Various Types Of Discourse Research Articles

Functional and pragmatic parameters of speech acts with the explicit mode of ignorance in scientific dialogue

The article is about identifying functional aspects of 1st-person statements with the explicit mode of ignorance (messages like I do not know… / We don’t know… I don’t know / We don’t know ...) in scientific discussions as a genre of scientific discourse. The relevance of the analysis is predetermined by the necessity to study various parameters of discourse (including both epistemic and pragmatic) as closely connected. The main research method is contextual and pragmalinguistic analysis. The sources of the material are transcripts of modern English and Russian scientific discussions in various fields of knowledge. The article identifies the illocutionary properties of ignorant statements, establishes their pragmatic functions, as well as determines their position in the traditional classification of speech acts. Taking into account the illocutionary orientation of references to ignorance makes it possible to identify representative, interrogative, axiological varieties of ignorance messages as well as their subtypes differentiated on the basis of the degree of their expressiveness, their vector of evaluation, the nature of the representative and interrogative role of speech acts with the mode of ignorance: fully expressive and conditionally expressive, positive and negative, preventive and hesitative, etc. The criterion “pragmatic functions” helps us specify additional functions of references to ignorance in scientific dialogue: to indicate a certain degree of the speaker’s epistemic responsibility for their words, to serve as a means of avoiding the answer, a way to prevent criticism, etc. Moreover, the work identifies factors determining the illocutionary nature of ignorance speech acts: the surface structure of the message, the general context of utterance, the position of the ignorance message in the dialogical unity, sincerity and felicity conditions of speech acts formulated as ignorance messages. References to ignorance are concluded to be quite a significant phenomenon in the structure of scientific dialogue, since they perform a number of important functions in it. The analysis scheme can be used to study statements with other explicit modes (knowledge, opinions, etc.) in various types of discourse.

Discourses Related to the Activities of Local Offices in the 16th—18th Centuries (The Case of Upper Silesia)

A method of discursive analysis of archival official texts offers a comprehensive view of historical material, much more in-depth than stylistic analyses. The subject of this description are Polish-language official records created in Upper Silesia between the 16th and 18th centuries, illustrating a certain stage of the formation of institutional legal discourse, present in the Polish communicative space since the Middle Ages. The surviving collections represent various types of discourse, determined by the intentions of the people approaching the office and by the role assumed by the institutional entity both in a specific event and in the formulation of a legal written document. The article outlines the two most common discourses in the collections studied: 1. the chancery discourse, that was aimed to produce documentation that would ensure the approaching parties the right to dispose of property in accordance with the established agreements and financial transaction; 2. the judicial discourse, that involved resolving disputes between community members and ensuring public order. The written forms documenting the actions of the court served a mainly informative and reporting function, and their role was extremely important in the current legal system, as they formed the basis for possible appeal proceedings.

МEANS OF PERSUASION IN JOURNAL DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to one of topical problems of modern linguistics – to the study of strategies and tactics of persuasion in various types of discourse. Modern scientists consider linguistic means of achieving the goal of influence. The purposefulness of speech actions is a topical phenomenon in political, advertising, tourism, journalism and other types of discourse. The most obvious potential of the persuasive impact is manifested in the journal discourse, which is an implicit model of social interaction. The choice of the French women’s magazine discourse as an object of research is due to the special form of the social role of the Western European woman. It is established that gender-marked speech portraits are manifested in women’s magazine discourse. Subject of research includes the title of the text of the French women’s magazine article from the point of view of the ways of linguistic implementation of the media discourse’s persusive function. The pragmaorientation of the title of the journal text, which has a special strategy for the implementation of the main goals and objectives of the journal discourse, is noted. The article considers the evolution of strategies and tactics of the persuasion of the French women’s journal discourse, due to the transformation of the role of women in the French linguistic and cultural community. The article concludes that the subject matter and linguistic organisation of the headlines of French women’s magazines of the present and before the 1960s partially coincide, but are of different potential for the realisation of persuasion.

Personal/impersonal and subject/null subject phenomena in the multi-structural languages

The study examines the functional potential of impersonal pronouns in different languages. The aim of this study is to analyze personal/impersonal and subject/null subject phenomena in multi-structural languages. The novelty of the study is to establish the role of the pronoun in personal and impersonal aspects. To achieve the aim of the study, the following methods are used: lexico-grammatical analysis, structural analysis, contrast analysis, and interpretative analysis of artistic and lexicographic texts. The comparative research was based on Russian, English, German, and French lexicographic resources and examples from artistic discourse in Russian, English, German, and French with their translations. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the impersonal pronoun is a homonym for the personal pronoun of the 3rd person unit. In grammatical studies, the impersonal pronoun stands out as an independent category. A unit known in grammar as the 3rd person pronoun (in German es, in English it, in French il, ce) has a broader functional potential than other pronouns. Namely, it can act in the text not only as a substitute for another word but can also indicate syntactic structures of different complexity: from a word to a complex of propositions. The prospect is to study the discursive nature of impersonality in various types of discourse in different linguocultures.

Политический нарратив: концепции, типологии и структуры

The article is devoted to the study of the narrative turn effects in humanitarian knowledge on the formation and development of the narrativity theory in relation to various types of discourse. The paper focuses on analytical and theoretical studies of the political narrative, its state of research, systematization of the concepts underlying its interpretations, and identification of the modern trends specifics in the development of political narrative. The authors managed to demonstrate the capacity of the narrative paradigm to describe the narrative nature of mentality and human activity through the prism of narrative in a socio-cultural context. Criteria have been established that make it possible to define a political narrative from the perspective of various interpretations. The theory of metanarrative is systematized and the stages of its transformation in the mirror of postmodernism and metamodern concepts are characterized. Five essential characteristics of the metanarrative are given: usefulness, ubiquity, invisibility, commitment, rigidity. The value component of metanarratives in the aspect of Russian and foreign cultures is represented by the example of basic concepts. The structure of ideologies and the family of ideologies as conceptual cluster formations are presented and described. The theories of the counternarrative are considered and the authors criteria for differentiating the alternative narrative and the counternarrative are put forward. The general structure of the narrative is demonstrated, taking into account narrative levels and narrative acts. The structure of the political narrative is described and the conditions for the successful implementation of the political narrative are identified, including the key elements of the political narrative: the main character, plot, setting, conflict, resolution. The most effective tools of the current manipulative strategy of political storytelling are analyzed – the tactics of spinning or “unwinding” the positive aspects of the message, and the techniques of using spin – cherry picking, gaslighting, non-denial denial and others. The grounds for distinguishing between fakes and factoids are presented. Classification parameters for the narrative analysis of political discourse are proposed.

‘Luxurious’ metaphors in luxury hotel websites in Singapore and Hong Kong: A mixed-methods study

Previous research has yielded a substantial body of empirical evidence regarding the use of metaphors in various types of discourse. However, limited research exists on the relationship between metaphor and more segmented economic industries, such as the luxury hospitality sector. The attention of this article is directed towards inspecting how metaphorical expressions are deployed by luxury hotels to construct their luxury identity and attract potential guests.A corpus of 62 lxury hotel websites from Singapore and Hong Kong is used as the contextual background for the investigation of metaphor usage in this study. Using MIPVU (Metaphor Identification Procedure VU University Amsterdam), a total of 6990 metaphorical keywords, including a diverse range of 28 source domains were observed. Among others, the five most productive source domains in the corpus are living organism, physical object, space, artifact, and motion. A mixed-methods approach that combines both quantitative data analytics and qualitative discourse analysis reveals and interprets significant associations between source domains, hotel facilities, and regions, suggesting that the choice of metaphorical expressions is not arbitrary but is influenced by specific factors related to the hotel's offerings and cultures. This study emphasises that the analysis of lexical-conceptual patterns in promotional texts can generate deeper insights into positioning strategies.

Sachant que : un marqueur (plus ou moins juste) de mémoire sémanticodiscursive

A construction with epistemic value, sachant que is a discourse marker that covers both semantic-logical and discursive-argumentative values. Our paper sets out to follow the behaviour of this marker through a heterogeneous corpus, from the point of view of textual typology (literary texts, everyday discourse) but also in specialised language, and more specifically legal language (written and oral). The interest in analysing this marker lies in the fact that its uses, which are very frequent in contemporary French, tend to diluteitsinitialepistemic value,which refers to a known content shared by the enunciative instances. Our analysis follows the mechanism of weakening or maintaining thesemantic and argumentativeforce of this discursive unit through various types of discourse, in order to identify the correct use of the word in approprithrough various types of discourse, in order to identify the correct use of the word in appropriate contexts and with the appropriate meaning.

Linguistic means of expressing communicative strategies in non-cooperative discourse (based on the material of English-language talk shows

Every year there is a rapid development of the media sphere, including its visual and discursive component, which contributes to the development of the "digital language" and the "language of television", the parallel development of YouTube journalism as a media phenomenon, which are evolving along with all the ongoing processes. Any language is susceptible to this, especially English, which is the most widespread and popular in the world. The study of linguistic issues of the language of television shows, the language of talk shows in line with the anthropological paradigm of modern linguistics in its broadest sense (issues of the functioning of language in various types of discourse, journalism and PR, media linguistics and political linguistics) and its central concepts such as the manipulative influence of language, linguistic personality, pragmalinguistics of language and text as part of it are an integral part of both the theory of language and the linguodidactic component of foreign language teaching (English as a foreign language). Taking into account the current conflicting political situation in the world, aggravated political and armed conflicts, the study of non-cooperative discourse in the media of English-language talk shows is certainly of scientific novelty. The main content of the research is concentrated around the analysis of the concepts of "non-cooperative discourse", "PR-discourse" from a linguistic point of view. Media linguistic analysis, discourse analysis, the method of multimodal text analysis, etc. are used as research methods. Results suggest that the concept of non-cooperative discourse is revealed (based on the material of English-language talk shows). Even so, the present study concludes that the approach is worthwhile and promising for further research.

Critical analysis on advertising discourses

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) appeared in the early 1990s and has become increasingly popular as an interdisciplinary approach to analyzing various types of discourse. The roots of CDA lie in classical Rhetoric, Textlinguistics and Sociolinguistics, as well as in Applied Linguistics and Pragmatics (Wodak, 2002, p.7-8). It sees discourse as language use in speech and writing and as a social practice. Its feature of being social practice means discursive cases have a dialectical interaction with social situations, institutions, and structures that surround them. They constantly influence and shape each other. CDA focuses on the relationship between language and power and is primarily concerned with investigating the explicit and implicit structural relations of domination, discrimination, power, and control as manifested in language. As transferred from Wodak (2001, p. 2), for Habermas, “Language is also a medium of domination and social force. It serves to legitimize relations of organized power. In so far as the legitimations of power relations, . . . are not articulated, . . . language is also ideological.” Ideologies are the fundamental frameworks for organizing the social cognitions that members of social groups, organizations, or institutions share. CDA seeks to demystify discourses by deciphering ideologies (Dijk, 1995, p. 18; Wodak, 2002, p.10). This paper aims to explore the relationship between discourse and social cognition, to analyze critically the language of advertisement, and to clarify how social structure and institutions are affected by advertising discourses.

The aesthetic ideal of a modern woman in English-language advertising: sociolinguistic aspect

This article is devoted to the topic of gender stereotypes and ways of their verbalization in language by the example of the aesthetic ideal of a modern woman in the texts of English-language advertising. The rapid development of feminism as a social and cultural phenomenon has been reflected in various types of discourse – from artistic to advertising. The redistribution of social roles between women and men caused, first of all, the transformation of the image of an ideal woman both at the level of external characteristics and at the level of the axiological paradigm of a woman's personality as a full-fledged member of society. The main means of constructing the concept of the "ideal woman" at the text level are keywords. The lexical and semantic analysis of the description of women in English-language advertising allowed us to make our own classification of the dominant components of the aesthetic ideal of a modern woman based on the theory of archetypes, which determines the novelty of the study. The most famous archetypes of ancient Greek goddesses are taken as a basis. It has been established that the modern English-language advertising text extrapolates four leading archetypes: "the seductress woman" (Aphrodite), "the hearth keeper woman" (Hestia), "the independent woman" (Artemis) and "the warrior woman" (Athena). The choice of an archetype is carried out according to the practical and social orientation of the advertised product. The perspective of the research is seen in the comparison of these archetypes with female images in Russian advertising discourse, taking into account the specifics of linguistic, cultural and sociolinguistic identity

Linguistic Means of Expressing Epistemic Modality in an English-language Scientific Text

Modality is a complex grammatical and functional-semantic category which is reflected in various types of discourse. The relevance of studying epistemic modality, reflecting the author’s knowledge of the reported information and his/her attitude to it from the point of view of its reliability, is determined by the necessity to analyze the linguistic features of its expression in a scientific text. The aim of the paper is to study morphological, lexical-syntactical and lexical means of expressing modality and to identify their pragmatic functions in English-language texts concerned with engineering. The study of the linguistic component in a scientific text will help foreign researchers present their scientific works in accordance with the authentic features of English. This determines the theoretical significance of studying the author’s means of expressing epistemic modality as a method for reasoning their scientific propositions, interacting with the target reader and expressing academic responsibility. The study of theoretical works by foreign and Russian scientists has shown that epistemic modality of a scientific text implements mainly the properties of the author’s subjective approach. However, unlike other types of discourse, the modality of a scientific text identifies a certain degree of objectivity in the author’s approach since it is characterized by the assessment of the reported information in terms of its reliability/unreliability. The given study assumes that the category of modality of any text, including a scientific one, is difficult to analyze statistically. It is known that the expression of the English text modality is characterized by imperceptible “transitions” between different levels of its implementation. Therefore, the paper considers some linguistic means at the morphological, lexical-syntactical and lexical levels. They include the verbal category of the imperative, subjunctive and presumptive types of mood, infinitive constructions, modal verbs and modal words of various parts of speech with the seme “expectation/assumption”. The article underlines an additional pragmatic aspect of modality means in an English-language scientific text concerned with the need for soft persuasion of the professional community to accept the information presented.

Figurative Narratives of Environmental Security

The current paper presents a comprehensive overview of numerous, frequently divergent, views of the concept of environmental security and stresses the resulting ambiguity in its interpretations across various types of discourse. This calls for the need to provide an overarching explanation of what environmental security is to be able to tackle environmental issues in the years to come. Given the complexity and the abstract nature of the term, it is the effective use of language resources that can be helpful in making sense of the environmental security and relevant mechanisms to ensure it. The paper argues that figurative language serves as a pervasive cognitive mechanism in interpreting and foregrounding the major aspects of sustainable "communication" with and about the environment. The focal point of the paper is the authors' urge to search for an apt metaphorical narrative encompassing various aspects of environmental security as a single metaphor is hardly able to cover a myriad of interdependent relations in the course of human-nature interaction. The analysis of the recurring discursive metaphors (military, medical, care) to refer to environmental security has revealed their downsides in promoting an adequate view of the current threats and, thus, the lack of public awareness of the emergency actions to save the planet.

Evaluation Mechanism of Political Discourse: A Holistic Approach

Taking the economic issue of Trump’s First State of the Union Address (SUA) as original data, the present study examined the evaluation features of political speeches by adopting a holistic approach, which includes both macro and micro dimensions. At the macro level, a series of semantic patterns were identified, with Goal-Achievement and General-Example Patterns being the most prevalent. They predetermine the evaluative tone, giving the surrounding statements evaluative meanings, exhibiting the radiating nature of evaluative meaning; at the micro level, a variety of resources have been identified, both explicit and implicit, lexical and syntactical, attitudinal and gradational, which collaborate to reinforce the subjective evaluation, revealing the holistic characteristic in the realization of evaluative meaning. Throughout the analysis, three evaluative mechanisms have been proposed, which are the coupling of meaning, semantic prosody, and tense switching. They collaborate and promote the subjective evaluation to be established and reinforced in a cumulative, gradient or hybrid pattern. In a narrow sense, the present study has partially revealed Trump’s political discourse feature. Broadly speaking, it contributes to the theoretical development of the appraisal framework by refining existing evaluation systems through a holistic research paradigm, which in turn facilitates accurate interpretation of various types of discourse.

COMPRESSION IN SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETING IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF DISCOURSE

In modern translation studies, compression has come to be regarded as a linguistic operation, as a translation strategy. However, the cognitive process that underlies compression has not been taken into consideration. The authors believe that compression is based on selecting a functional equivalent to the source message, provided that the cultural concepts in both languages overlap. Th e article aims at studying compression pragmatically in various types of discourse in the process of simultaneous interpretation. To reach this goal the authors provide an overview of the previous research that facilitates the analysis of compression from the point of view of discourse; study the linguistic basis of compression; and analyze compression from pragmatic and cognitive perspectives. As a result, a model is proposed which presupposes a cognitive selection of a functional equivalent to the source message based on overlapping cultural concepts in two languages. Two principles of interpretation are analyzed: the principle of reproduction is based on a thorough reproduction of all the elements that make up the source message, while the principle of replacement involves selecting a communicatively adequate variant of interpretation that would perform similar functions in the given context. In order to establish correlations between cultural concepts an interpreter has to be well-versed in cultural coordinates system of both languages within a certain discourse. On a lower level of understanding compression is limited to omitting redundant elements and replacing them with more concise versions, lexically and/or syntactically, while preserving the informative components of the message. On a higher level of understanding that appeals to the cultural concepts and the language of thought (mentalese), compression involves selecting a ready-made functional equivalent that already exists in the target language and is normally more concise in form.

Conceptual Representations in Sherko Bekas’ Gray: A Cognitive Stylistic Study

The present paper aims to examine Bekas’ worldview (mind style) in the selected poem Gray from a cognitive stylistic perspective. The concept of mind style, which refers to any particular linguistic representation of an individual’s mental self, encompasses the process of “reality formation” in one’s mind. In cognitive stylistics, the worldview (mind style) of the poet, narrator and character is formed from and displayed through the linguistic structure of the text. Therefore, the highlighted research question is: How is Bekas’ worldview constructed and represented in the selected poem? This study is essential for readers and listeners because it will assist them in interpreting poetic texts so they can comprehend the poet’s worldview. To achieve the main aim, the researchers will apply the cognitive linguistic theories of schema, conceptual metaphor, and conceptual metonymy, all of which are concerned with the representation of conceptual structures. These cognitive theories are considered strong and dynamic theories in accounting for cognitive processes that underpin the production and interpretation of various types of discourse, whether factual or fictional, by forming mental representations in the mind. More specifically, schema theory can be used to explain how text worlds are created and processed during discourse processing, primarily when reading poetry. Additionally, schema theory involves researching mental models, which entails analysing how poets think about the world in contrast to readers. To examine the poet’s worldview, the researchers also use perspective and foregrounding in construal dimensions. Since the study is qualitative, the study’s data will be limited to the analysis of Bekas’ Gray. The study has concluded that Bekas views the world pessimistically and hopelessly.

Verevochnaya or Covidnaya Istoriya: Desemantization of the Word Istoria in Different Discourse Types

The article is devoted to the description of the communicative behavior of the word istoria, which, as a result of the process of resemantization, is used in the “non-dictionary” meaning: ‘a thing/something’ and widely functions in modern everyday Russian speech in various types of discourse. The study was carried out on the material of 3 sources: the oral subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language, the corpus of Russian everyday speech “One Speech Day” and separate recordings of the surrounding speech (from everyday conversations, interviews, lectures, etc.). The problem of the functioning of the bleached word istoria is considered in several aspects: the dependence of such usages on the type of discourse and the characteristics of the speaker (age, professional activity, level of speech competence–LSC), as well as the ability of the resemantized word istoria to characterize an idiolect. It turned out that the word istoria with “empty” semantics plays a role of a multifunctional tool serving various types of discourse in modern Russian speech, and its active use is a result of saving speech efforts and does not characterize any particular social group of speakers. Such use has the character of an individual speech trait: in some cases, the word istoria acquires a status of a “parasite word” and indicates a low LSC of a native speaker, and in other situations, it indicates the desire of a speaker with a high LSC to establish an easy communication style.

PROVERBS IN THE SYSTEM OF LANGUAGE AND THEIR CREATIVE USE: A CROSS-CULTURAL VIEW

Proverbs form part and parcel of intangible cultural heritage. They are handed down from generation to generation and retained in the collective long-term memory of a people, constituting part of their language and culture. The purpose of this paper is to revisit proverbs and examine some of their essential features in the system of language and in their creative use in discourse from a cross-language and a cross-cultural perspective. This approach calls for semantic and stylistic analyses of empirical material, which I have chosen from my own archive of English and Latvian proverbs. Linguistic examination of proverbs promotes an understanding of their func- tioning across the broad spectrum of languages and cultures, bringing out similarities in the figurative structure of their base form and their stylistic use in various types of discourse. Cognitive linguistic research on proverbs reveals an infinite diversity of expression of figurative thought: a manifestation of the capacity of the human mind for abstraction and generalisation. The study of figurative meaning of proverbs and its changes in discourse accounts for the uniqueness of their stylistic use in text, which lies in the creativity of the cognitive mind. Stylistic use of the same proverb and the same stylistic pattern yields a different creative form of expression. Novel stylistic instantiations emerge in discourse as a reflection of the development of figurative thought.

Terminological system of the polycode text theory

The formation of the terminological system of the polycode text theory as part of the lexical system of the Russian language is the current interest of Russian scientists’ research. The purpose of the proposed study is to overview the existing terms describing a complex text that combines series of semiotically heterogeneous codes to express a common idea. The relevance of the research is explained by the need to create a unified system of terms to describe the polycode text. The material of the study are scientific works devoted to the polycode text; the authors give quotes from scientific works that have the greatest influence on the formation of the theory of polycode text. The study considers terminological pairs: polycode - creolized text; linear - nonlinear text; polycode - polymodal text; iconic - non-verbal components of a polycode text; primary - secondary polycode text; and a separate term “paragraphemic means of a polycode text.” Currently, the polycode text is implemented in various types of discourse. The largest number of scientific papers that the authors consider are composed on the material of academic, advertising, cinema and educational discourses. Interest in the polycode text as an object of scientific analysis, on the one hand, and as an instrument, on the other, is increasing in view of growing significance of digital technologies and the semiotic series accompanying them in modern communication. As the results of the study, the authors note the relevant aspects of the polycode text studies, which include the problem of decoding, the difficulties in translating the polycode text, the prospects of a comparative analysis of the polycode text on the material of several languages, and the social orientation of the polycode text.

WRITTEN DISCURSIVE COMPETENCE AS A COMPONENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE OF LAW UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

The paper discusses written discursive competence as a main element of foreign language communicative competence of the students of Tashkent State University of Law. Indeed, written discursive competence is the writer’s ability to generate various types of discourse for involvement in written foreign language communication with the intended addressee in order to achieve the desired result, depending on the sociocultural setting and communicative task. Because written discursive competence is a complicated multicomponent phenomenon, its structure distinguishes a number of subcompetences, which are thoroughly discussed in the article. Prior to the discussion part, the author focuses on the definition of the terms “discourse” and “discursive competence”, relying on the perceptions of various scholars. Also, the differences of “discourse” and “text” are introduced accordingly, and the tasks for the formation of discursive competence of law students in this very context are outlined with their specific characteristics. It is deemed that these tasks are of importance in teaching writing to the students in the law field.

New Metaphorical Models in Modern Sports Discourse

The cognitive and linguocultural aspects of metaphor implementation in Russian linguoculture are considered on the basis of figurative words and expressions in sports discourse. The novelty of the study lies in revealing the fact that more and more new conceptual areas are involved in presenting sporting events and building communication with reader: various terms of IT technologies, the world of TV series and computer games, while new stable systems of comparison begin to form: “sport” — “virtual computer world”, “sport” — “series”. The relevance of the study is confirmed by the use of terms from computer games and TV series that help to form an assessment of events or persons in the world of sports. It is noted that the study of metaphors is of great importance not only for the study of various types of discourse, but also for understanding the algorithms for mastering the picture of the world. At the same time, it is recognized that the main regular metaphors of sports discourse are based on the interaction of such conceptual areas as “sport” — “war”, “sport” — “show”, “sport” — “labor”. It is clarified that the focus of this article is on new conceptual areas that enrich and expand human understanding of sports