Various Concentrations Of IAA Research Articles

Effect of presoaking various growth regulators on the yield and biochemical characteristics of cowpea plants (Vigna sinensis L.)

ObjectivesCowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) is one of the world's most popular and widely consumed vegetable crops, and its economic success in Saudi Arabia is dependent on high-quality yield. Cowpea is the most important indigenous legume crop in terms of economic value. Cowpea seed has been employed as both a nutritious cow feed and a human nutritional component. Cowpea seed has more amino acids, tryptophan, and lysine than other cereal grains, but fewer methionine and cystine than animal proteins. The purpose of this study was to look at the role of growth bioregulators in cowpea plant yield and yield characteristics, as well as complete protein and soluble sugar levels in seed production. MethodsThis study used plant and growth condition analysis, yield and yield component analysis, total soluble sugars and proteins in yielding seeds computation, and endogenous hormone determination. ResultsIn this work, three growth regulators were utilized to increase the physiological activity and production of cowpea plants. When compared to untreated control plants, seed presoaking in various concentrations of IAA, GA3, and kinetin appeared to improve various yield parameters such as 100-seed weight and relative growth yield, pod weight, pod length number, and total amount of seeds/pots of cowpea plants. ConclusionThis study concludes that IAA, GA3, and kinetin appeared to improve different yield parameters in cowpea plants.

The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles loaded with IAA and IBA on in vitro rooting ofapple microcuttings

In the micropropagation of difficult-to-root plants, the low rates of rooting cause high economic losses. The local apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivar #67, which is highly resistant to fire blight disease, has been shown to have low rooting success. Nanoparticles loaded with auxins could increase the rooting success with their physicochemical properties. To increase rooting percentage, the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO), nZnO loaded with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA-nZnO) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA-nZnO) at different concentrations (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 mg L-1) on in vitro rooting of microcuttings were investigated. The concentrations of auxin carried by the nanoparticles were 2.8, 5.7, 8.0, 10.8, 13.7, 16.0 μM IAA or 2.5, 4.4, 6.9, 9.3, 11.3, 13.8 μM IBA. The various concentrations of IAA (0.0, 2.8, 5.7, 11.4, 17.1 μM) and IBA (0.0, 2.5, 4.9, 9.8, 14.8 μM) were also examined. All substances as described previously were incorporated to half-strength Murashige and Skoog (½ MS) medium containing 2% sucrose at pH 5.8, and solidified with 0.7% agar. The microcuttings were cultured on these media for 5 days in the dark before being transferred to a 16 h photoperiod conditions at 25 ± 1 °C for 6 weeks. It was found that rooting did not occur at 0.0 μM IAA and IBA concentration and nZnO treatments. IBA-nZnO and IBA were more effective on the rooting of microcuttings. In the comparison of IBA-nZnO and IBA, the percentage of rooting was higher in IBA-nZnO (58.4%) than IBA (47.5%). In addition, 4.4 μM or 4.9 μM IBA, particularly, induced many favorable properties with high rooting percentage (62.7%) and root length (16.5 ± 3.5 mm) and a small callus diameter (5.3 ± 0.2 mm). In conclusion, IBA-nZnO loaded with 4.4 μM IBA could be a promising treatment for in vitro rooting of difficult-to-root apple cultivar #67.

Standardization of a protocol for micropropagation of Eupatorium glandulosum L. an important medicinal plant

Eupatorium glandulosum of Asteraceae family is an important medicinal plant used to cure various diseases by tribal populace. In the present study, a protocol for mass propagation of Eupatorium glandulosum has been developed from nodal explants cultured in the MS basal medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of IAA and BA. The maximum rate of proliferation of shoots per explants (59.66 ± 1.76) was observed in the medium containing 0.5 mg/l of IAA and 3 mg/l of BA, but medium with 1 mg/l of IAA and 4 mg/l of BA showed the maximum shoot length. When the regenerated shoots were rooted in vitro on MS basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of IAA and IBA, medium with 4 mg/l of IBA induced more number of roots per shoot (32.67 ± 0.89) while maximum root length (6.1 ± 0.12 cm) was recorded in 3 mg/l of IBA. The plantlets, with well developed root systems, were successfully acclimatized and transferred to the pots containing a mixture of Soil, Sand and Coco peat (1:1:1) with 100% survival rate. The research article tends to elucidate the tissue cultural techniques for the mass propagation and sustainable utilization of Eupatorium glandulosum. This technique could be implemented for the continuous extraction of valuable medicinal components in the pharmaceutical industry.

Pengaruh konsentrasi IAA (Indole Acetic Acid) dan BAP (Benzil Amino Purin) terhadap pertumbuhan awal sambung samping Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava) Var. Kristal

The purpose of this research was to study the influence of various concentrations of IAA and BAP on early growth budding of guava (Psidium guajava L.) Var. Kristal in side grafting propagation method. The experiment used completely randomized factorial design. The first factor was various concentrations of IAA (0, 100, and 200 ppm) and the second factor was various concentrations of BAP (0, 100, and 200 ppm). Each treatment was repeated three times. Parameters observed were the time of bud break, time of shoot emergence, and shoot length. The data were analyzed by variance and continued analyzed by Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the level of IAA concentration gave effect (P<0,05) to time of shoot emergence and shoot length. Level of BAP concentrations gave significant effect (P<0,05) to the time of bud break, time of shoot emergence, and shoot length. The interaction between the concentration level of IAA and BAP had significant effect (P<0,05) on the time of bud break, time of shoot emergence and shoot length. Keywords : Guava, Psidium guajava, Side Grafting, IAA, BAP.

Micropropagation of an Important Medicinal Plant, Begonia fallax (Begoniaceae)

Begonia fallax A.DC. belongs to the family of Begoniaceae and is an endemic species to Peninsular India. Shoot tip and nodal explants were screened using Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with BAP, KIN and TDZ individually and combination with IAA, NAA and IBA for multiple shoot initiation. BAP and NAA (0.5+0.5 mg-l) produced 20.8 shoots with up to 4.0 cm shoot length to nodal explants whereas 17.9 shoots with 3.1 cm shoot length to shoot tip explants. For root induction, various concentrations of IAA, NAA and IBA were used individually. The highest rooting frequency was achieved to nodal explants (64.90 roots) on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg-l NAA compared to shoot tip explants (31.90 roots). Invariably, root length was up to 2.3 cm to both the explants. The rooted explants were transplanted into plastic cups and showed 70% survival rate in the Environmental Growth Chamber. Nodal explants could be the best for large-scale multiplication and propagation to facilitate in vitro conservation and for secondary metabolites production.

In vitro mass propagation of an epiphytic orchid,Dendrobium primulinum Lindl. through shoot tip culture

The present study develops a protocol for rapid in vitro micropropagation of a critically endangered and floriculturally most important epiphytic orchid, Dendrobium primulinum Lindl. through the culture of small shoot tip explants (0.3 to 0.5mm) derived from in vitro grown seedlings. The shoot tip explants cultured on solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium and MS medium alone or supplemented with combination of various concentrations of growth regulators; α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), produced shoots and multiple shoots. The maximum numbers of rootless healthy shoots were observed on MS medium fortified with BAP 1.5 mgl -1 with an average value of 4.5 shoots per culture where shoot multiplication was initiated after 5 weeks of culture of shoot tip. Among the different tested combination, MS medium with BAP (1.5 mg l -1 ) and NAA (0.5 mg l -1 ) were most effective for the shoot multiplication. MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of rooting hormones viz. NAA, IAA and IBA showed positive response in development of roots, except NAA 0.5 mgl -1 . The rooting was observed after 3 weeks of culture of shoot tip. The various concentrations of IAA and IBA were found to be effective hormone for rooting of D. primulinum in comparison to NAA. The best rooting response was observed on MS medium with exogenous supply of IAA 0.5 mgl -1 . The well developed in vitro rooted plantlets were hardened successfully in the potting mixture containing cocopeat and sphagnum moss in the ratio of 2:1. Nearly 70% of plantlets survived.

Cytokinin induced shoot regeneration and flowering of Scoparia dulcis L. (Scrophulariaceae)–an ethnomedicinal herb

Objective To develop an improved protocol for micropropagation of ethnomedicinally important Scoparia dulcis (S. dulcis) L. Methods Explants were inoculated on MS basal medium supplemented with kinetin and 6-benzylaminopurine for shoot bud induction. To enhance the shoot induction, various auxins like 3-indoleacetic acid or 3-indolebutyric acid or α-naphthylacetic acid were tested along with 2.32 M KI and 4.44 μM BAP. The regenerated shoots were rooted in half strength MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of IAA, IBA or NAA. After roots were developed, the plantlets were transplanted to pots filled with vermiculate and sand and kept in growth chamber with 70%–80% humidity under 16 h photoperiod. After acclimatization, the plantlets were transferred to the garden and survival percentage was calculated. Data were statistically analyzed and means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test ( P < 0.05). Results An in vitro method was developed to induce high frequency shoots regeneration from stem, mature leaf and young leaf explants of S. dulcis. Shoot induction on young leaf explants was most successful in MS medium supplemented with combination of two cytokinins (2.32 μM KI and 4.44 μM BAP) 2.85 μM IAA, 10% CM and 1 483.79 μM adenine sulfate. A single young leaf explant was capable of producing 59 shoots after 13 days of culture. Flower was induced in medium supplemented with combination of KI and BAP. Conclusions Cytokinins are the key factor to induce the direct shoot regeneration and flowering of S. dulcis.

Mechanisms of EDDHA effects on the promotion of floral induction in the long-day plant Lemna minor (L.)

EDDHA added in an optimal concentration (20.5 mumol.L-1) to a modified Pirson-Seidel nutrient solution induces flowering in some clones of the species Lemna minor, Lemna gibba and Spirodela polyrrhiza, which in the absence of EDDHA in the same nutrient solution do not flower. By adding EDDHA (20.5 mumol.L-1), floral induction under LD conditions is optimally promoted in the long-day (LD) species Lemna minor. After adding EDDHA to the nutrient solution, before floral induction and during flowering, Zn, Mn and Cu content is significantly increased in plants. Zn-EDDHA (0.86 mumol.L-1), Mn-EDDHA (1.51 mumol.L-1) and Cu-EDDHA (0.12 mumol.L-1), when used individually, greatly promote flowering under LD conditions as compared to flowering in the same nutrient solution with an equivalent quantity of Zn, Mn or Cu in the nonchelate form. If, on the other hand, Zn-EDDHA and Mn-EDDHA are added to the nutrient solution together (instead of Zn and Mn in nonchelate form), their effect on the promotion of flowering is less than in the case of their individual use. This shows that there is antagonism between Zn-EDDHA and Mn-EDDHA that is eliminated by adding EDDHA to the nutrient solution. We obtained the highest percentage of flowering plants (i.e. 74%) if we added EDDHA (20.5 mumol.L-1) to the nutrient solution containing Mn, Zn and Cu in chelate form. 74% of flowering plants actually means that flowering was achieved in all physiologically mature plants. Our results show that EDDHA promotes floral induction in Lemna minor under LD conditions, especially through chelating Zn, Mn and Cu, and, in addition, through eliminating the antagonism between Mn and Zn chelates EDDHA. Zn-EDDHA (0.86 mumol.L-1) also promote floral differentiation, especially cell division of microspore mother cells into dyads and those into microspore tetrads, which can be seen in microphotographs. When investigating possible pathways through which Mn-EDDHA, Zn-EDDHA and Cu-EDDHA promote flowering, we studied the effects of various concentrations of IAA and sucrose added to the nutrient solution as well. The results support the hypothesis that one of the possible pathways in which Mn-EDDHA promotes floral induction is through auxin oxidase, whereas Zn-EDDHA and Cu-EDDHA probably promote it through the enhancement of the photosynthesis and synthesis of sucrose.

Auxin as a factor regulating initiation, of mitosis in antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris L.

Summary On the basis of cytophysiological measurements of the effects exerted by various concentrations of IAA and PCIB on antheridial filament cells of Chara vulgaris it has been observed that: 1. IAA accelerates the process of differentiation of antheridial filament cells. The effect is caused by initiation of mitosis in cells of smaller sizes. Shortening of spermatogenesis duration suggests a decrease in duration of particular cell cycles. 2. Measurements of cell cycle duration with labelled thymidine, demonstrated that a decrease in cell cycle duration caused by IAA occurs mainly owing to shortening of the G2 phase -F- mitosis. 3. Incubation with PCIB decreases, and incubation with IAA increases considerably the mitotic activity as soon as after 2–4 h of treatment. These results suggest that the initiation of mitosis in antheridial filament cells of Chara vulgaris is correlated rather with adequately high auxin level in G 2 phase than with the attainment of critical sizes by the cells.

The Effect of Indol-3YL-Acetic Acid Concentration on Cycling and Quiescent Cells in the Apical Meristem of Excised Roots ofPisum SativumL.

SUMMARYThe effects of various concentrations of IAA on root growth by elongation and on cell proliferation and quiescence in the apical mm of excised roots of Pisum sativum have been determined. Root elongation was suppressed by all of the concentrations of IAA (10−2, 10−8 and 10−6 M) investigated. The data obtained suggest, however, that in pea roots grown in IAA supplemented media, growth by elongation would be optimal when the concentration is about 10−10 M. The various aspects of meristematic activity examined in the apical meristem of the excised roots were almost identical in the controls, grown in the absence of IAA, and in those cultured in the presence of 10−12 M IAA. Increase in the level of IAA in the culture solution from 10−2 to 10−6 M, however, resulted in a progressive increase in the duration of the mitotic cycle, as measured from the curves recording the passage of labelled nuclei through mitosis, and a parallel increase in the duration of S. The durations of G1, G2 and mitosis were virtu...

Effect of β-indoleacetic acid, maleic hydrazide, and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid on N, P, K, and Ca accumulation by pea plants

A study was performed on the effect of various concentrations of IAA, 2,3,6-triiodobenzoic acid, and maleic hydrazide, supplied to Richter’s nutrient solution, on growth of pea plants in water cultures. After a 18-day cultivation growth was evaluated and in the plants gathered the content of total N, P, K, and Ca was estimated. Growth of experimental plants (as evaluated from fresh and dry weight) was affected by all three regulators in dependence on the concentration used. It was stimulated by lower concentrations and inhibited by higher, the production of both fresh and dry weight of the root system being stimulated by all IAA concentrations used. The ratio of root dry weight to that of the entire plant was markedly increased after application of IAA and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, whereas when applying maleic hydrazide it was only slightly increased in comparison with control. Stimulation or inhibition of growth induced by IAA treatment was accompanied by an accordingly increased or decreased accumulation of N, P, K, and Ca. Thus their utilization did not change in comparison with control. On the other hand, both inhibitory and stimulatory effects of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and maleic hydrazide on growth were associated with a relatively lower accumulation of the elements in question, resulting in an increased utilization. The distribution index of N, P, K, and Ca decreased with increasing concentrations of IAA, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and maleic hydrazide. Only the highest 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and maleic hydrazide concentrations used brought about a more marked increase in the distribution index of potassium, simultaneously with a marked decrease in the distribution index of calcium.

Morphological studies on adventitious root formation in cuttings II

The experiment was carried out to see the effects of basipetally moving endogenous substances on the root primordium differentiation of Portulaca cuttings and to determine whether the exogenously applied IAA or NAA acts as the substitute of the substances.One side of the stem of the cutting was cut out at a slight distance from basal end for the purpose of blocking downward movement of root promoting substances, and then an agar block containing various concentrations of IAA or NAA was inserted into the cut-out portion. The experiments were conducted in two cases: one with leaves and the other without leaves.Root initiation at the base of the cutting was observed morphologically in order to see the difference between the side under the cut and the intact side.1. The formation of the root primordia was inhibited by removing the leaves from cuttings. Furthermore, the root primordia were not formed at all at the side under the cut portion, but the advancing tendency to form root primordia were somehow exhibited by the application of IAA or NAA to the cut-out portion.2. On the cuttings with leaves, the formation of the root primordia was also inhibited at the side under the cut portion, but it was promoted a little by treatments with a low concentration of IAA or NAA.3. On the cuttings with leaves, many root primordia were formed at the opposite side of the cut-out portion and a tendency to promote the formation of the root primordia was shown by the application of IAA to the cut-out portion. In this case, IAA at a concentration of 10-11M was more effective than the other concentrations.4. Most of the root primordia were formed near the cut-end of cuttings by IAA or NAA applied to the cut-out portion.5. On the cuttings with leaves, IAA or NAA applied to the cut-out portion promoted the formation of the root primordia at the medullary ray.

Studies on Branching Habits in Crop Plants. : 5. Growth of tiller buds and terminal buds in rice and barley seedlings on artificial agar medium as affected by concentration of auxin.

Rice and barley seedlings which were raised out of doors were used as plant material. Tiller buds which had been growing and terminal buds were taken out from these seedlings and were grown on artificial agar medium supplied with various concentrations of IAA from 10-4 to 10-7 M and zero under the condition of presence or absence of gibberellic acid and kinetin, in order to get basic information as to the relationship between the growth of tiller buds and growth substances. In case of barley, the growth of the tiller buds without LAA was much better than that with IAA. The growth was poor at the concentration 10-5 M which has been recognized to be the optimal concentration for the growth of shoots in various kinds of plants. The growth to terminal buds showed almost the same behavior as that of tiller buds to various concentrations of IAA. In case of rice, on the other hand, the growth of tiller buds was highest at the concentration of 10-5 M of IAA, being very poor without IAA. The growth of terminal buds of rice without IAA was inferior to that with IAA. In any case of the experiments reported here, no tendency was recognized that the optimal concentration of IAA for the growth of tiller buds is lower than that for terminal buds as suggested sometimes to explain the reason why auxin produced at the terminal bud inhibits the growth of the axillary buds. Besides, in most of the tiller buds and terminal buds of rice plants, roots developed, unlike in case of barley in which very little root development took place.

Influence of Potassium Ion on the Extension in Lamina Joints of Rice Plants

The stimulating effects of gibberellin and auxin on the elongation of a lamina joint in rice have already been indicated, based on a phenomenon increasing the lamina inclination in Bakanae diseased rice plants. In this communication, the effects of divalent cations, especially calcium ion, upon the elongation of the lamina joint are detailed, using the second leaves excised from etiolated rice seedlings. It has been proved that the various divalent cations at even 0.002 N excrise a depressive effect on the IAA induced elongation (Table 1), and that furthermore the calcium ion decreases the elongation induced by NAA alone or NAA-gibberellin interaction (Fig. 2). At 0.0005 N to 0.01 N potassium ion strengthens the elongating effect of various concentrations of IAA (Tables 2 and 3). And more, the potassium ion recovers the inhibitive action of the calcium in the elongation (Fig. 3). From the above mentioned results, we compared among the interactions of gibberellin and IAA, of gibberellin and potassium, and of IAA and of potassium, upon each other. The interaction between gibberellin and IAA was much larger than the others. Above all, the reversed effect of the potassium ion on the Ca induced inhibition under the interaction of gibberellin and IAA has been revealed in this paper (Table 4). Thus, it was presented that gibberellin has an accelerating action in the interactions of gibberellin and auxin or potassium ion on the lamina inclination which bring about an elongation in the lamina joints of rice plants. From these facts we may show one facet of mechanisms of gibberellin action, in relation to those of auxin action.