Turnip Varieties Research Articles

Selection of Turnip Variety for Nutrition Security in Nepal

A series of genotype selection and performance evaluation experiments on turnip were conducted at Horticulture Research Division (HRD), Khumaltar, Agriculture Research Station (ARS) Dailekh, Agriculture Research Station (ARS) Pakhribas and farmers’ fields between 2010 and 2014 with an aim to identify suitable variety for mid-hills of Nepal. The local genotype from Kathmandu Valley was used as the base material for the selection of genotype HRDTUR001. The performance of selected genotype was evaluated for size, colour, taste, yield and other characters using Purple Top a released variety as the standard check. The on station results revealed that genotype HRDTUR001 was found promising because of attractive root colour, excellent root size (224.45g) and better taste for vegetable purpose. Based on the biological and socio-economic feedback received from the on farm trials genotype HRDTUR001 has been recommended to release as a variety for cultivation in the mid hills of Nepal.

НОВАЯ КУЛЬТУРА ДЛЯ САЛАТНЫХ ЛИНИЙ – РЕПА ЛИСТОВАЯ

The collaborative work on growing of leafy turnip in condition of salad production line was conducted in ООО PKF «AGROTIP». The possibility of obtaining of ecologically safety salad turnip of cv. Selekta, Sapfir, and Biryuza at hydroponic system are shown. Data of yield, productivity, and content of ascorbic acid in green leaf of turnip growing in condition of flow hydroponic system are presented. The possibilities of using of tested turnip varieties in modern agrotechnological systems are discussed.

CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLE ROOT CROPS OF BRASSICACEAE FAMILY IN INDOOR PLANTING

The results of winter and spring sowing times of vegetable root crops of Brassicaceae family in protected area are presented. Five varieties and three hybrids of daikon, seven varieties of radish, and five varieties of turnip were studied. The minimal and maximal weight of roots for each sowing time was revealed. The average weight of products over three years of research was calculated.

The effect of Ni on concentration of the most abundant essential cations in several Brassica species

Some plants from the genus Brassica have the ability to tolerate excessive concentrations of heavy metals, including Ni. Considering the fact that Ni is a very toxic element for living beings we wanted to examine its influence on some species from genus Brassicaceae. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ni on distribution and accumulation of essential macronutrients from the standpoint of food quality and phytoremediation potential. Experiments were performed using winter (W) and spring (S) varieties of rapeseed (Brassica napus, L.), white mustard (Brassica alba, L.), black mustard (Brassica nigra, L.) and turnip (Brassica rapa, L.). The seeds were exposed to 10 ?M Ni from the beginning of germination. Plants were grown in water cultures, in semi-controlled conditions of a greenhouse, on ? strength Hoagland solution to which was added Ni in the same concentration as during germination. Concentrations and distribution of Ca, Mg, K in leaf and stem were altered in the presence of increased concentration of Ni. Significant differences were found between the control and Ni-treated plants as well as among the genotypes.

Organic Leafy Greens Variety Trials in Kentucky: Identifying Superior Varieties for Small-scale Organic Farmers

Thirty-eight leafy greens, eight kale (Brassica oleracea acephala group), nine mustard (Brassica juncea), six arugula (Eruca sativa), five swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla), five collards (B. oleracea acephala group), and five turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa) varieties were evaluated during Spring and Fall 2007–08 to determine suitability for organic production with respect to yield and stability. Trials were conducted on certified organic land using organic production practices. For mustard, kale, collards, and arugula, there were significant variety by season by year interactions. Despite these interactions, some varieties consistently performed well throughout the trial. ‘Florida Broadleaf’ was the highest yielding mustard in three of the four seasons evaluated. ‘Siberian’, ‘White Russian’, and ‘Red Russian’ were in the highest yielding group of kale varieties for overall yield. For collards, ‘Georgia/Southern’ and ‘Flash’ were part of the highest yielding group as determined by Duncan’s multiple range test in three of the four seasons examined. Turnip and swiss chard had significant year by variety interactions. Overall yields of ‘Alamo’ and ‘Alltop’, both F1 hybrids, were better than other turnip varieties assessed. Despite the interaction, ‘Fordhook Giant’ had superior yields in both years of the study. Arugula performance was significantly and negatively affected in Spring 2008. Overall, ‘Astro’, ‘Apollo’, and ‘Arugula’ had the greatest yields. This trial was designed to provide recommendations specifically for organic growers marketing directly to consumers.

ORIGIN AND EXPANSION OF CULTIVATED BRASSICA RAPA IN EURASIA: LINGUISTIC FACTS

Because plant names belong to the most ancient group of words in any modern language, they have often been used to trace similarity between languages. De Candolle (1886) was the first to apply linguistic analysis in tracing the origin of cultivated plants. In the present study, we analyzed linguistic data related to Brassica rapa and other brassicas in modern languages of European, Central, East Asian, and North-African countries. Among speakers of Indo-European, Caucasic and Afro-Asian language families, wild crucifers, mustards and turnip are originally named by words with the root g(h)-r-d(t) or g(h)-d(t)-r; e.g. the name 'siddhartha' was applied in Sanskrit to sarson (oilseed turnip). The words `Hardal' (Turkish), 'gor(t)chitsa' (Russian) and many others are related to hot/bitter taste specific of brassicas. The words 'silum', 'zele(n)' and 'shelem' are used for turnips. The origin of these words can be inferred from Sumerian 'silum' which means vegetable. Words with the root s-l(g)-m ('shalgham', 'shalkam', 'sha(l)gam', 'sha(l)hgam') are used in all Altaic, some Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages for turnips or cabbages. Their meanings are reflected in the Mongolian word 'shaltgaan' which means plant root. Words with r(n)-p (i.e. rapa, repa, raps, napus, naps) were used for cultivated brassicas by Indo-Europeans spreading across Europe. They have been borrowed by some other languages in recent times. The names 'rapa' vs. 'napus' correlate with the grouping of turnip varieties by Sinskaya (1928, 1969) where 'rapa' is spread across areas occupied by Central and North European groups of turnip while 'napus' (nauris) is associated with areas having the Minor Asian group of turnips. Based on linguistic and historical research, the first domestication of Brassica rapa - biannual turnip - appears to have occurred in West/Central Asia region. Spreading of turnip and other types of B. rapa across Europe and East Asia could be associated with migrations of farmers, starting from the area of Central and Minor Asia around the 8 th -7 th millennium BC as well as during the 5 th millennium BC.

Contribution of different vegetable types to exogenous nitrate and nitrite exposure

This study reports the levels of nitrate and nitrite of 34 vegetable samples, including different varieties of cabbage, lettuce, spinaches, parsley and turnips, collected in several locations of an intensive agricultural area (Modivas, Vila do Conde, northern Portugal). Nitrate levels ranged between 54 and 2440 mg NO 3 - kg −1, while nitrite levels ranged between 1.1 and 57 mg NO 2 - kg −1. The maximum residue levels established for nitrate in spinach and lettuce samples were not exceeded. Nitrate and nitrite levels reported in the literature for the same type of samples are reviewed, as well as the contribution of vegetables to nitrate and nitrite dietary exposure of populations.

Quantitative trait loci for glucosinolate accumulation in Brassica rapa leaves

Glucosinolates and their breakdown products have been recognized for their effects on plant defense, human health, flavor and taste of cruciferous vegetables. Despite this importance, little is known about the regulation of the biosynthesis and degradation in Brassica rapa. Here, the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for glucosinolate accumulation in B. rapa leaves in two novel segregating double haploid (DH) populations is reported: DH38, derived from a cross between yellow sarson R500 and pak choi variety HK Naibaicai; and DH30, from a cross between yellow sarson R500 and Kairyou Hakata, a Japanese vegetable turnip variety. An integrated map of 1068 cM with 10 linkage groups, assigned to the international agreed nomenclature, is developed based on the two individual DH maps with the common parent using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and single sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Eight different glucosinolate compounds were detected in parents and F(1)s of the DH populations and found to segregate quantitatively in the DH populations. QTL analysis identified 16 loci controlling aliphatic glucosinolate accumulation, three loci controlling total indolic glucosinolate concentration and three loci regulating aromatic glucosinolate concentrations. Both comparative genomic analyses based on Arabidopsis-Brassica rapa synteny and mapping of candidate orthologous genes in B. rapa allowed the selection of genes involved in the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway that may account for the identified QTL.

Quantitative trait loci for flowering time and morphological traits in multiple populations of Brassica rapa

Wide variation for morphological traits exists in Brassica rapa and the genetic basis of this morphological variation is largely unknown. Here is a report on quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of flowering time, seed and pod traits, growth-related traits, leaf morphology, and turnip formation in B. rapa using multiple populations. The populations resulted from crosses between the following accessions: Rapid cycling, Chinese cabbage, Yellow sarson, Pak choi, and a Japanese vegetable turnip variety. A total of 27 QTL affecting 20 morphological traits were detected, including eight QTL for flowering time, six for seed traits, three for growth-related traits and 10 for leaf traits. One major QTL was found for turnip formation. Principal component analysis and co-localization of QTL indicated that some loci controlling leaf and seed-related traits and those for flowering time and turnip formation might be the same. The major flowering time QTL detected in all populations on linkage group R02 co-localized with BrFLC2. One major QTL, controlling turnip formation, was also mapped at this locus. The genes that may underly this QTL and comparative analyses between the four populations and with Arabidopsis thaliana are discussed.

A survey on the effect of establishment techniques, crop management, moisture availability and soil type on turnip dry matter yields and nutritive characteristics in western Victoria

Factors associated with turnip dry matter yield, metabolisable energy and crude protein were investigated in 266 turnip forage crops on 142 dairy farms in south-western Victoria during spring 1999 and summer 2000. Factors measured were primary cultivation method, secondary cultivation method, soil texture, soil temperature and moisture at sowing, seedbed preparation, turnip variety, sowing method, sowing rate, rolling post-sowing, harrowing post-sowing, seedling establishment, insect damage, water received, phosphorus and nitrogen application. The average date for the commencement of seedbed preparation was early October, although the range was from mid-March until mid-December. Sowing dates ranged from mid-September to mid-December, with an average of mid-October. The most common turnip variety sown was Barkant, followed by Mammoth Purple Top, Vollenda and Rondo. Growing periods ranged from 8 to 23 weeks, with the majority of crops grazed from 8 to 15 weeks. The average dry matter yield was about 5 t DM/ha, with values ranging from 0.4 to 19.2 t DM/ha. The average metabolisable energy content of turnips was 13.7 MJ/kg DM with values ranging from 11.3 to 14.6 MJ/kg DM. The metabolisable energy of roots was on average higher than the leaf component of the plants (14 v. 13.5 MJ/kg DM). Conversely, crude protein content of leaves (15.4%) was higher than in the root fraction (13.9%). The average neutral detergent fibre content of turnips was 22.5% with values ranging from 16.9 to 30.5%. The water-soluble carbohydrate content of the leaf component ranged from 1.1 to 26.8% with an average of 14.7%, while starch content of the root component ranged from 0.3 to 38.8% with an average content of 16.9%. The average cost of growing a turnip crop was $485/ha or $133 t DM. Total, leaf and root dry matter yield as well as metabolisable energy and crude protein were analysed by a mixed effects model (with factors fixed and farms and paddocks random). Factors that were associated with total dry matter yield were total water received, soil temperature and moisture at sowing, seedling density, method of secondary cultivation, soil type and insect damage. The application of nitrogen fertiliser had the greatest association with turnip crude protein content. In conclusion the findings of this study indicate potential ways to increase the dry matter yield of turnips grown in south-western Victoria. Given the current average dry matter yields and cost of growing turnips, purchasing cereal grain may be a viable alternative. An increase in average dry matter yield would make the choice of growing turnips as a feed for lactating dairy cows a more profitable option.

Investigation on the Phylogenetic Relationship between 'Sugukina' and Turnip (Brassica campestris L.) by RAPD Analysis

RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis was applied to strains of 'Sugukina' and turnip varieties (Brassica campestris L.), to clarify the phylogenetic relationship between the two. 'Sugukina' is cultivated traditionally in Kyoto district. DNA fragment patterns of the nine 'Sugukina' strains and the twelve turnip varieties were compared and their relationships were estimated by cluster analysis.Total DNA was isolated from a leaf of each of the twelve plantlets of the respective strains and varieties, and used as a template of the polymerase chain reactions (PCR). For the PCRs, four kinds of decamer primers were used. Sixty-nine DNA fragments showed the definitive polymorphisms among the 252 plants analyzed, of which 50 bands were selected for comparison. More than 50% of the plants in at least one strain or variety possessed the 50 bands, whereas less than 50% of the plants in another strain or variety had the same bands.Similarity ratios of the DNA fragment patterns of each 'Sugukina' strain with the other eight strains ranged from 0.40 to 0.56, the average being 0.49. On the other hand, the average similarity ratio value of the 'Sugukina' with the turnip varieties was 0.30. By cluster analysis, all nine 'Sugukina' strains formed a cluster clearly isolating them from another cluster containing all the turnip varieties. In the cluster of the 'Sugukina', seven out of the nine strains were included in two subclusters, but the other two strains possessed the different positions from them.These results indicate that the 'Sugukina' is a unique group of vegetables, containing large genetic variations and having different genetic characteristics from the turnip varieties growing in Japan.

Effect of ozone on radish and turnip under Egyptian field conditions

EDU was used to assess the impact of ozone on the growth and yield of local varieties of radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) and turnip ( Brassica rapa L.) at two sites in northern Egypt. At a suburban site, in Alexandria, the growth of radish was significantly increased by application of the anti-ozonant N-[2-(2-oxo-l-imidazolidinyl) ethyl]-N′phenylurea (EDU) but turnip was unaffected. At a rural site, Abbis, 35 km south of Alexandria, the increase in growth of radish caused by EDU was higher than at Alexandria, and a significant increase in the growth of turnip was also found. These effects were consistent with the higher oxidant concentrations measured at Abbis compared with Alexandria. A controlled experiment involving ozone or filtered air treatments in open-top chambers demonstrated protective effects of ED U against ozone of a similar size found in the field, and that ED U had no significant effect on these species in the absence of ozone. This provides confidence that the effects of EDU in the field in Egypt can be ascribed to O 3. The implications of the results for Egyptian agriculture are considered.

カブの花芽形成における温度と日長の相互作用に対する品種間差異

The interactions between vernalization and photoperiodic effects on the flowering of 12 turnip varieties were examined under controlled environment. Seedlings of all varieties bolted and flowered under a long-day condition of 24 h day-length (LD) when the germinated seeds had been pre-exposed to low temperature at 3 °C (LT) for 30 days. Under the LD condition, the ratio of flower formation of all the varieties except for 'Tennoji' significantly decreased as the duration of LT treatment was shortened to less than 7 days. With LT treatment of more than 14 days, 80 to 100% of plants in all varieties formed flower buds under LD. When the seedlings were subjected to either LT and subsequently grown under a short-day condition of 8 h day-length (SD) or LD without LT treatment, the number of plants that formed flower buds substantially decreased. Furthermore, the effect of seed vernalization was counteracted by subsequent SD conditions under which the vernalized seedlings were grown throughout the experiment. Namely, flower formation and bolting of the vernalized seedlings were significantly inhibited when the LT-treated seedlings were subsequently grown under SD. These flowering responses of turnip plants to temperature and photoperiod significantly differed among the varieties used. We have classified the turnip varieties into five groups. 'Tennoji', 'Shogoin', and 'Hakatasuwari' strongly responded to the single treatment of either LD or LT, resulting in a high ratio of flower formation (Type I), whereas either treatment hardly induced the formation of flower bud in 'Yorii', 'Hinona', 'Ohnobeni', and 'Kanamachi' (Type II). 'Ohyabu', 'Ohmi', and 'Atsumi' showed an intermediate degree of flowering ratio between the Type I and II in repsonse to either LD or LT treatment (Type III). In 'Yamauchi', LD itself did not induce flower formation of non-vernalized plants, but the LT caused a high ratio of flower formation even under SD (Type IV). By contrast, 'Narusawana' showed a substantial ratio of flower formation due to LD without LT treatment, while the seedlings treated with LT did not flower under the following SD in this variety (Type V). Thus, the flowering of turnip plants is dramatically influenced by photoperiod as well as by temperature, and the responses to the two factors significantly differ among the varieties.

An analytical and breeding study on fatty acids in summer turnip rape (brassica campestris L. var. annua)

The fatty acid composition of the seed oil of summer turnip rape (Brassica campestris L. var. annua) was investigated by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The reliability of conventional sampling methods in capillary GC was compared with that of the new on column and PTV (programmed temperature vaporizer) techniques, with particular reference to the determination of fatty acid variation. In order to develop new, well-adapted turnip rape strains with improved oil quality, a breeding programme for a higher linoleic acid content, based on individual plant selection, was performed in 1978—85. The results showed that the conventional sampling techniques involving sample transfer to a hot injector were very unreliable as regards precision and accuracy. This was especially the case in the determination of trace fatty acid levels. The PTV methods with splitless and solvent split mode were as precise as cold on-column injection. The PTV sampling modifications, which are all superior to classical techniques, were even more suitable for routine analyses than on-column injection, where several restrictions are met. The analytical error with PTV for most of the compounds represented less than 1 % of the variation found for fatty acids within a turnip rape variety. The breeding experiments indicated that the level of linoleic acid can be increased under open-pollinated conditions in the field without affecting the α-linolenic acid content. The greenhouse conditions, on the other hand, were found to have a considerable environmental influence on the variation of these compounds, resulting in no response to linoleic-acid selection. In field trials, several strains with yields comparable to the varieties commonly cultivated in Finland were selected with a higher linoleic acid content (up to25 %). Most of them also contained no erucic acid. The new evidence concerning its beneficial physiological effects indicate that rapeseed oil should be considered as a serious alternative among sources of essential fatty acids. Such aspects should also be taken into account in future breeding of rapeseed fatty acids.

Food Selection by Brown Hares (Lepus capensis) on Cereal and Turnip Crops in North-East Scotland

On plots of oats and barley brown hares grazed much more heavily on the outer rows, alongside the space between the plots, than on inner rows. On barley plots treated with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 units of N per acre (0 40 ha) there was a negative correlation between N and the amount grazed. This was absent or could not be detected when grazing was light. Turnips in plots at the outer edge of a block of plots alongside a clear space were more heavily damaged than elsewhere, regardless of variety. Of seven varieties of turnip the same two were preferred on different farms in successive years and the same two selected against. These choices were not correlated with nutrient content.

Genetical study on the formation of anthocyanins and flavonols in turnip varieties. Genetical studies on anthocyanins in brassicaceae II

Genetic studies were made on the root color of turnip varieties. In the cross between the red (raphanusin, pelargonidin glucoside) and the white varieties, F1 hybrids were all purple (rubrobrassicin, cyanidin glucoside), and F2 progenies were segregated into three groups: purple (rubrobrassicin), red (raphanusin), and white in the ratio of 9:3:4, respectively. This indicates the presence of two pairs of conditional alleles, as previously found in the case of radish. As to the flavonols in turnip varieties, isorhamnetin and kaempferol were found in the plants forming rubrobrassicin in roots, and only kaempferol in the plants producing raphanusin in roots; whereas isorhamnetin was found together with a trace of kaempferol in the plants with white root.

Transfer of disease resistance from Brassica campestris L. to rape (B. napus L.)

Resistance to clubroot race 3 was successfully transferred from the Flemish turnip variety Waaslander to rape variety Nevin by the production of the fertile species B. napocampestris followed by backcrossing to Nevin. The recovery of the recurrent parent type appears to be very rapid, necessitating possibly only generations of backcrossing.

Identification and composition of turnip root lipids

Two varieties of turnip, Laurentian and Wye, were examined for their lipid and fatty acid composition. Lipids extracted with 80% ethanol contained variable quantities of phosphatidic acid, which was considered to be an artifact. Crude lipids were fractionated by TLC, and fatty acids and sterols were analyzed by GLC. Among the common phospholipids, cardiolipid and phosphatidyl glycerol were abundant components. Linolenic acid comprised 60% of the total fatty acids. beta-Sitosterol was the principal sterol, and about half of the carotenoids was lycopene. No great differences between the two varieties studied were observed however.

GENETICAL STUDIES ON ANTHOCYANINS IN BRASSICAE CROPS.

In order to clarify the anthocyanins of Brassicae, paper-chromatographic survey was carried out using 5 species of Brassicae crops. As to the saponified-anthocyanins, two kinds of pigments were detected such as raphanusin and rubrobrassicin. In all the six species examined, we could find out the varieties containing rubrobrassicin, but the ones containing raphanusin were found only in two species which are used for cultivations for their roots. The origin of the red varieties of turnips was discussed here.

Testing clubroot-resistance of turnips in the netherlands and the physiologic specialization of plasmodiophora brassicae

1. Clubroot is the main disease of fodder turnips in the Netherlands. Growing resistant varieties is the only practical means of control. 2. Sowing seeds in the first half of July is more efficient for selection for clubroot resistance than sowing in the normal period, early in August. 3. Artificial infestation of a field soil may have advantages over a naturally infested field in selecting for resistance. “Furrow infestation” i.e. putting soil from heavily diseased farm fields into the furrows before sowing the turnips, seems a practicable method. 4. Ten strains of Plasmodiophora brassicae were distinguished in the Netherlands and Belgium on the basis of the infection spectrum in a large set of differential hosts. Seven of them originate from farm fields where turnips are frequently grown. Each strain represents a group of clubroot isolates with similar infection spectra. 5. Turnip varieties included in the 39 th Dutch Descriptive List of Varieties of Field Crops (1964) can be divided into three main groups based on their reaction to clubroot strains: 1) the V-group, comprising varieties which are very susceptible on nearly all diseased fields, 2) the M-group, varieties which are fairly resistant on most infested fields, and 3) the E-group, varieties which are fairly to very resistant on nearly all infested fields in the Netherlands; however, they are just as susceptible as the V-and M-group on a number of fields in Belgium. In addition a fourth group may be distinguished, viz. the L-group, comprising some varieties not mentioned in the “List”. These are moderately resistant on all clubroot fields in the Netherlands. 6. Races of the fungus which are aggressive to the M-group apparently have been prevalent in certain clubroot fields for many years. In other fields these races gradually increase during some years when varieties of the M-group are grown. A mixture of different races is likely to occur in every infested field. Each of the above mentioned strains also has to be regarded as a mixture of races. 7. Turnip varieties found resistant abroad usually turn out to be susceptible in the Netherlands. Only some Belgian varieties proved to be very resistant in our country. A few varieties which are susceptible in the Netherlands were found to be very resistant in some other countries. Clubroot races occurring in turnip fields in foreign countries, therefore, generally appear to be different from those found in the Netherlands.