Various Concentrations Of Auxins Research Articles

A study on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) callogenesis optimization based on hormone balance and explant types

Bitter gourd known as Momordica charantia L. is an important summer vegetable, belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family, grown in tropical areas in the world. Due to its fruits being rich in vitamins, minerals and good dietary fibers, the bitter gourd has many health-protective and pharmacological properties. The goal of the current study was to comparatively assess the indirect regeneration capability using in vivo leaf, internodal, and petiole explants of bitter gourd. To serve the purpose Murashige and Skoog (MS) media augmented with various concentrations of auxin and cytokinin for callus formation potent. The study was conducted by evaluating the selection of various auxin and cytokinin concentrations and combinations in MS basic medium. The rate of explant development decreased as cytokinin concentration increased. Although the lowest cytokinin concentration utilized in this study (1.0 mg L-1 BAP), it had a beneficial impact on explant development. When compared to the auxin NAA, the auxins IAA and 2,4-D were more beneficial on calli weights. It has been well proven that calli cannot be produced without the presence and balance of plant growth regulators. Experimental results demonstrated that callogenesis of bitter gourd from different explants might be successfully and effectively utilized in cell suspension cultures, genetic transformation, and callogenesis may also be adaptable to other species that are closely related.

Organogenesis of corn plants (Zea mays L.) at various concentrations of auxin and cytokinin plant growth regulators in vitro

This study aimed to determine the effect of auxin and cytokinin concentrations as plant growth regulators (PGR) on the organogenesis of corn plants in vitro. This research was conducted from June to September 2021 in the plant tissue culture laboratory of Cokroaminoto University, Palopo City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The research method was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 15 experimental units, i.e., P0 (control), P1 (2 ml NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid) + 1 ml BAP (benzylaminopurine)), P2 (2 ml NAA + 1.5 ml BAP), P3 (2 ml NAA + 2 ml BAP), and P4 (2 ml NAA + 2.5 ml BAP). The results revealed that the administration of auxin and cytokinin plant growth regulators had a significant effect on the parameters of germination age and plantlet weight, but it had no significant effect on the parameters of plant height, number of roots, root length, and number of leaves. The effective concentration of auxin and cytokinin growth regulators on the organogenesis of corn plants was P2 (2 ml NAA + 1.5 ml BAP) on the parameters of 11 cm plant height, 7 root strands, 1 leaf, and 1 gram plantlet weight. This was due to the influence of the given concentration of PGR, which plays multiple important roles in plant development.

Effect of Culture Media and Plant Growth Regulators on Shoot Proliferation and Rooting of Internode Explants from Moroccan Native Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) Genotypes

In this study, several methods have been used to facilitate shoot formation from nodal explants of local almond ecotypes known as “Beldi” grown in Eastern Morocco. Nodal segments of divers old local genotypes were cultured on various concentrations of auxin (indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)) and cytokinins (6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ), and kinetin (KIN)) added to two different media (Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Heller medium). The results showed that TDZ was more effective than the other tested hormones for in vitro proliferation of the “Beldi” ecotype. TDZ at the concentration of 1 mg/L significantly improved the nodal shoot proliferation rate, with the highest percentage (63.6% ± 0.63) and number of regenerated shoots (13 ± 0.54) recorded for S1 genotype inoculated on MS medium, while the most significant rooting rate (60.41% ± 0.81) of proliferated shoots and number of roots per shoot (7.3 ± 1.36) were achieved for S2 genotype on 1 mg/L of IBA incorporated to a half-strength MS medium. With 80% of plantlets survival, the rooted shoots were successfully adapted to the in vivo conditions and were grown vigorously in the greenhouse without any morphological abnormalities.

Explants selection for in vitro propagation of Pachyrhizus erosus L.

Pachyrhizus erosus tuber is rich in protein asides its agronomical value as a legume, but the seeds by which it is propagated have very low viability. This study established sterilization protocol and effect of various concentrations of auxins and cytokinins on callus production and shoot regeneration from explants of P. erosus. Explants and seeds were sterilized using sodiumhypochlorite (NaClO) solution (5, 10 and 15% v/v) for 5 and 10 mins. Nodal, stem and leaf explants from in vitro germinated P. erosus and tuber from field grown plant were sterilized and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (control) and MS combined with different concentrations of auxins (NAA and 2, 4-D) and cytokinin (BA and Kinetin) and the cultured explants were monitored in terms of degree of callus formation, morphology and colour of callus and also for shoot induction. The results showed that seeds of P. erosus sterilized with 10% NaClO solution for 10 mins and germinated in vitro is the best way of getting sterile nodal, stem and leaf explants for the in vitro propagation of the plant, while tuber explants could be sterilized with 15% NaClO for 10 minutes. Nodal explants inoculated in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BA gave the highest shoot regeneration response, while stem explants inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA also gave the highest amount of friable callus. The study concluded that in vitro germinated seeds were the best way of getting explant for P. erosus.

Exploring potential of copper and silver nano particles to establish efficient callogenesis and regeneration system for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

ABSTRACT In vitro recalcitrance of wheat to regeneration is the major bottleneck for its improvement through callus-based genetic transformation. Nanotechnology is one of the most dynamic areas of research, which can transform agriculture and biotechnology to ensure food security on sustainable basis. Present study was designed to investigate effects of CuSO4, AgNO3 and their nanoparticles on tissue culture responses of mature embryo culture of wheat genotypes (AS-2002 and Wafaq-2001). Initially, MS-based callus induction and regeneration medium were optimized for both genotypes using various concentrations of auxin (2,4-D, IAA) and cytokinins (BAP, kinetin). The genotypes differed for embryogenic callus induction and regeneration potential. Genotype AS-2002 yielded maximum embryogenic calli in response to 3.0 mg/l 2,4-D, whereas Wafaq-2001 offered the highest embryogenic calli against 3.5 mg/l 2,4-D supplemented in the induction medium. Genotype AS-2002 showed maximum regeneration (59.33%) in response to regeneration protocol comprising 0.5 mg/l IAA, 0.3 mg/l BAP and 1.0 mg/l Kin, while Wafaq-2001 performed best in response to 0.5 mg/l IAA, 0.3 mg/l BAP and 1.5 mg/l Kin with 55.33% regeneration efficiency. The same optimized basal induction and regeneration medium for both genotypes were further used to study effects of CuSO4, AgNO3 and their nano-particles employing independent experiments. The optimized induction medium fortified with various concentrations of CuSO4 or CuNPs confirmed significant effects on frequency of embryogenic callus. Addition of either 0.020 mg/l or 0.025 mg/l CuSO4, or 0.015 mg/l CNPs showed comparable results for embryogenic callus induction and were statistically at par with embryogenic callus induction of 74.00%, 75.67% and 76.83%, respectively. Significantly higher regeneration was achieved from MS-based regeneration medium supplemented with 0.015 mg/l or 0.020 mg/l CuNPs than standard 0.025 mg/l CuSO4. In another study, the basal induction and regeneration medium were fortified with AgNO3 or AgNPs ranging from 1 to 7 mg/l along with basal regeneration media devoid of AgNO3 or AgNPs (control). The maximum embryogenic calli were witnessed from medium fortified with 3.0 mg/l or 4.0 mg/l AgNPs compared with control and rest of the treatments. The standardized regeneration medium fortified with 5.0 mg/l AgNO3 or 3.0 mg/l AgNPs showed pronounced effect on regeneration of wheat genotypes and offered maximum regeneration compared with control. The individual and combined effect of Cu and Ag nanoparticles along with control (basal regeneration media of each genotype) was also tested. Surprisingly, co-application of metallic NPs showed a significant increase in embryogenic callus formation of genotypes. Induction medium supplemented with 0.015 mg/l CuNPs + 4.0 mg/l AgNPs or 0.020 mg/l CuNPs + 2.0 mg/l AgNPs showed splendid results compared to control and other combination of Cu and Ag nanoparticles. The maximum regeneration was achieved by co-application of 0.015 mg/l CuNP and 4.0 mg/l AgNPs with 21% increment of regeneration over control. It is revealed that CuNPs and AgNPs are potential candidate to augment somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of mature embryo explants of wheat.

A high throughput plant regeneration system from shoot stems of Sapium sebiferum Roxb., a potential multipurpose bioenergy tree

Sapium sebiferum Roxb. is an economically important multipurpose woody plant in terms of its biodiesel-producing, medicinal and ornamental values. In the present study, a high throughput in vitro regeneration system of S. sebiferum through direct shoot organogenesis from shoot stems was developed. The effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs), explant orientation, culture vessel type, explant type and explant source on adventitious shoot induction were investigated. Adventitious shoots were induced from cut ends of shoot stems with or without axillary buds when they were cultivated on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA). The highest rate of shoot induction (100 %) with mean number of shoot buds (21.4 ± 0.2) per explant was obtained when in vitro shoot stems without axillary buds were placed horizontally on the medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 6-BA in glass petri dish. The induced shoot buds were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 6-BA and 0.1 mg l−1 gibberellic acid (GA3) for shoot proliferation and elongation. The elongated shoots were continuously propagated through shoot stem sectioning until used for rooting. For in vitro adventitious root induction, the elongated shoots were cultivated on the MS basal medium supplemented with different strengths of macronutrient, various concentrations of auxins and sucrose. The highest root induction (100 %) was achieved when the elongated shoots were cultured on 1/8 MS medium fortified with 2.0 % sucrose and 0.5 mg l-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). For ex vitro rooting, 98.3 % shoots rooted when they were pretreated with IBA (1000 mg l-1) for 60 s. The plantlets rooted by both methods were successfully acclimatized and showed normal development with 91.4 % and 98.1 % survival rate, respectively. The genetic fidelity of the regenerants was confirmed by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The present in vitro regeneration protocol will play an important role in large-scale propagation, germplasm conservation as well as genetic improvement of this economically important multipurpose plant species.

Adaptation to ex vitro conditions of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Hemsl. regenerants

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Hemsl. belongs to Asteraceae family and is of great importance for pharmaceutical and food industries. Stevioside obtained from the leaves of this plant is regarded as a valuable natural sweetener. Low seed fertility is one of the most important problems in stevia production. It multiplies almost exclusively in a vegetative way. Plant tissue culture is an efficient method for mass propagation of S. rebaudiana. We studied the effect of various concentrations of auxins on rooting stevia shoot cuttings under in vitro conditions. We found that adding 0.6-1.0 mg l-1 IBA or 0.2 mg l-1 IAA to the В5 medium is effective forrooting the shoot fragments of this species. The regenerants were adapted to ex vitro conditions for 3 weeks on a hydroponic setup filled with a solution of mineral salts according to the quarter-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium modified by the content of KH2PO4 and NH4NO3. Using a triple concentration of KH2PO4 (510 mg l-1) during the first week of adaptation and a fullconcentration of NH4NO3 (1650 mg l-1) over the next 2 weeks ensures 100% acclimatization of stevia regenerants to ex vitro conditions. The replacement of agar in the nutrient medium with a perlite-vermiculite mixture in the ratio of 1 : 3 stimulated the transition of regenerants to the photomyxotrophic type of nutrition. The use of a porous substrate provided a decrease in humidity inside the culture vessels, which led to forming both leaves with well-functioning stomata and a branched root system with root hairs. The stevia regenerants propagated in vitro on a porous substrate did not require special conditions for the ex vitro acclimatization. The yield of surviving plants in the greenhouse was 100%.

Tissue culture studies and estimation of camptothecin from Ophiorrhiza prostrata D. Don

Camptothecin is an important molecule in the synthesis of some of major anticancer agents such as irinotecan and topotecan. Traditional sources of camptothecin are mainly woody plants, some of which are being overexploited to a level that threatens the existence of the respective species. Alternate sources are being identified. In the current study, a tissue culture protocol was developed for the mass multiplication of Ophiorrhiza prostrata, an herbaceous camptothecin-containing plant, using seed explants, in order to evaluate its potential as an alternate source of commercial camptothecin. The germination of seeds was standardized on half-strength solid basal MS medium (94.8 ± 2.65% success rate). Seedlings subcultured on half-strength MS agar medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l−1 benzylaminopurine (BAP) produced the most shoots (28.0 ± 2.58) from the nodal region of a single seedling. Mass multiplication of in vitro shoots was achieved by subculturing a single shoot as well as shoot clumps. Subculturing shoot clumps containing a minimum of 4–6 shoots yielded fewer shoots per node (32.2 ± 2.03) than when single shoots were subcultured (25.0 ± 2.0). Shoot elongation was achieved on half-strength MS basal medium in a period of 2–3 weeks. Various concentrations of auxins were tested for rooting, and 1 mg l−1 NAA gave the highest number of roots (44.0 ± 4.13). Rooted shoots were successfully established under field conditions. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was employed to measure the camptothecin levels in wild-grown plants (1.46 ± 0.02 µg g−1 dry wt), in-vitro-regenerated plants (1.10 ± 0.02 µg g−1 dry wt), and in-vitro-derived hardened plants (1.83 ± 0.02 µg g−1 dry wt). The results of this study indicate that in vitro methods could be a potential path to the rapid expansion of plant biomass, which could serve as a potential source of commercial camptothecin.

Indirect Organogenesis through Seedling-Derived Leaf Segments of Ficus Religiosa - a Multipurpose Woody Medicinal Plant

The aim of this study is to introduce the suitable protocol for indirect regeneration from seedling-derived leaf segment of Ficus religiosa. The leaf explant successfully produced callus on MS medium containing various concentrations of auxin in combination with BAP. The maximum callus induction (100%) was achieved in MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D plus 0.05 mg/l BAP and MS medium containing 1.5 mg/l NAA plus 0.15 mg/l BAP as well. MS medium consisting of 2,4-D produced yellow-brownish and friable callus (type I) while the yellowish and compact calli (type II) were obtained in MS medium consisting of NAA. On the other hand, MS medium supplemented with IBA formed greenish and compact calli (type Ш). The regeneration rate in type II callus was less than the type I, and there was no shoot induction observed on type Ш calli. MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.15 mg/l IBA had the highest regeneration frequency (100%) and maximum shoot numbers (5.16) as well as shoot length (2.56 cm) in type I callus. A maximum of 93.33% root induction was observed in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l IBA plus 0.1mg/l NAA. The plantlets were successfully transferred to the greenhouse. This system could be utilized for large-scale multiplication of Ficus religiosa.

Induction of Multiple Shoots and Roots of Calla Lily ‘Black Star’ through in vitro Propagation

In Korea most bulbs of calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.) are imported from foreign countries including USA and Netherlands due to frequent viral infection problems in field propagation. To solve this problem, in vitro propagation system of calla lilies has been attempted, which ultimately would have an agronomical impact on Korean calla lily farmers. In this study, we carried out experiments to find an efficient method for multiple shoot formation and subsequent root induction in calla lily ‘Black Star’. Lateral buds were used for the induction of multiple shoots on basal MS media containing various concentrations of auxin and cytokinin. The highest callus and multiple shoot formation was observed in MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L of each NAA and BA, in which 25 (83.3%) explants exhibited callus formation and all 30 explants produced multiple shoots with an average of 14.7 shoots per explant in average length of 4.1 cm. Subsequently, obtained shoots were tested for root induction in MS media containing auxins, IAA, NAA, or 2,4-D, because calla lily shoots derived from tissue culture did not produce sufficient roots that are crucial for the survival under natural environment after transplanting. An average of 4.9 or 3.1 roots was generated after 20-day culture of shoots on MS media containing 1.0 mg/L IAA or 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D, respectively. However, no root formation was observed in MS media supplemented with NAA, indicating that NAA is not adequate for root induction of shoots derived from tissue culture of ‘Black Star’.

An Effective Protocol for In Vitro Multiplication of Celastrus paniculatus Willd. - An Important Medicinal Plant

Celastrus paniculatus Willd. a threatened taxon belongs to the family Celastraceae is one of the important medicinal plants. The seeds contain alkaloids and the oil extracted from them has long been regarded as highly beneficial and medicinally effective. Due to its medicinal importance, the plant has been over exploited and effective measures are needed to be taken to conserve the precious germplasms. In present study, an effective protocol for micropropagation has been developed through nodal cultures. Nodal explants from mature plant were collected and cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxins (IAA,IBA,NAA,2,4-D) and cytokinins (BAP,Kin,2-ip,Zea,TDZ) either alone and in combinations under controlled photoperiod and temperature. Maximum number of 15.43±0.17 shoots was regenerated directly from the nodal explants on MS medium supplemented with BAP+NAA+GA3. Histological studies have confirmed the direct regeneration of shoots from the cultures. Thus, obtained shoots were sub-cultured to rooting medium containing auxins for root induction. The regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized on mixture of organic manure, clay and sand (1:1:1) and 75% of regenerates were survived.

In-ovulo embryo culture in interspecific crosses of Gossypium

The immature hybrid embryos of five back crosses viz., (MCU 5 x G. armourianum ) MCU 5, (MCU 5 x G. raimondii ) MCU 5, (MCU 12 x G. raimondii ) MCU 12, (TCH 1569 x G. armourianum ) TCH 1569,(TCH 1609 x G. raimondii ) TCH 1609 were excised 8 days after pollination and were cultured in various concentrations of auxin and cytokinin. To prevent boll shedding in all the crosses, growth hormones NAA 100 mg/l and GA 3 50 mg/l was applied at the base of the pedicel for 8 days and then the ovules were excised and cultured on media to form calli. Out of different media combinations tried, maximum callus induction was observed in the medium containing IAA 2.0 mg/l, Kn 1.0 mg/l, CH 250 mg/l, AS 40 mg/l in all the crosses. Maximum response of callus induction was observed in the cross (MCU 5 x G. raimondii ) MCU5.

In vitro shoot multiplication of Stevia rebaudiana, an important plant with high economic and medicinal values

In vitro Shoot multiplication of Stevia rebaudiana, an important Plant with high Economic and Medicinal values Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), known to be an anti-diabetic medicinal herb, belongs to Asteraceae family which has bioactive compounds stevioside and rebaudioside in its leaves that taste about 300-350 times sweeter than sucrose. Nodal segments were cultured in half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with kinetin (Kn) and benzylaminopurine (BAP), alone and in combination (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg L-1), for shoot proliferation while various concentrations of auxins i.e. indole acetic acid (IAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA) (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg L-1), alone or in combination with different cytokinins, for rooting. Almost in all the cultures shoot primordia initiation was observed 2-5 days after the inoculation. Overall, from the economical point of view, half-strength MS media with 0.2 mg L-1 Kn was the best producing maximum number of shoot (3.00 ± 0.00), shoot length (7.13 ± 0.43) and number of leaves (27.75±0.85), after 60 days of inoculation. However, after 30 days of transfer in rooting media supplemented with combined IBA (2.0 mg L-1) and Kn (0.5 mg L-1) showed best response in number of roots (10.00 ± 0.41) and length of root (cm) (6.73 ± 0.09), respectively. Regenerated plantlets were hardened in potting mixture containing perlite: sand: soil (1:1:1) for 2 months inside culture room with 70% relative humidity and later transferred in green house for 8 weeks before final transfer into the field. This micro-propagation method using half-strength MS media could be economical and effectively used for mass production of Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro condition...

Impact of Auxins on Vegetative Propagation through Stem Cuttings of Couroupita guianensis Aubl.: A Conservation Approach.

The present study explores the potential of exogenous auxins in the development of adventitious shoots and roots from shoot cuttings of Couroupita guianensis (Nagalingam), a threatened tree. Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of various concentrations of auxins on shoot and root morphological traits of stem cuttings in the greenhouse. Amongst the auxins tested, significant effects on number of shoot buds' induction and their growth were observed with α-Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) treated nodal cuttings. Cent percentage of the stem cuttings of C. guianensis were rooted and shoots were induced when pretreated with 400 mg L−1 NAA for 5 min. Maximum 79% of stem cuttings responded to pretreatment of 300 mg L−1indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for 5 min, and 75% of stem cuttings induced shoots with 400 mg L−1indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Presence of at least 5 nodes on stem cuttings was found to be prerequisite for root and shoot induction. About 92% of plants were survived under natural soil conditions raised from the stem cuttings. This is the first report of vegetative propagation of C. guianensis through stem cuttings which could be used for conservation strategy and sustainable utilization of this threatened medicinal tree.

<i>In vitro</i> Propagation of <i>Dendrobium jerdonianum Wight</i> Through Flower Stalk, Leaf, Nodes/ Internodes as Explants

<i>Dendrobium jerdonianum Wight</i> is an Epiphytic tufted orchid at higher elevations. The maximum percentage establishment of Flower stalk, leaf, node and internode explants was observed on MS, VW and KC Medium. However, MS media fortified with activated charcoal exhibited maximum multiplication rate for <i> in vitro</i> rooting. MS, VW and KC media supplemented with various concentrations of auxins and cytokinins were used in flower stalk, leaf, nodes and internodes for plantlet formation. In the evaluation of the media MS basal medium fortified with 0.5mg 2, 4, D-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid +5mg BAP + 50mlsuitable for flower stalk culture. KC medium equipped with 0.5mg 2, 4, D-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid was found to be suitable for Leaf and internodes Culture. VW medium equipped with 0.5mg 2, 4, D-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid + 3mg BAP + 50ml CM, was found to be suitable for nodal segments. The entire above medium used with different composition gives highest percentage of 80-95 percent results for plantlet formation. <i> In vitro</i> rooting was successful with MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg 2, 4, D-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid + 5mg IAA + 50ml CM and 500mg of activated charcoal. 90 days old <i> in vitro</i> plantlets were hardened and transferred to green house after ex vitro rooting technique. Significance of the present work is discussed here.

Influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and various additives on in vitro plant propagation of Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Wild: A recalcitrant bamboo species.

An efficient micropropagation protocol for high frequency plant regeneration was developed using nodal explants derived in vitro seedlings of Bambusa arundinacea which is an important multipurpose and edible bamboo species and recalcitrant to tissue culture. The nodal explants excised from 20-day-old seedlings were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with various concentrations of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) and kinetin (KIN) (0.5–5.0 mg/l) alone and/or in combination with 0.5 mg/l of different auxins [indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] for shoot bud induction. The combination of BAP (3.0 mg/l) and IBA (0.5 mg/l) was found to be the best for the highest percent of shoot bud initiation (87.2%), with 24.2 shoots/explant. The highest frequency (95.2%) of shoot bud multiplication with maximum number of shoots (90.5 shoots/culture) was noticed on medium containing 4% coconut water with 4% sucrose. The regenerated shoot buds were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxins alone and/or in combination with AgNO3 (0.5–4.0 mg/l) for in vitro rooting. Maximum percent of rooting (85%) was noticed on MS medium augmented with 3.0 mg/l IBA and 2.0 mg/l AgNO3 after 14 days of culture. Well rooted plantlets obtained were established in the field with 92% survival rate. The present plant regeneration protocol could be used for large scale propagation and ex-situ conservation of this important bamboo species in the near future.

English

Chickpea, a temperate crop, is the world’s third most important pulse crop and India produces 75% of world’s supply. The two most common types of Chickpea are the white-seeded Kabuli and the Desi variety. In vitro regeneration was achieved using cotyledonary nodal explants using desi variety seeds of cultivar K850 of Cicer arietinum . The multiple shoot induction was observed with various concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. The maximum proliferation was found at 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The effectiveness was observed at various combinations. Maximum efficiency of multiple shooting was obtained at 0.5 mg/L BAP and 0.05 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4D). For root induction, well developed shoots were transferred into rooting medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); maximum response was found at concentrations 0.10 and 0.50 mg/L, respectively. Successful rooting was recorded on media supplemented with 0.1 mg/L IBA. The well rooted plants were transferred into the soil. Key words: Explants, multiple shooting, phytohormones and acclimatization. Abbreviation: BAP , 6- Benzylaminopurine; KIN, kinetin; 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid; NAA, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid; IBA, indole-3-butyric acid; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid

Propagation Through Air Layering in Zanthoxylum armatum DC: An Endangered Medicinal Plant in the Himalayan Region

In the recent years medicinal plants are receiving attention due to the presence of therapeutically important active contents; however over exploitation is the major concern for conservation of several medicinal species. An attempt has been made to develop a propagation method through air layering in Zanthoxylum armatum DC, a medicinally important plant used in various traditional and modern medicines. Various concentrations of auxins as indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mM each were applied to the stem branches (still attached to the plant) during the rainy season and following root formation, the stems were detached from mother plants and transplanted in the soil (under mist chamber conditions). Plants treated with 0.1 mM NAA resulted in maximum plant survival (90 %), root number (142 ± 6.74) and root length (16.8 ± 1.04 cm) in 28 weeks. The higher concentrations of the IBA and NAA (0.5 mM) significantly decreased the percentage rooting and no root formation was observed in 1.0 mM concentration. The results of the present study can be used for mass multiplication of the species as an inexpensive and convenient way of propagation.

Micropropagation of bioencapsulation and ultrastructural features of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) grown in vivo and in vitro.

To explore the potential of in vitro rapid regeneration, three varieties (Golpaygan-181, Orumieh-1763, and Gorgan-1601) of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. syn. Onobrychis sativa L.) were evaluated. For the first time, an encapsulation protocol was established from somatic embryogenic callus in torpedo and cotyledonary stages to create artificial seeds. Callus derived from different concentrations of Kinetin (0–2.0 mg L−1) and Indole-3-acetic acid (0–2.0 mg L−1) was coated with sodium alginate and subsequently cultured either in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium or in soil substrate. Adventitious shoots from synthetic beads developed into rooting in full and half strength MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of auxin and cytokinin. Prolonged water conservation of black and red soils (1 : 1) had the highest rate of survival plantlets in the acclimatization process. Diverse resistance techniques in Onobrychis viciifolia were evaluated when the plants were subjected to water deficiency. Higher frequency of epicuticular waxes was observed in in vivo leaves compared to in vitro leaves. Jagged trichomes nonsecreting glands covered by spines were only observed in the lower leaf side. Ultimately, stomata indices were 0.127 (abaxial), 0.188 (adaxial) in in vivo and 0.121 (abaxial), 0.201 (adaxial) in in vitro leaves.

Resveratrol Production from Hairy Root Cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis

The levels of resveratrol produced by hairy root cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis were investigated using different media of varying strengths and in the presence of various concentrations of auxins. The levels of resveratrol were higher when the hairy root cultures were maintained in full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium when compared with other growth media. The cultures grown in full-strength MS medium produced 2.5-fold higher resveratrol than those grown in half-strength B5 medium—the lowest resveratrol-producing medium. The levels of resveratrol varied significantly when cultures were grown in full-strength MS with varying concentrations of auxins. Supplementation of the media with the auxin indole acetic acid (IAA) at 0.1 mg/L produced the highest accumulation of resveratrol. Our findings reveal a valuable alternative approach for the production of resveratrol from S. baicalensis.