onde está colocada a temática sucessivamente estudada. Em seguida analisam-se as características fundamentais da Justiça e das suas espécies básicas, a partir da reflexão aristotélica sobre "justiça corretiva", retomada por Tomás na expressão "justiça comutativa", com destaque para a restituição, considerada por S. Tomás como um ato de justiça comutativa.

The implementation of probity audit to prevent fraud in public procurement of goods and services for government agencies

The procurement activities to obtain goods and services for government agencies in Indonesia are susceptible to becoming a medium of various types of fraud. Probity audit is a novel approach in which real-time audit is implemented in the process of goods and services procurement to overcome ongoing fraud issues. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of probity audit with reference to applicable regulations. This research was a descriptive qualitative study analyzed using the document analysis method. The object of the study was the Inspectorate of the National Public Procurement Agency (LKPP) as the Government Internal Supervisory Apparatus of LKPP. The study results showed that, first, the suitability of facilities and infrastructure to implement probity audit was fairly good; second, the implementation of probity audit was satisfactory and in accordance with the guidelines for probity audit; third, the issue during the implementation of probity audit included the absence of policy and Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the implementation of probity audit in LKPP. This research was also expected to become one of the relevant sources for future researchers and assist the government in implementing the probity audit policy in Indonesia.

Who is to blame? Exploring accountability in fraud victimisation

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the discourses surrounding accountability as it relates to fraud victimisation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based upon interviews with 31 professionals across the fraud justice network (FJN) in the UK and Canada.FindingsThe paper highlights the complexities that surround participant’s perspectives of liability when it comes to fraud. Professionals articulated responsibility falling across the spectrum of victims, offenders and third parties. Further, it is evident that perspectives of accountability are largely influenced by the various types of frauds that exist and the ways in which victims incur losses.Research limitations/implicationsInterviews with selected FJN professionals may not be representative of those across the broader sector in each country. Despite this, there was still a diversity in views which highlights the tensions that currently exist as to where accountability is positioned.Practical implicationsThe findings clearly indicate that accountability is not directed at any one party, rather there appears to be an interplay across offenders, victims and third parties. While the offender is arguably the one who should be held most accountable for their actions, a lack of official responses to fraud offending means that the offender is largely invisible. For those who place accountability on the victim, there is evidence of neoliberal discourses that argue for prudential citizens, or those who take responsibility for their own actions. This is in contrast to those who believed that victims could not be held accountable for actions beyond their control, and instead third parties were accountable, and should increase their role in education and awareness.Originality/valueThis paper articulates the discourses of accountability that exist for fraud, and how the current thinking can contribute to interactions with victims, as well as current responses to victimisation. Further work is required to better identify the criteria against which victims are being held accountable, as well as better understand who bears responsibility with responses to fraud victimisation.

UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN TINDAK PIDANA PENIPUAN SITUS JUAL BELI ONLINE DI INDONESIA

E-commerce website transaction offers lots of benefit and convenience to its users. On the other hand, this electronic transaction raises legal issues, one of those is fraud. Therefore, to minimalize this issue further research regarding legal arrangements, types, and prevention need to be conducted. The method of this research is normative juridicial. The result of this research shows that there are various types of fraud exist in e-commerce websites. Nevertheless, Indonesia has legalized regulations and enacted laws concerning fraud in e-commerce. In addition, government, police, and e-commerce website providers have both educated and developed policies to protect its users and minimalize fraud that possibly happen at e-commerce websites.

CONCERNING THE NEED FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATING FRAUDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS OF INVESTIGATION OF ITS INDIVIDUAL TYPES

Nowadays in a difficult economic situation, frauds have become widespread in Ukraine in various spheres of human life. Increase in the number and quality of such crimes leads to significant losses of financial resources not only of citizens but of the state as a whole. Therefore, an important issue for our nowadays is the study of the mechanism of rapid, complete, and effective investigation and prevention of such crimes. In Ukraine, there is an active awareness of the population about the ways of committing such crimes and creating measures to protect confidential information. However, official statistics show a significant amount of fraud and an insufficient level of their disclosure. One of the reasons is the obsolete methods of investigating fraud and the lack of methods for investigating certain types of it. The aim of the article is to analyse scientific research in order to establish a level of methodological support for law enforcement agencies in investigating fraud. Due to the fact that methodological provision of practical divisions plays the leading role in the fast, full, and effective investigation of frauds, therefore, the studied question deserves a special attention. Methodology. The author substantiates the need to improve the existing methodological recommendations because since over time they lose their content. Besides, there is the necessity to create new techniques that are not reflected in the writings of scientists in investigating various types of fraud. Based on the analysis of forensic literature, we can make a conclusion that most of the scientific works are devoted to the investigation of fraud with financial resources. Therefore, the author proposes to pay attention to other types of fraud and to formulate methodological recommendations for practical units to young and experienced scientists on the basis of their own research. Results. The concepts and types of fraud are defined in the article. Besides, the works of criminologists, which are devoted to the peculiarities of investigating such types of crimes, are analysed. The official statistics, which impresses with data on undisclosed fraud, are presented here. This once again confirms the necessity for scientific development of the mentioned problem. A particular attention is paid to the lack of proper methodological support for practical units during the investigation of such types of crimes. In this regard, the author provides corresponding suggestions that will help to improve the investigation. Practical impact. Since the fraud investigation technique helps to the most successful achievement of the objectives of criminal justice, then in order to reduce the number of undisclosed crimes, it is necessary to develop and provide practical guidance to the methodical recommendations in a timely manner. Correlation/originality. The urgent issue of nowadays is a complete, effective investigation of criminal offenses, and fraud is no exception. The improvement of the methodology for fraud investigations and the development of methods for investigating certain types of fraud is a necessary step for it.

FINANCIAL FRAUD: THEORETICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION AND ECONOMIC BASIS

Introduction. Intensive development of the world economic processes, contagion of globalization trends, growth of banking and other financial and credit services have led to increase in role of finance in modern life. In addition, an active use of the latest information technologies, cashless form of settlements has led to growth of various types of fraud in the financial sector. Therefore, study of theoretical and conceptual foundations of financial fraud and identification of its most important features is extremely relevant under today’s conditions of development of Ukrainian economy. Purpose of the research is to study the theoretical and conceptual foundations of financial fraud, primarily in terms of modern financial science and distinction between moral and psychological, economic and legal aspects of this phenomenon. Results. In spite of the fact that the concept of “financial fraud” gradually becomes more used both in Ukrainian scientific environment (even under the condition of absence of its clear legal regulation) in media and the Internet, as well as for objective and systemic research of problems related to financial fraud it is necessary to clarify the essence and content of this concept. On the basis of the works of domestic and foreign scientists, the author’s definition of financial fraud as a set of economic relations, implemented by legal entities or individuals (usually without violent actions), is in the process of formation, distribution and use of financial resources (income) by fraud or abuse of trust or service position for the purpose of obtaining economic and / or other benefits (personal, corporate or in favour of the third parties). Financial fraud as a phenomenon reflects the cash flows between the subjects of financial relations (the fraudster and the victim), which results in receipt of economic benefits by fraudster and losses – a victim of fraudulent activities. At present, financial fraud is a complex, multifaceted economic phenomenon that is based primarily on a psychological basis (it is thirst for easy money and unawareness that are the universal human weaknesses that “feed” financial fraud). In addition, the imperfect legal system contributes to the fact that various fraudulent schemes continue to be actively pursued in the state. Therefore, only a thorough and systematic study of financial fraud as an economic, antisocial, unlawful (and often supranational) act will contribute to the formation of necessary conditions and the development of effective measures to minimize it under modern conditions. Psychological, economic and legal nature of financial fraud is characterized. On the basis of official statistics, the dynamics of number and structure of crimes, related to financial fraud in Ukraine in 2015–2018, has been analyzed and highlighted at high level of their latency. The emphasis is made not on the important role of a state in overcoming this negative phenomenon. Conclusions. At present, financial fraud is a complex, multifaceted economic phenomenon that is based primarily on psychological basis (namely, thirst for easy money and unawareness are the universal human weaknesses that “feed” financial fraud). In addition, imperfect legal system contributes to the fact that various fraudulent schemes continue to be actively pursued in the state. Therefore, only a thorough and systematic study of financial fraud as an economic, antisocial, unlawful (and often supranational) act will contribute to the formation of necessary conditions and development of effective measures to minimize it under the modern conditions.

Financial Fraud Among Older Americans: Evidence and Implications.

The consequences of poor financial capability at older ages are serious and include making mistakes with credit, spending retirement assets too quickly, and being defrauded by financial predators. Because older persons are at or past the peak of their wealth accumulation, they are often the targets of fraud. Our project analyzes a module we developed and fielded on people aged 50 an older years in the 2016 Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Using this data set, we evaluated the incidence and prospective risk factors (measured in 2010) for investment fraud and prize/lottery fraud using logistic regression (N = 1,220). Relatively few HRS respondents mentioned any single form of fraud over the prior 5 years, but 5.0% reported at least one form of investment fraud and 4.4% recounted prize/lottery fraud. Greater wealth (nonhousing) was associated with investment fraud, whereas lower housing wealth and symptoms of depression were associated with prize/lottery fraud. Hispanics were significantly less likely to report either type of fraud. Other suspected risk factors-low social integration and financial literacy-were not significant. Fraud is a complex phenomenon and no single factor uniquely predicts victimization across different types, even within the category of investment fraud. Prevention programs should educate consumers about various types of fraud and increase awareness among financial services professionals.

Detecting medical prescriptions suspected of fraud using an unsupervised data mining algorithm.

Nowadays, health insurance companies face various types of fraud, like phantom billing, up-coding, and identity theft. Detecting such frauds is thus of vital importance to reduce and eliminate corresponding financial losses. We used an unsupervised data mining algorithm and implemented an outlier detection model to assist the experts in detecting medical prescriptions suspected of fraud. The implementation ran medicine code, patients’ sex, and patients’ age variables through three successive screening steps. The proposed model is capable of detecting 25% to 100% of cases violating the standards for some medicines that are not supposed to be prescribed at the same time in one single prescription. This model can also detect medical prescriptions suspected of fraud with a sensitivity of 62.16%, specificity of 55.11%, and accuracy of 57.2%. This paper shows that data mining can help detecting potential fraud cases in medical prescriptions more quickly and accurately than by the manual inspection as well as reducing the number of medical prescriptions to be checked which will result in reducing investigators heavy workload. The results of the proposed model can also help policymakers to plan for fighting against fraudulent activities. Graphical Detecting Medical Prescriptions Suspected of Fraud Using an Unsupervised Data Mining Algorithm

The role of internal audit as a tool for detecting fraud

Fraud is a serious problem in the world, which often implies huge financial losses. The risk of fraud which is committed in companies is often considered insignificant and no preventive measures are taken which would minimize the possibility of its occurrence. Often, companies also do not have any tools which would allow quick detection of fraud and its perpetrators. Recent years, however, have seen a growing interest among entrepreneurs in implementing an independent and objective internal audit, which is the basis for good management. The aim of this article is to present the nature and role of internal audit in detecting various types of fraud in enterprises and to indicate its growing role in the risk management process. The article discusses the basic issues related to fraud in enterprises. Particular attention is paid to highlighting the importance of the risk management process in the internal audit activity.

Rising Toll of Frauds in Banking: A Threat for the Indian Economy

Banking is a process which predicts the relationship between sources of funds and their application. The basic process of banking helps the society to bridge the gap between availability and usage of these available funds in a correct manner. Over the years the banks have developed in a very big way, and with the growth of banking business, banking frauds have taken birth. The history of banking frauds is almost as old as the banking startup. Today, bank frauds have taken all possible forms and are prevalent in every facet of banking. There is a spirited need for banks to always stay alive to threat of frauds, build strong systems that can shield, pre-empt frauds, continuously monitor and review the efficiency of such preventive systems. To succeed in controlling frauds, banks need to be proactive and pre-emptive. This study establishes a theoretical framework with regards to banking frauds in the Indian context as well as shows the picture of frauds in banking sector outside India. By reviewing various studies in the area of banking frauds the paper built a research model which further helps to find out various types of frauds and reasons for the same, and will definitely give new scope to further studies. The present study sheds light on the area by reviewing various studies in the field of banking frauds. The study helps to find out the growth and trends of frauds in the banking sector and specially focuses on Indian Banking sector, as at present there are very few studies which give an in-depth insight of frauds in banking sector. Further the study also reviews the role of employee and customer with regard to banking fraud studied which is primarily needed in the context of Indian Banking system. The present study is conducted by collecting secondary data from the published and unpublished Sources, Government Publications, journals, magazines, books and periodicals etc.

Scientific Misconduct (Fraud) in Medical Writing.

Scientific misconduct (fraud) in medical writing is an important and not infrequent problem for the scientific community. Although noteworthy examples of fraud surface occasionally in the media, detection of fraud in medical publishing is generally not as straightforward as one might think. National bodies on ethics in science, strict selection criteria, a robust peer-review process, careful statistical validation, and anti-plagiarism and image-fraud detection software contribute to the production of high-quality manuscripts. This article reviews the various types of fraud in medical writing, discusses the related literature, and describes tools journals implement to unmask fraud. [Orthopedics. 2018; 41(2):e176-e183].

On Federated and Proof Of Validation Based Consensus Algorithms In Blockchain

Almost all real world activities have been digitized and there are various client server architecture based systems in place to handle them. These are all based on trust on third parties. There is an active attempt to successfully implement blockchain based systems which ensures that the IT systems are immutable, double spending is avoided and cryptographic strength is provided to them. A successful implementation of blockchain as backbone of existing information technology systems is bound to eliminate various types of fraud and ensure quicker delivery of the item on trade. To adapt IT systems to blockchain architecture, an efficient consensus algorithm need to be designed. Blockchain based on proof of work first came up as the backbone of cryptocurrency. After this, several other methods with variety of interesting features have come up. In this paper, we conduct a survey on existing attempts to achieve consensus in block chain. A federated consensus method and a proof of validation method are being compared.

Fifty shades of fraud

Cybercrime, and in particular fraud, is a booming business. Every week we are faced with another story of a business becoming the latest victim of cybercrime or shocking statistics about the rising levels of fraud. Just recently, PwC published a report that found that in the past two years, half of UK organisations have been the victim of an illegal act committed by an individual or a group to obtain a financial or professional advantage. 1 In fact, cybercrime, it was revealed, is the fastest-growing fraud, with a 20% increase since 2014, in comparison to some of the traditional forms of economic crime such as bribery, asset misappropriation and procurement fraud. Cybercrime and, in particular, fraud is a booming business and every week we are faced with another story of a business becoming the latest victim of crime. Everyone is a potential target and only by having the right procedures in place to minimise the risk and the consequences post-attack can we start to fight back. John Lord of GBG looks at the various types of fraud we have to contend with in today's threat landscape and how businesses can help combat the fraudsters.

Role of Information Technology in Banking Sector

Two most powerful forces affecting each sector of the economy today are the increasing rate of globalization and advances in information and communication technology Due to various physical and psychological structural changes taking place in the economy, the role of information technology (IT) in the banking industry is growing and is expected to grow still faster. For sustaining and progressing, the banks have to keep pace with development of Information Technology. However, for some constraints such as locating customers, transaction errors, privacy concern, various types of frauds and risks, appropriate precautions have to be taken.

Do Discretionary Accruals Help Distinguish between Internal Control Weaknesses and Fraud?

This paper extends the investigation of the effectiveness of discretionary accruals in detecting fraud and evaluating internal control weaknesses. Our sample is divided into four subsamples: healthy firms, firms that experienced internal control weaknesses, firms that committed financial reporting fraud, and firms that committed fraud by violating stock options reporting rules. We develop a logistic regression model with discretionary accruals variables and other financial variables, to identify the characteristics of firms that have internal control weaknesses and the two different types of financial statement fraud. The model is 79.1% accurate in distinguishing firms with internal control weaknesses from firms with financial reporting fraud; 71.6% accurate in distinguishing firms with internal control weaknesses from firms with options reporting; and 87.5% accurate in distinguishing firms with financial reporting fraud from firms with options reporting fraud. These models are helpful to the auditor for assessing the risk of various types of fraud.

On the quality control of traded saffron by means of transmission Fourier-transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics

The present study aimed to extend application of the FT-MIR technique to the quality control of traded saffron that suffers various types of fraud or mislabelling. Spectroscopic data were obtained for samples stored for different periods in the dark. Samples with the highest quality according to ISO 3632 specifications produced a typical spectrum profile (reference set). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of spectroscopic data for this set along with HPLC-DAD analysis of major apocarotenoids assisted identification of FT-IR bands that carry information about desirable sensory properties that weaken during storage. The band at 1028cm−1, associated with the presence of glucose moieties, along with intensities in the region 1175–1157cm−1, linked with breakage of glycosidic bonds, were the most useful for diagnostic monitoring of storage effects on the evaluation and test set samples. FT-IR was found to be a promising, sensitive and rapid tool in the fight against saffron fraud.

A ética dos alunos de administração e de economia no ensino superior

A fraude acadêmica cometida por alunos universitários é um problema de ordem institucional e social, com efeitos nocivos na eficiência do mercado de trabalho e comprometedores da confiança da sociedade nas organizações, especialmente grave no caso de futuros decisores gerenciais. O objetivo deste artigo é estudar a atitude dos alunos de administração e economia perante a fraude acadêmica, a sua percepção sobre a frequência desta, a gravidade que atribuem aos diferentes tipos de fraude, o que a motiva e o que a poderá inibir. É também apresentada uma nova tipologia de fraude acadêmica e são propostos dois novos indicadores que avaliam a predisposição para a fraude (IPF) e a predisposição para a denúncia (IPD). Empiricamente, foram inquiridos 1.276 alunos de instituições de ensino superior portuguesas, utilizando um questionário projetivo. Os resultados revelam a prevalência da fraude associada à avaliação por exame escrito e a significativa ausência de denúncia de fraude, destacando a transação de trabalhos acadêmicos como a prática mais condenável. O IPF é maior entre os piores alunos, e entre os que não se reconhecem no curso ou na instituição. O estudo revela, ainda, que o principal motivo para transgredir está relacionado com o sucesso acadêmico, e que o principal fator inibidor, com a dissuasão.