Varied Vocabulary Research Articles

Contrasting Linguistic Patterns in Human and LLM-Generated News Text

We conduct a quantitative analysis contrasting human-written English news text with comparable large language model (LLM) output from six different LLMs that cover three different families and four sizes in total. Our analysis spans several measurable linguistic dimensions, including morphological, syntactic, psychometric, and sociolinguistic aspects. The results reveal various measurable differences between human and AI-generated texts. Human texts exhibit more scattered sentence length distributions, more variety of vocabulary, a distinct use of dependency and constituent types, shorter constituents, and more optimized dependency distances. Humans tend to exhibit stronger negative emotions (such as fear and disgust) and less joy compared to text generated by LLMs, with the toxicity of these models increasing as their size grows. LLM outputs use more numbers, symbols and auxiliaries (suggesting objective language) than human texts, as well as more pronouns. The sexist bias prevalent in human text is also expressed by LLMs, and even magnified in all of them but one. Differences between LLMs and humans are larger than between LLMs.

Analysis of Translation Errors Among Jordanian Students When Translating the Text Al-Ġazāla Al-Ḏakillah: The Case of 4th-Year Spanish-English Students at Al al-Bayt University

Translation is a much more complicated task than it really seems. It is a work in which nuances, knowledge, culture, and the transmission of science are important. The aim is to study the translation errors made by the students of the Translation - 2 course at the University of Al al-Bayt in order to improve their level and learn about and solve the difficulties that our students have. We have asked them to translate a text taken from the book Uncle Hamdī's Tales, which is considered a simple literary text full of sentences with different tenses and highly varied vocabulary. We have detected that there are many spelling difficulties, problems with the semantic meanings in the translation, and failures in terms of correctly translating the syntactic structure of Arabic sentences into Spanish. We have proposed several ways to solve these problems, including spending more time in the course to review tenses with students, strengthening their vocabulary, and having optional tasks to raise their level of writing and spelling.

Полевый подход к рассмотрению ономастического фрагмента языковой личности военнослужащего

This article is devoted to the application of the field approach to the organization of the onomasticon of the military community. A modern linguistic personality communicates using varied vocabulary, a special place being occupied by proper names as one of the most important means of reflecting national culture. A highly effective approach to distinguishing and identifying systemic relations in the rich onomastic vocabulary as well as determining their structural, semantic, and functional properties is the field approach. In the traditional understanding of the onomastic field of the Russian language, the nucleus is made up of anthroponyms (personal names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames and pseudonyms), the near-nuclear zone, of anthropocentric proper names (theonyms, mythonyms, zoonyms and ethnonyms), while the peripheral zone, of proper names exhibiting features of the appellative-onymic boundary; at the same time, toponyms and cosmonyms are dispersed both in the nucleus and on the periphery, depending on the size of the object and whether it is well known or not. With regard to the closed military community, the field approach, together with the author’s anthropocentric criterion, allowed us to obtain a different distribution of proper names used by Russian servicemеn in communication. The centre of the nucleus is comprised of official anthroponyms of the full name (first of all, the surname), which are individualized, unmotivated, systemic and stable. In the peripheral zone of the nucleus are call signs and nicknames that precisely fulfil the nominative and distinguishing function; they are motivated, relatively systemic and changeable. On the periphery of the field, we find military ergonyms, chrematonyms, toponyms and chrononyms. Ergonyms and chrematonyms have weak individualizing properties, are motivated, systemic, stable and gravitate more towards the nucleus due to their frequent use by the linguistic personality. Military toponyms and chrononyms belong to the immediate periphery of the onomastic field, but are not equidistant from the nucleus: they are motivated and weakly individualize what is being named. However, chrononyms are more systematized and more stable in time. The study sheds some light on both the features of the onomasticon of military discourse and on many general issues of the theory of proper names.

ЧЫҢГЫЗ АЙТМАТОВДУН КӨРКӨМ ЧЫГАРМАЛАРЫНДАГЫ АЙМАКТЫК ЛЕКСИКАНЫ АНГЛИС ЛИНГВО-ЭТНОМАДАНИЯТ ТААНУУНУН КӨЗ КАРАШЫНАН КАРОО

The article is devoted to the study of regional vocabulary in the works of Chingiz Aitmatov from the point of view of the English language. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that this problem has been little studied and arouses universal interest on the part of linguists. Translations of regional words and realities in works of fiction, the concept of regionalism and the expediency of using regional vocabulary in combination with literary language are considered. Nowadays it is very important to understand the importance of using a variety of vocabulary, including regional, in order to fully understand the motives and image of the heroes. The author provides examples of translation of regional vocabulary and realities and features of their translation into English.

Analysis of Discourse Markers in Paragraph Writings of Preparatory Elective Class Students in a State University

Writing is one of the productive skills and it is very important. However, it is a very difficult skill to develop even in the native language. In other words, knowing the grammar rules and vocabulary do not create a perfect writing. Using discourse markers between the sentences to relate them with one another makes it more coherent. Therefore, in this study it was aimed to scrutinize the use of discourse markers (DMs) in the paragraphs of high-scored students and low-scored students. In the final exam paper, students were asked to write a story about one of three pictures they chose. They were expected to narrate a story with 100-120 words as they were intermediate level students (B1). After two instructors evaluated each of the students’ writing exams based on the non-academic criteria with the following sub-criteria: “accuracy of vocabulary, variety of vocabulary, accuracy of grammar, variety of grammar, paragraph structure, quality and relevance of ideas, linking words, punctuation and capitalization, and spelling mistakes”, the writings of students who sent their consents were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively in this current study. 10 papers for each category (low-scored students’ and high-scored students’ paragraphs) were examined. Results showed that high-scored students used more DMs than low scored-students. Furthermore, misuse of DMs and overused DMs, which result in redundancy in the texts, make the writings disorganized and incomprehensible. Finally, there was a positive relationship between advanced uses and writing scores. As an implication of the study, it should be noted that students should be equipped with the semantically and functionally correct use of DMs. Therefore, teachers should attempt to use different methods or ways to teach them in the classroom.

Development of lexical richness among beginning learners of French as a foreign language

Vocabulary knowledge forms the basis of all the communicative skills and is a core component of language proficiency. In educational contexts in which target language input is limited, the acquisition of new vocabulary can be a challenging task for learners, and lexical development might be slow. This study explored the extent to which 14 upper-secondary students of French as a foreign language (FFL) in Norwegian schools showed signs of increased lexical richness in their written production over a period of approximately six months. The data were taken from the TRAWL (Tracking Written Learner Language) corpus, a digital collection of second and foreign-language learner texts. Two aspects of lexical richness were investigated: 1) lexical sophistication was measured using the MultiLingProfiler software for lexical frequency profiling and supplemented by a manual and more detailed analysis of five learners’ texts; 2) lexical diversity was measured using D_Tools v.2.0 and word family counts. The data revealed that although many learners showed signs of using a somewhat more varied vocabulary over time, it is difficult to find proof of productive vocabulary development among beginning learners of FFL within such a limited period. The study suggests that finer-grained measures of analysis could be added to existing automated tools to make these tools more useful for beginner levels.

Students' Perception of Vlog as A Self-Learning Media in Speaking

Speaking is one of the most challenging skills in learning English. Many obstacles are faced when learning to speak, such as lack of motivation, fear of making mistakes, and lack of self-confidence. These problems are often found during the teaching and learning process in the classroom. A teacher is expected to continue innovating for exciting and fun learning methods and media to increase learning interest, motivation, confidence, and creativity in speaking. It is needed not only in the classroom but also in independent learning. This study aims to discover students' perception of the learning process for their speaking skills through using vlogs as a self-learning media and the effect of using vlogs on students' motivation, confidence and creativity. The researcher took the research object of the English Language Teaching Department students in UNU Purwokerto. The data were obtained by giving a speaking project as a vlog with a specific theme. Data collection was conducted by providing questionnaires and interviews to find out students' perceptions about the effect of using vlogs for the improvement of motivation, confidence and creativity and also observing the students' vlogs to find out the learning process of speaking from the aspect of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. Data analysis is qualitative descriptive with theories from Dulay and Fromkin (1982). This study found that based on students' perceptions, they agreed that using vlogs improved their motivation, confidence and creativity. Meanwhile, based on the observation, it was found that there were some pronunciation errors and grammar mistakes in the students' speaking, but they showed improvement in choosing vocabulary. Some students used a variety of vocabularies that were rarely used in the class.

Text complexity and linguistic features: Their correlation in English and Russian

Text complexity assessment is a challenging task requiring various linguistic aspects to be taken into consideration. The complexity level of the text should correspond to the reader’s competence. A too complicated text could be incomprehensible, whereas a too simple one could be boring. For many years, simple features were used to assess readability, e.g. average length of words and sentences or vocabulary variety. Thanks to the development of natural language processing methods, the set of text parameters used for evaluating readability has expanded significantly. In recent years, many articles have been published the authors of which investigated the contribution of various lexical, morphological, and syntactic features to the readability level. Nevertheless, as the methods and corpora are quite diverse, it may be hard to draw general conclusions as to the effectiveness of linguistic information for evaluating text complexity due to the diversity of methods and corpora. Moreover, a cross-lingual impact of different features on various datasets has not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to conduct a large-scale comparison of features of different nature. We experimentally assessed seven commonly used feature types (readability, traditional features, morphological features, punctuation, syntax frequency, and topic modeling) on six corpora for text complexity assessment in English and Russian employing four common machine learning models: logistic regression, random forest, convolutional neural network and feedforward neural network. One of the corpora, the corpus of fiction literature read by Russian school students, was constructed for the experiment using a large-scale survey to ensure the objectivity of the labeling. We showed which feature types can significantly improve the performance and analyzed their impact according to the dataset characteristics, language, and data source.

VARIATIONS IN THE LANGUAGE OF TRADERS AND BUYERS IN TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN THE PENINSULAR AREA IN DISCOURSE ANALYSIS APPROACH

The use of different vocabulary spoken by traders and buyers that cause language variations during buying and selling transactions in traditional markets on the coast with discourse analysis. This research aims to analyze language variations in terms of usage by traders and buyers in the wholesale market. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data source of this research is conversations conducted by merchants and buyers. The data in this study is a varied vocabulary. Data is analyzed using interactive models such as data reduction, presentation, and conclusion withdrawal. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the variation in the spoken language of traders in the traditional market is as follows, language variations found as many as 7 language variations from 50 data. Variations of the language used are Indonesian as many as 9 conversations, Javanese, Minangkabau kumbung, Minangkabau language Talang Mandiangin, Minangkabau language dusun, Minangkabau language sirah river area, and Minangkabau language limpaso area.

A Corpus-Based Study: A Comparison between Native Speakers and Chinese EFL Learners in Using Adjectives in Argumentative Writings

The purpose of this study is to explore the differences in using adjectives between native speakers and Chinese EFL learners at beginner and intermediate levels, with the research data taken from three sub-written corpora of ICNALE, the written corpus of native speakers and the written corpus of Chinese EFL learners at A2 and B1 levels. The research data is coded by the UAM Corpus tool, version 3.2. The result is presented in two aspects, namely, the overall frequencies of the three sub-written corpora and the specific overused and underused wordings. The study reveals that compared with the native speakers, the Chinese EFL writers tend to employ adjectives that are vaguer and general in meaning. More importantly, the Chinese EFL learners’ lexical accuracy needs to be improved, as the result of the specific wordings shows that some adjectives are used inappropriately in the writing excerpts. However, in terms of lexical richness, the native speakers don’t show a significant variation in using adjectives, which differs from the findings of previous studies. The comparison between the beginner and intermediate Chinese EFL learners shows that the intermediate writers employ a wider range of higher leveled vocabulary, which is a major marker in many standard English writing tests. The study finally proposes two pedagogical implications for language teachers to improve EFL writers’ vocabulary variety as well as lexical accuracy, and the key point is to teach most essential academic adjectives under the syntactical and grammatical context.

Formation of foreign language written and speech competence of students of linguistic directions in the conditions of learning in cooperation

The definition of written and speech competence is given, and criteria for its formation, such as the ability to fully disclose the topic; consistency, reasonableness and consistency of presentation; the variety of vocabulary and the correctness of its use, as well as the correctness, complexity and variety of grammatical structures are proposed. Various forms of joint classroom and extracurricular educational and cognitive activities in the preparation of a writing practice are considered, such as discussion of the essay topic, mutual verification and mutual spelling and punctuation dictation, preparation of presentations on new material. The scheme of organization of joint classroom and extracurricular activities of students in the preparation of assignments for written practice has been developed, described and tested. According to given scheme, students work in small groups in MS Teams, preparing presentations explaining various aspects of essay writing, developing control questions and practical tasks for other students, as well as discussing possible ideas for the next essay. An experiment that demonstrates a higher efficiency of the formation of written-speech competence of students of linguistic directions in the conditions of learning in cooperation is described. Students of the experimental group prepared tasks in small groups leading discussions in MS Teams, while in the control group, students worked individually, performing the same tasks as in the experimental group. Higher scores for final essays in the experimental group are explained by a deeper study of the material due to its discussion with other members of the small group and the development of a clear argument through discussions on the topics of upcoming essays, as well as through mutual verification of written works, allowing students to critically approach their own works.

Formation and Analysis of Synonyms in English

This article discusses the formation and analysis of synonyms in English. For the implementation of the communicative and expressive functions of language, accuracy, expressiveness, a large semantic variety of vocabulary, the ability to strictly differentiate concepts, convey more and more subtle shades of thought and feeling are necessary. The need to differentiate the concept, to express the shades of thoughts and feelings, brings synonyms to life.

LEXICO-SEMANTIC PECULIARITIES OF PUBLICISTIC STYLE

The article deals with peculiarities of the publicistic style in the English language. The aim of the current article is to study the publicistic style of speech and its features; to consider the general specificity of the publicistic style; to determine its main functions; to study the various sub-styles related to the publicistic style and to reveal the linguistic features of this style of speech.. The author of the article considers that publicistic style is an open system of linguistic means, which allows journalists to refer to the elements of other functional styles depending on the content of the publication to use a variety of vocabulary, including extra-literary words and expressions necessary for a reliable image of events and their characters.

STUDY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENGLISH SONGS IN TEACHING VOCABULARY MASTERY

A song is a type of teaching media that can be used to teach any subject. It can also be used to teach vocabulary because song lyrics contain a variety of vocabularies. The goals of this study are to describe the steps of the implementation of English Song in teaching vocabulary mastery and to describe how successful the implementation of English Song in teaching vocabulary mastery was. The study applied qualitative design that implemented Library Research Method. The data were collected from scientific writing on the implementation of English songs in teaching vocabulary between 2011 and 2021. The scientific writing were found from the library and internet. The data were analyzed using content analysis based on Dale (1992). The results reveal that there are five scientific writings from Widhiastuti (2012), Febria (2015), Gushendra (2017), Bahri (2018), and Sari (2019). The results of the data analyzed show that the implementation of English Song in five different studies by five different experts used different steps in implementing the procedure. One of them was followed the procedure suggested by Dale (1992) which is play the song with no preparation and no hand-outs. Three of them give the materials before the listening selection, and other researcher play the video or singing the song by the teacher. Based on second research question, the vocabulary mastery of students’ improve after the implementation of English Song in the classroom. The researcher conclude that the implementation of English Song in teaching vocabulary mastery has a positive effect because the students’ vocabulary has improved as a result of the research.

Lexical Semantic Richness in Poe’s Essays and Short Stories: Comparing Corpora with Word Smith Tools and Range

Edgar Allan Poe’s Essays and Short Stories have been widely analyzed throughout the decades. Previous research confirms an ample use of varied vocabulary in his short stories. Nevertheless, little emphasis has been put on some of his not-so-famous works: his essays. Thus, the main aim of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, we aim at comparing the lexical semantic richness in Poe’s essays and in his short stories; on the other hand, we intend to test the effectiveness of two different analytical tools to check this semantic variation, i.e. WordSmith Tools and Range. In order to achieve these aims, three short stories and two essays by Poe were selected and combined to create two main corpora: one of short stories and one of essays. After separating the corpora intro fragments of 2000 tokens, lexical semantic richness was assessed using the two aforementioned tools. Results show that i) lexical semantic richness is higher in short stories than it is in essays, and ii) both tools have proven to be effective. These results are further discussed and pedagogical applications for language teaching are put forward.

RECOGNIZING GIFTED IN CHILDREN THROUGH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTER EDUCATION AS A MEANS OF MAXIMIZING ABILITY

This study aims to describe and explain how to recognize gifted children through language development and steps to maximize abilities. This study used a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach without using statistical formulas or formulas or SPSS assistance. The data in this study were obtained from the analysis of conversation or dialogue as well as the development of the Early Dini Suryani language of the third-grade students of SDN 27 / III Lolo Kecil with their peers, interacting in class with the teacher and while in the family environment. Researchers found that early language development was different from normal children who tended to have the use of well-ordered and well-structured language. Dini also uses a variety of vocabulary that is appropriate for certain contexts. The use of intonation and facial expression in interacting was also applied by Dini in communicating. Even so, Dini has a mental disorder that is high egoistic like when she wants everything she will do even though she forces her will. To maximize early abilities character education is the right support step or method. Thus, Dini can be a gifted child with a good personality.

Effects of indigenous language conversation skills enhancement program among Bukidnon and Talaandig youths in the Philippines

The gradual annihilation of indigenous peoples' languages significantly affects their identity and culture. With this concern in mind, our study aimed to improve the Binukid language conversation skills of the Bukidnon and Talaandig youths in Barangay X, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. We conducted a needs assessment analysis, finalized training topics and materials, administered training sessions, and monitored and evaluated our participants' communicative performance together with the Central Mindanao University extension director, tribal leaders, IP representative, and village officials. We chose the participants using complete enumeration; however, some enlisted participants were not available because of work, academic tasks, and other personal reasons. We collected relevant data through needs assessment, in-depth interviews, and extensive deliberations to create language training materials. We also used ethnographic methods to document and examine the participants' usage of their native language. The findings revealed that five out of six aspects of the participants’ conversation skills improved one step higher from the pre-training to the post-training, including accuracy of basic grammar structures, fluidity, basic elements of native pronunciation, variety of vocabulary, and comprehensible communication with limited errors. One criterion, however, specifically the participants' ability to deploy relevant, accurate, and thorough manner of conversing on a specific theme or topic remained constant. This research shows that collaborative and informed measures to reintroduce an indigenous language can be successful, thereby contributing to preservation of linguistic diversity.

Лексика рыболовного промысла и водных пространств территории Конды в аспекте принципов номинации

Introduction: fishery in the North of Western Siberia has since ancient times been one of the main occupations for both indigenous people and the newcomers. Due to the natural, climatic and geographical conditions of the territory, fishery here has a number of features related to its ways and methods, tools, etc. The peculiarity also lies in the fact that there is a mixture of traditions of indigenous peoples and newcomers in the fishery of the region. In this regard, there is a variety of vocabulary that reveals all aspects of this type of activity. The linguistic realities of one of the oldest crafts need to be studied since they contain significant information about the culture of long-term contacting ethnic groups, their ideas about the world. Objective: to examine the vocabulary of fishery and water spaces in the semantic and etymological aspect; to identify the principles of its nomination. Research materials: the vocabulary of fishery and water spaces collected in Kondinsky District of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. Results and novelty of the research: the relevance of the work is due to the attention of modern linguistics to lexical layers that have a linguistic potential, as well as the incomplete study of the researched vocabulary. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the fact that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the fishery vocabulary of the territory of Konda River region is carried out: its origin is established; the nomination principles are studied. As a result, it was found that the vocabulary of fishery and water spaces is etymologically heterogeneous. It includes all-Russian language units, units of Russian dialect origin, and lexemes with Ugric roots. The principles of nomination are universal for both Russian and Ugric names.

How to Use Lexical Density of Company Filings

This paper analyzes the application of natural language processing (NLP) on the 10-K and the 10-Q company reports. Using the Brain Language Metrics on Company Filings (BLMCF) dataset, which monitors numerous language metrics on 10-Ks and 10-Qs company reports, we analyze various lexical metrics such as lexical richness, lexical density, and specific density. In simple words, lexical richness says how many unique words are used by the author. The idea is that the more varied vocabulary the author has, the more complex the text is. Secondly, lexical density measures the structure and complexity of human communication in a text. A high lexical density indicates a large amount of information-carrying words. And lastly, specific density measures how dense the report's language is from a financial point of view. In other words, how many finance- related words are used in the text. Overall, we can say that this type of alternative data exhibits interesting results. Even though lexical richness produced the weakest results (of our strategies) when applied to the investment universe consisting of 500 stocks, it significantly improved when we expanded the investment universe to 3000 stocks. Moreover, the strategies based on the lexical density and specific density improved the Sharpe ratio even further. In the Last section, we combine the two metrics (Lexical density and Specific density) in one strategy. Applying both of these metrics to the investment universe with 500 stocks produces a Sharpe ratio of 0.688.

Development of Neural Structure and Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Potential Implications for Learning Language.

Purpose Neurodevelopmental processes that begin during gestation and continue throughout childhood typically support language development. Understanding these processes can help us to understand the disruptions to language that occur in neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method For this tutorial, we conducted a focused literature review on typical postnatal brain development and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography, and electroencephalography studies of the neurodevelopmental differences that occur in ASD. We then integrated this knowledge with the literature on evidence-based speech-language intervention practices for autistic children. Results In ASD, structural differences include altered patterns of cortical growth and myelination. Functional differences occur at all brain levels, from lateralization of cortical functions to the rhythmic activations of single neurons. Neuronal oscillations, in particular, could help explain disrupted language development by elucidating the timing differences that contribute to altered functional connectivity, complex information processing, and speech parsing. Findings related to implicit statistical learning, explicit task learning, multisensory integration, and reinforcement in ASD are also discussed. Conclusions Consideration of the neural differences in autistic children provides additional scientific support for current recommended language intervention practices. Recommendations consistent with these neurological findings include the use of short, simple utterances; repetition of syntactic structures using varied vocabulary; pause time; visual supports; and individualized sensory modifications.