Variety Of Grains Research Articles

Northern Russian Names of Flour and Bread Made of Different Varieties of Grain: The Semantic-Motivational Aspect

This article discusses dialectal names of bread made of a mixture of two or three varieties of flour (barley, rye, oat, or wheat), recorded on the territory of Arkhangelsk, Vologda, and northern Kostroma regions. The author carries out an analysis of this group of vocabulary in linguo-geographic and semantic-motivational aspects in order to determine the peculiarities of the formation of the lexical group under consideration and the corresponding food tradition, to identify possible foreign language and foreign cultural influences and the etymological reconstruction of lexemes with an unclear motivation. There are several groups of names and areas of distribution of the ideogram “bread made of mixed flour”. It is established that the use of bread made of mixed flour was typical of residents of the south, southeast, and west of Arkhangelsk region, the central and eastern parts of Vologda region, and the northeastern parts of Kostroma region. The author singles out several types of names and areas of their distribution, i.e. двоежиток — троежитник; двинянка; соричник, сорица; смёш, смешечник; сутолока. Referring to the semantic-motivational models revealed, the author proposes an etymology for the northern Russian двинянка ‘bread that has two layers of dough’ in connection with the number два ‘two’. Given the existing etymology of Rus. dial. сорник ‘bread made of several types of flour’ in connection with the Komi сор ‘admixture’, it is proposed to consider dial. смешенник as a calque of loanwords with the root сор- (сорник, etc.). The archaic nature of the vocabulary group in question makes it possible to consider the tradition of making mixed flour and bread out of it quite old. It was partially borrowed by Russian peasants from the Finno-Ugric peoples who had more experience in baking bread from barley.

РОЗВИТОК АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ СФЕРИ ПІВДЕННОГО РЕГІОНУ

Global climate change factors and socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic affect the current development of the agri-food sector of the Southern region of Ukraine. Agriculture is the main component of the agri-food sector. Economic development, food security of the region, living standards depend on agriculture. Crop and animal husbandry has a high level of development in the Southern region of Ukraine. The index of agricultural products has been fluctuating constantly in recent years. These oscillations have directions of decrease and directions of increase. However, the development of the agri-food sector has significantly decreased this year. The reason for the decrease is very negative climatic conditions, in particular, drought. Yields have fallen sharply, and companies are in a financial crisis. The state can help the affected enterprises and provide state support. Climatic and market conditions determine the need to adjust the development of the agri-food sector. New competitive varieties of grain are being introduced, which are able to ensure sustainable yields of high quality products in arid conditions of the steppe zone of southern Ukraine, work is being carried out on breeding highly productive breeds of sheep, sunflower hybrids are being created. It is important to introduce new cultures for the Southern region of Ukraine. Their cultivation should increase yields in arid climates. It is advisable to grow olives and make olive oil. The region has favorable conditions for growing peanuts, amaranth, saffron, sweet potatoes, chickpeas, asparagus, almonds. It is im-portant to improve the marketing component of traditional crops. The systematic implementation of the state policy of sustainable inno-vation and investment recovery and development with the involvement of public funds and resources of private business will contribute to ensuring the further development of the agri-food sector of the Southern region of Ukraine. The interaction between scientists, private enterprises, farmers, the state and other participants in ensuring the development of the agri-food sector on the basis of partnership is important. This interaction will help improve the implementation of the strategy for improving the agri-food sector. Similar trends will occur in the coming years. Comprehensive strategic reform of the agri-food sector of the southern region of Ukraine is necessary. This includes the improvement of traditional agricultural products. The introduction of innovations is crucial for further development. These measures will lead to the expansion of markets and economic growth.Keywords: agro-food sphere, agriculture, crop production, animal husbandry, viticulture, state support, innovations. Сучасний розвиток агропродовольчої сфери Південного регіону України обумовлений глобальними факторами зміни клімату та соціально-економічними наслідками пандемії COVID-19. Головною складовою агропродовольчої сфери є сільське господарство, яке має значний рівень розвитку в областях Південного регіону України. Протягом останніх років спостерігається щорічні коливання індексу сільськогосподарської продукції як у напрямках зменшення, так і збільшення показників. Однак, визначальні зміни у розвитку відбулись у поточному році, що обумовлене вкрай негативним впливом кліматичних умов на врожайність всіх основних сільськогосподарських культур та призвело до зменшення прибуткові кризового фінансового стану значної кількості господарств, які потребують державної підтримки для подальшого функціонування. Подібні тенденції будуть спостерігатись і в наступні роки, що вимагає комплексного стратегічного реформування агропродовольчої сфери Південного регіону України у напрямку удосконалення традиційної продукції, запровадження інновацій з метою розширення існуючих і формування нових ринків збуту. Ключові слова: агропродовольча сфера, сільське господарство, рослинництво, тваринництво, виноградарство, державна підтримка, інновації.

Influence of natural coating type on the frictional and abrasion behaviour of siliciclastic-coated sedimentary sand grains

Sedimentary deposits often display a variety of grains and especially in gap graded materials or soil mixtures, it is expected that the finer particles may develop a coating in the contact region of coarser particles. Development of coatings in the vicinity of the contacts of coarser grains may also be encountered due to increase in depth and pressure which cause breakage of grain asperities forming in this way smaller particles which interact with larger grains and coatings may also influence reservoir quality. As the interactions of grains at their contacts have a significant influence on the mechanical, geophysical, hydraulic and thermal properties of sediments, it is essential to be examined in the laboratory through grain-scale tests to provide insights into their behaviour. In the present study, a new technique was developed in coating sand grains with siliciclastic non-plastic powder and emphasis was placed in the assessment of the mechanical behaviour of the specimens, comparing them with plastic-coated grains. The experiments were performed with grain-scale methods and were further supported with direct shear tests. The results showed that different frictional mechanisms involve in non-plastic coated grain contacts compared with the case of plastic coatings and that the influence of loading history played an important role on the tribological behaviour of the grains. Microcrushing and rearrangement of the siliciclastic non-plastic coating were the major contributing mechanisms, and their influence was found to be dependent on the magnitude of the applied normal load, which was not the case of plastic-coated grains. The results from the study provide fundamental understanding on the role of the type of natural coatings on the interface behaviour of sediments and highlight the important differences at the grain-scale between sand-silt and sand-clay mixtures.

Оценка исходного материала озимой тритикале в селекции сортов зернокормового направления для предгорной зоны Центрального Кавказа

Abstract. The purpose of the work is to evaluate the source material of winter triticale for economically valuable traits for breeding varieties of grain and forage directions. Methods. The objects of study were winter triticale varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Hortenso, Moderato (Poland), Prader (Switzerland), TGI 22/1, GR-16/2 (Russia), KS 88 T 142 (USA). Variety Valentin 90 was taken as a standard. Phenological observations and counts were carried out according to the method of state variety testing. The variability of winter triticale varieties was evaluated in the experiment with mowing shoots in the stalking phase at a height of 5 cm, at the test sites in triplicate. When evaluating the genotype-environment interaction, the Plant Productivity Index (PPI) was used. To assess the adaptability of genotypes to cultivation conditions, statistical methods were used to assess the plasticity and stability of varieties. Results. It was established that yields above 1 t/ha on average for three years were shown by variety varieties: Moderato (1.05 t/ha), GR 16/2 (1.14 t/ha) and Hortenso (1.19 t/ha). According to the values of the PPI, the variety specimens are highly productive: Valentin 90 (13.2), Hortenso (12.7), GR 16/2 (13.5), Moderato (11.6). In terms of ecological plasticity, the variety samples were divided into groups: the bi value is close to one – varieties well adapted to the conditions of the region (Prader, Hortenso, GR 16/2), extensive varieties – bi less than one (KS 88 T 142), intensive varieties – bi more units (Valentin 90, TGI 22/1, Moderato). According to the indicators of homeostaticity and breeding value, the variety samples were distributed in the following order, with decreasing values: Hortenso, GR-16/2, Valentin 90, Prader, TGI 22/1, Moderato, KS 88 T 142. Additional data were obtained by the method of provocative beveled plots, to determine potential productivity and regrowth. The best regenerative ability was shown by the variety samples: Hortenso, GR 16/2, Moderato, Prader. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that, for the conditions of the foothill zone of the Central Caucasus, promising winter triticale varieties were identified that can be used in breeding varieties of grain and feed direction: Hortenso, GR 16/2, Moderato, Prader.

ACTIVITY OF ZEMSTVO OF VLADIMIR AND KOSTROMA PROVINCES ON PROVIDING PEASANTS WITH QUALITY SEED MATERIAL IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY

The article deals with activities of zemstvo assemblies, councils and agronomists of the Vladimir and Kostroma provinces for distribution high-yielding seeds among peasants. The author gives the names of the most active local agronomists at the beginning of the XX century and considers the specific assistance they provided to the peasants. These agronomists were assisted by the most enterprising peasants, who served as examples for their neighbors in the introduction of new varieties of seeds and other agrotechnical innovations. The author also analyses the printed and oral agitation, which agronomists carried out among peasants to distribute quality seeds among them. The article deals with activities of agricultural warehouses; in fact they were universal hardware stores. Here peasants could cheaply buy fertilizers, agricultural tools and machines, as well as planting material, qualitatively different from their own seeds. The author shows the spread of stationary and mobile zemstvo points, where grain was cleaned and sorted for farmers. The villagers actively used the services of these points. Zemstvo also took up scientific and practical work in seed production. Of course, zemstvo had neither a material base nor specialists to bring out new varieties, but in their experimental fields they were engaged in zoning and testing of certain varieties of grains and technical crops for the provinces of the Upper Volga. The article also deals with the effectiveness of the work of local agronomists, here examples are given how these activities increased yields and well-being of farmers.

A Fresh Perspective on the Thermal Stability of Thiol-Based DNA SAMs

The stability of gold surfaces modified with DNA self assembled monolayers has drawn increasing attention as the lifespan of the created sensors is an important consideration for biosensor development and applications.1–4 In this study, we investigated the thermal stability of a mixed self assembled monolayer (SAMs) composed of a short alkythiol and alkythiol modified DNA immobilized on a single crystal gold bead electrode at either open circuit potential (OCP) or by electrodeposition.5,6 Using in-situ fluorescence microscopy and electrochemical measurements, different SAMs with varied surface properties were studied, and the relative stability towards increasing temperatures was evaluated. The results show that the stability strongly depends on the preparation method, the DNA coverage and on the underlying surface crystallography. The single crystal bead electrode enabled study of a number of surface crystallographies in a self-consistent manner. For the surfaces made without potential control, the {111} regions were the least thermally stable surface and completely desorbed from the gold surface after heating to 85 °C in some cases. On the other hand, {100} is the most stable region on which SAMs can survive higher than 85 °C in buffer. The {110}, {210} and {311} surfaces were also studied. The surfaces with hexagonal symmetry were less stable than those with square or rectangular symmetry. The different methods used to prepare the DNA SAM also showed significant changes in the stability. In general, SAMs made with potential assisted deposition showed higher stability than those made at OCP. This unique finding can be used to comment on typical sensor surface which are polycrystalline flat gold surfaces composed of a variety of grains and grain boundaries. These results may help to explain the irreproducible results from the DNA SAMs and such as the reported inconsistent results during DNA mismatch discrimination while the solution was heated during experiment.7 Modifying the method used to prepare the DNA SAMs and carefully controlling the composition of the gold substrate may result in significant improvements in the SAM stability. Moreover, increasing the thermal stability will result in longer term storage stability.8,9 References(1) Brittain, W. J.; Brandsetter, T.; Prucker, O.; Rühe, J. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces2019, 11, 39397–39409.(2) Civit, L.; Fragoso, A.; O’Sullivan, C. K. Electrochem. commun. 2010, 12, 1045–1048.(3) Flechsig, G. U.; Peter, J.; Hartwich, G.; Wang, J.; Gründler, P. Langmuir 2005, 21,7848–7853.(4) Ge, D.; Wang, X.; Williams, K.; Levicky, R. Langmuir 2012, 28, 8446–8455.(5) Leung, K. K.; Gaxiola, A. D.; Yu, H.-Z.; Bizzotto, D. Electrochim. Acta 2018, 261,188–197.(6) Yu, Z. L.; Casanova-Moreno, J.; Guryanov, I.; Maran, F.; Bizzotto, D. J. Am. Chem.Soc. 2015, 137, 276–288.(7) Xu, X.; Makaraviciute, A.; Kumar, S.; Wen, C.; Sjödin, M.; Abdurakhmanov, E.; Danielson,U. H.; Nyholm, L.; Zhang, Z. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 14697–14704.(8) McAteer, K.; Simpson, C. E.; Gibson, T. D.; Gueguen, S.; Boujtita, M.; El Murr, N. J.Mol. Catal. - B Enzym. 1999, 7, 47–56.(9) Young Choi, J.; Yang, I. M. Pharm. Anal. Acta 2016, 07 .Figure 1 Figure 1

Вклад ученых Немчиновки в рекордные урожаи российского поля

Рассмотрены организация и результаты селекционных и технологических исследований в Федеральном исследовательском центре «Немчиновка» (Московская область), их значение для зернового хозяйства России. Приведены сведения о лучших сортах зерновых и зернобобовых культур немчиновской селекции, об использовании новейших методов и приемов при их выведении. Адаптивные ресурсосберегающие технологии возделывания, разработанные учеными Немчиновки, позволяют достаточно полно реализовать высокий потенциал продуктивности сортов. Успешной деятельности немчиновских селекционеров и технологов во многом способствует кооперация с научными учреждениями различных регионов страны и международное сотрудничество.

Новации в помещичьем хозяйстве в 1830—1850-е гг. По материалам фонда Барышниковых в Государственном архиве Смоленской области

The study of innovations in the landlord economy of pre-reform Russia is of particular relevance under the modern conditions while modernizing national production and searching for a breakthroughs in science and business. This study is of interdisciplinary nature, since, on the one hand, it touches upon historical issues related to the development of landlord economy in the 1830–50s; on the other hand, upon economic issues of production activities. The author uses documents of the richest personal provenance fond of the Baryshnikovs from the State Archive of the Smolensk Region, which includes over 15,000 items and covers almost two centuries in the history of this noble family. Along with documents originating from government agencies, Empress Catherine II, and the Senate, the fond contains records of service, descriptions and plans of the Baryshnikovs’ estates, land-surveying books, account books, bills of sale, landlords instructions to stewards, reports from bureaus of estates, information on crops and harvests, livestock and its productivity. Having analyzed archival documents, the author identifies innovations in the landowner economy of the Baryshnikovs, follows their implementation, and draws a number of conclusions: (1) in the last decades of the pre-reform era, the landlords tried to increase profitability of their estates by introducing more productive varieties of grain, grass sowing, new agricultural machinery, breeding livestock and its good maintenance, acquiring new equipment; (2) in introducing innovations, landowners relied more on luck than on calculations, risk identification and reduction; (3) the innovations had a significant impact on the development of landlord economy, but required significant financial investments, careful planning, and skilled workers. The study reveals one of the more important aspects of the daily economic life of the Russian provincial nobility on the eve of the Great Reforms of Alexander II.

Mitochondrial response of the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) to modified atmospheres

Rhyzopertha dominica is an insect pest that feeds on a wide variety of grains and stored cereals, producing economical losses. Bioenergetics studies on insects are necessary to eventually plan strategies to reduce pest infestation on stored grains with methods other than insecticides. Modified atmosphere treatments, where insects are exposed to either low O2 or high CO2 concentrations, or both, can be used as alternatives. In this research, R. dominica was subjected to a modified atmosphere environment (MA) consisting of 5% O2 and 10% CO2 for 24 h and was compared with normoxia insects (21% O2 and 0.02% CO2). Mitochondria from the whole insect were isolated and their protein content was analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) using OFFGEL Fractionator equipment and 12% polyacrylamide gels electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Lactate concentration, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and ATPase activities were measured. Lactate concentration was 29% higher in R. dominica exposed to MA versus normoxia. 2-D PAGE and LC MS/MS revealed the presence of a heat shock protein (hsp60), an actin fragment, and ATP synthase α and β catalytic subunits. Activity levels of COX and ATPase were reduced by 58 and 59%, respectively, in MA versus normoxia. Therefore, R. dominica may have shifted into a hypo-metabolic state because oxygen intake was insufficient to maintain enzymatic activity. This scenario would ultimately result in a decrease in substrate concentration (oxygen) and a reduction in electron transport chain complex activity. Thus, eventually, this knowledge can be use to develop novel environmentally friendly alternatives to eradicate or reduce pests in stored grains.

Investigation of processing characteristics of high-protein wheat grain

Protein content in wheat is one of the most pressing problems of farmers, because it is this vegetable protein that plays the decisive role in ensuring the nutrition of a person. Therefore, it is not by chance that the scientific and technical program for the development of the bread-baking complex of our country provides for the selection of new highly productive varieties of grain with optimal technological, flour-grinding and baking properties, which guarantees production of high-quality bread products. So, the purpose of the research was to study technological and baking properties of new varieties and lines of high-protein wheat grain of the selection of the FSBSI «National Center for Grain named after P.P. Lukyanenko». Physical and chemical research methods were applied. According to the data of the farinograph and alveograph, it was established that the grain of the studied new varieties of Veda, Vid and 02-446-29-20, 02-261-111-10 lines had a high protein content, and the flour from such grains had good technological characteristics. It is recommended to use flour from the grains of these varieties and wheat lines to produce flour of high biological value.

Acrylamide Content of Experimental Flatbreads Prepared from Potato, Quinoa, and Wheat Flours with Added Fruit and Vegetable Peels and Mushroom Powders.

Flatbreads are a major food consumed worldwide. To mitigate an undesirable safety aspect of flatbreads that might be associated with the potentially-toxic compound acrylamide, we recently developed recipes using a variety of grains that resulted in the production of low-acrylamide flatbreads. To further enhance the functionality of flatbreads, we have developed, in this work, new experimental flatbreads using potato, quinoa, and wheat flours supplemented with peel powders prepared from commercial nonorganic and organic fruits and vegetables (apples, cherry tomatoes, melons, oranges, pepino melons, sweet potato yams), potato peels, and mushroom powders (Lion’s Mane, Hericium erinaceus; Reishi, Ganoderma lucidum; and Turkey Tail, Trametes versicolor). These additives have all been reported to contain beneficial compositional and health properties. The results of fortification of the baked flatbreads showed either no effect or increases in acrylamide content by unknown mechanisms. Since the additives did not increase the acrylamide content of the quinoa flour flatbreads for the most part, such supplemented quinoa flatbreads have the potential to serve as a nutritional, gluten-free, low-acrylamide, health-promoting functional food. Mushroom powder-fortified wheat flatbreads with relatively low acrylamide content may also have health benefits.

Profile of chlorophylls and carotenoids of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) microgreens.

The use of cereal microgreens is increasing because of increased consumer's interest in healthier products. Chlorophyll (Chl) and Carotenoids (Car) are suggested to correlate with health promoting components like phenolics and antioxidant potential of the plant-part. They also play role against clinical conditions like thalassemia and hemolytic anemia and reduce the risk of some chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, skin diseases and age-related eye diseases. This study was carried out for the comprehensive profiling of Chl and Car in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) micro-greens between 7 and 16days on dry basis. Chl and Car content strongly correlated with the number of days of growth. Significantly high correlations existed among Chl a, Chl b, total Chl and total Car with concomitant Chl a/b and Chl/Car ratios. The peaks for the rate of accumulation of pigments were between 7-10days on wheat and 10-13days on barley. The maximum content of Chl and Car were 616.63 ± 18.45mg/100g DM and 54.80 ± 1.72mg/100g DM on day 16 and statistically not significant to variety of grain. The Chl level was slightly lower than Chl rich vegetables like kale and comparable to spinach and Car level was comparable to carrots, which is higher than most of the daily consumable fruits and vegetables. Further cell-based or in vivo studies of cereal microgreens could be considered to draw more valuable information related to human health.

Comparison and Economic Feasibility Study of The Productivity of Five Varieties of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

In general, economic and agricultural policy of the successive Iraqi governments was not toward agricultural development and achieve food security, whether for humans or animals, for dependence on exports of oil to import country's food needs in a difficult currency, which cost the state budget amounts. Scientific and technological underdevelopment, lack of feasibility studies, economic performance,customs, social traditions, religious beliefs and neglect of the farmer caused a lack of interest in the cultivation of barley and its selection of high quality and quantity varieties of grains,straw,land, storage, and marketing operations.The study was conducted to assess the economic feasibility of the productivity of the five Asian barley varieties (Hordeum vulgare L.), (Arivat, Norma ,Iba99 ,NS313 andBip999) for grain and straw yield in Bakrajo area during the winter season of (2015 -2016). The results showed that grain and straw yield parameters were significantly varied according to varieties. Significant increase in grain yield (2720kg/ha), hay yield (3643kg/ha), grain and hay cost (736.180)1000ID/ha, hay revenue (582.880) 1000ID/ha, grain revenue (1019.997)1000ID/ha, profit (866.697)1000ID/ha, seed product (27.200) kg and 1000ID income (2.221) were recorded for NS313 and Bip999 varieties, while the number of grains / spike (44.133) and plant length (89.433) cm was recorded for Iba99 variety.

ADAPTABILITI AND ECONOMIC BIOLOGICAL EVLUATION OF INTENSIVE VARIETIES OF GRAIN CROPS ON SOD _ PODZOLIC SOILS OF NON - BLACK EARTH REGION

The study of ecological adaptability of different economic and biological indicators of intensive varieties of grain and leguminous crops for use in feed grain-grass crop rotation is aimed at increasing the production of high-quality concentrated feed. Objects of research: intensive varieties of spring wheat, barley, lupine (yellow, narrow - leaved and white), peas (sowing and field-PELs) and soybeans. In 3 experiments 13 varieties of spring wheat, 7 varieties of spring barley and 16 varieties of 6 types of legumes were studied. It was found that the adaptability of spring wheat, barley and peas against the background of intensive technology on a set of indicators above other cultures. The main stressor wheat varieties in the experiments, the deficiency of moisture and heat in the initial period of the growing season, spring barley - diseases (rust, leaf spot) pea pests (pea moth), Lupin, weeds and diseases, soy - sensitivity, lack of heat, weeds and disease.. On intensive soil fertility varieties of spring wheat «Lyubava», «Kamenka», «Madam», «Zlata» and «Rook» shaped grain crop at 7.3-8.0 t/ha, spring barley «Reliable» - 7.0 t/ha and peas «Before-100”-3,4 t/ha. the results of the comparison of the chemical composition and nutritional value of grain of different crops varieties have confirmed a special feeding value of soybean (14.5 and 15.3 MJ of energy; of 37.8-42.8 % of crude protein; The 17.8 was 23.0 crude fat in 1 kg DM), high contents of certain nutrients in the grain, other kinds: crude protein in yellow lupine (41,0 %) and white (of 37.3 and 39.9 %, respectively), starch - in cereals and peas (38,5 vs. 50.6 %), crude fiber - blue lupine (14,5-22,1 %), especially in determinantal varieties (of 20.9-22.1 per cent). Leguminous cultures were allocated by the greatest maintenance in grain of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and grain cultures - carrying out them with a crop. The grain of all kinds of lupine calcium content of the highest (3.8-5.5 g/kg), the lowest - in peas and wheat (0.8-1.1 g/kg BW).

Influence of Moisture Content to the Physical Properties of Unhusk Rice Grain

Determination physical properties of rice grain are important for design of harvesting, conveying and processing equipment. Size, sphericity, bulk density, a hundred grain seed mass, angle of repose and angle of friction against different surfaces were evaluated for five varieties of unhusk rice grain (Junjungan, Mundam, SokanPulau, Simaung and Bakwan) as a function of moisture content in the range of 9 to 25 (w.b.%). The objective of this study is to determine the influance of moisture content on the physical properties of local varieties of grain and rice from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Among the varieties, Junjungan had the highest values for geometric mean diameter, sphericity and thousand seed mass at all moisture levels. Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD) and sphericity increased significantly from 3.11 to 3.76 and 0.37 to 0.42 variety in a moisture content range of 9 to 25% w.b. Maximum values of bulk density and a thousand grain mass were obtained for Sokan Pulau (0.55-0.63g/cm3) and for Bakwan (29.99- 35.21 g). The angle of repose and angle of friction ranges for Mundam increased from 27.36 to 38.75˚and 27.33 to 37˚, respectively as increasing moisture content levels.

Health and longevity in relation to CHD risk factors in a tribal population of India

High prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in parallel with economic development is observed among South Asian Countries. It is very much surprise to observe a tribal population of Kerala (Kurichias), India are having lengthy longevity who are free from age-associated chronic problems. Hence, we conducted a survey to evaluate the prevalence of obesity, central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia & smoking habits in a random simple of 410 (225 male +185 female) subjects. The prevalence (age standardized to the world population of Segi 95% CI and the discussion paper of World Health Organization) was: obesity 2.87 (1.22-4.53), central obesity 3.71 (2.27-5.15), hypertension 2.70 (1.92-3.38), hypercholesterolemia 0.71 (0.66-0.76), hypertriglyceridemia 2.60 (1.18-4.02) and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol 1.24 (1.07-1.42). The metabolic and anthropometric measurements in the study sample showed lower compared to other Indian and Western studies. The low prevalence of CHD risk factors in Kurichias could be attributed to the stress free economic activities and intake of coarse variety of grain and leading a healthy longevity. Keywords: Health, Longevity, CHD, Tribal, dietary, obesity, Lipids.

Microwave Metamaterial Absorber for Non-Destructive Sensing Applications of Grain.

In this work, we propose a metamaterial absorber at microwave frequencies with significant sensitivity and non-destructive sensing capability for grain samples. This absorber is composed of cross-resonators periodically arranged on an ultrathin substrate, a sensing layer filled with grain samples, and a metal ground. The cross-resonator array is fabricated using the printed circuit board process on an FR-4 board. The performance of the proposed metamaterial is demonstrated with both full-wave simulation and measurement results, and the working mechanism is revealed through multi-reflection interference theory. It can serve as a non-contact sensor for food quality control such as adulteration, variety, etc. by detecting shifts in the resonant frequencies. As a direct application, it is shown that the resonant frequency displays a significant blue shift from 7.11 GHz to 7.52 GHz when the mass fraction of stale rice in the mixture of fresh and stale rice is changed from 0% to 100%. In addition, the absorber shows a distinct difference in the resonant absorption frequency for different varieties of grain, which also makes it a candidate for a grain classification sensor. The presented scheme could open up opportunities for microwave metamaterial absorbers to be applied as efficient sensors in the non-destructive evaluation of agricultural and food product quality.

Penyakit Bukan Utama Tanaman Gandum di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara

Gandum (Triticum spp.) adalah tanaman serealia, memiliki kandungan gizi yang cukup tinggi. Wilayah Timor Tengah Utara mempunyai prospek bagi pengembangan gandum. Keberadaan patogen pada pertanaman gandum belum diamati dan diidentifikasi karena belum pernah dilakukan penanaman gandum di daerah tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui penyakit-penyakit lain yang menyerang tanaman gandum apabila diintroduksi ke Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Metode yang digunakan adalah penanaman gandum, pengamatan penyakit dan identifikasi penyakit bukan utama. Varietas gandum yang ditanam adalah varietas Dewata, Selayar dan Nias. Pengamatan terhadap kejadian dan keparahan penyakit dilakukan setiap 4 minggu. Identifikasi patogen dilakukan dengan karakterisasi morfologi dengan bantuan kunci identifikasi. Penelitian laboratorium untuk identifikasi penyakit dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikologi Tumbuhan, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penyakit lain yang menginfeksi tanaman gandum adalah busuk pucuk Fusarium, bercak daun, hawar malai Curvularia dan Helminthosporium, dan daun terpilin. Persentase kejadian keempat penyakit tersebut sangat rendah. ©2018 dipublikasikan oleh Savana Cendana.

STRUCTURAL, SURFACE MORPHOLOGICAL AND MAGNETIC STUDIES OF Zn1−xFexS (x=0.00–0.10) DILUTED MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTORS GROWN BY CO-PRECIPITATION METHOD

We have fabricated Zn[Formula: see text]FexS ([Formula: see text], 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10) diluted magnetic semiconductors using co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction patterns depict that Zn[Formula: see text]FexS appears as a dominant phase with cubic zinc blende structure and nanoscale crystallite size. In addition, a secondary phase of rhombohedral ZnS also appears; however, no additional phase arises that primarily belongs to Fe dopant. Using Debye–Scherrer relation, the crystallite size is found to be in the range of 20–27[Formula: see text]nm, which is in good agreement with the crystallite size calculated using the Williamson–Hall (WH) plot method. The appearance of secondary phase provoked to study the residual strain using Stokes–Wilson equation, which is nearly consistent to that observed using WH plot method. The surface morphology, revealed using scanning electron microscopy, depicts non-uniform surface structure with a variety of grains and void dimensions. Hysteresis loops measured for Zn[Formula: see text]FexS at room temperature (RT) illustrate a paramagnetic behavior at higher fields; however, small ferromagnetic behavior is evident due to the small openings of the measured hysteresis loops around the origin. The measured RT ferromagnetism reveals the potential spintronic device applications of the studied diluted magnetic semiconductors.

Grain Foods Are Contributors of Nutrient Density for American Adults and Help Close Nutrient Recommendation Gaps: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2012.

The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2015-2020 DGA) maintains recommendations for increased consumption of whole grains while limiting intake of enriched/refined grains. A variety of enriched grains are sources of several shortfall nutrients identified by 2015-2020 DGA, including dietary fiber, folate, iron, and magnesium. The purpose of this study was to determine food sources of energy and nutrients for free-living U.S. adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2012. Analyses of grain food sources were conducted using a single 24-h recall collected in adults ≥19 years of age (n = 10,697). Sources of nutrients contained in all grain foods were determined using United States Department of Agriculture nutrient composition databases and the food grouping scheme for grains (excluding mixed dishes). Mean energy and nutrient intakes from the total diet and from various grain food groups were adjusted for the sample design using appropriate weights. All grains provided 285 ± 5 kcal/day or 14 ± 0.2% kcal/day in the total diet in adult ≥19 years of age. In the total daily diet, the grain category provided 7.2 ± 0.2% (4.9 ± 0.1 g/day) total fat, 5.4 ± 0.2% (1.1 ± 0.03 g/day) saturated fat, 14.6 ± 0.3% (486 ± 9 mg/day) sodium, 7.9 ± 0.2% (7.6 ± 0.2 g/day) total sugar, 22.8 ± 0.4% (3.9 ± 0.1 g/day) dietary fiber, 13.2 ± 0.3% (122 ± 3 mg/day) calcium, 33.6 ± 0.5% (219 ± 4 mcg dietary folate equivalents (DFE)/day) folate, 29.7 ± 0.4% (5.3 ± 0.1 mg/day) iron, and 13.9 ± 0.3% (43.7 ± 1.1 mg/day) magnesium. Individual grain category analyses showed that breads, rolls and tortillas and ready-to-eat cereals provided minimal kcal/day in the total diet in men and women ≥19 years of age. Similarly, breads, rolls and tortillas, and ready-to-eat cereals supplied meaningful contributions of shortfall nutrients, including dietary fiber, folate and iron, while concurrently providing minimal amounts of nutrients to limit. Cumulatively, a variety of grain food groups consumed by American adults contribute to nutrient density in the total diet and have the potential to increase consumption of shortfall nutrients as identified by 2015–2020 DGA, particularly dietary fiber, folate, and iron.