Rye Varieties Research Articles

Peterhof collection of rye and its use in genetic studies

The article provides information about the history and methods of development of Peterhof rye genetic collection, founded by V.S. Fedorov, Associate Professor of the Leningrad University. Isolation of self-compatible mutants, their crosses with self-incompatible rye plants, and subsequent self-pollination of hybrids allowed to reveal the allele diversity in heterogeneous and heterozygous rye varieties. In the course of genetic collection assembly the study of inheritance of qualitative and quantitative morphological traits, genetic control of self-compatibility, genetics of meiosis, genetics of interspecific incompatibility was performed. The corresponding genes were identified and, in most cases, mapped using isozymes and molecular markers. Fundamental research was introduced into practical breeding. Under the direction of V. S. Fedorov, and V. G. Smirnov the first in Russia tetraploid rye variety Leningradskaja Tetra was produced. Currently, based on the study of the genetics of self-fertility, the initial material is being obtained and used for improving rye population varieties. The possibility of using the genetic collection of rye to solve the fundamental problems of plant genetics is discussed.

Frost tolerance and metabolite changes of rye (Secale cereale) during the cold hardening and overwintering

Successful winter survival of the plants needs a programmed capacity to activate appropriate mechanisms in development of frost tolerance (FT). Cold hardening is a complicated operation facilitating the overwintering and is associated by extensive changes in metabolome. The purpose of the present investigation is to simplify the association between metabolites changes and FT in winter rye varieties (Puma and Anatolien) acclimated under field situation in NW Iran, regions with long winters. Plants were sampled on five dates (Oct. 31, Nov. 29, Dec. 17, Jan. 4, and Feb. 1) as different cold hardening periods. FT, as measured by LT50 (the temperature at 50% lethality) significantly expanded during the autumn and winter seasons. Cold adaptation persuaded accumulation of sucrose and sorbitol in both varieties; however, the accumulation was more profound in Puma. The content of proline, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, and glycine betaine linearly expanded in the Anatolien variety during the overwintering. However, content of glycine betaine, proline, and aspartic acid in Puma was considerably higher than Anatolien. Hydrogen peroxide reached to its greatest quantities at November and December in Anatolien and Puma, respectively. These levels significantly reduced up to the next months. Glutathione and ascorbic acid contents, as important antioxidants, noticeably expanded during overwintering. There was a significant positive association between FT, total protein content, free amino acid, soluble sugars, and glycine betaine. These data suggest that the development of FT during the cold adaptation and overwintering is partly resulted from metabolome changes and such modifications are strongly linked to the genetic potential.

Влияние почвенной кислотности на урожайность озимой ржи и возможности эдафической селекции

The review of the results of investigations on influence of soil acidity on winter rye productivity was done. The pattern of breeding process for creation of aluminum- and acid-resistant winter rye varieties under conditions of North-East of Russian Non-Chernozem zone was substantiated. Different methods of estimation such as cell and tissue cultures, method of nutrition solutions, soil culture, field study are used for screening of agricultural crop varieties on the level of resistance to abiotic stress. Winter rye is the least sensitive to soil acidity. However, higher soil acidity decreases winter hardiness and regenerating ability of rye after snow mould (M. nivale) damage that leads to shortfall of its production up to 40%. Creation of acid-resistant rye varieties is a perspective direction in breeding research especially for the conditions of north crop farming. In Russia, rye edaphic breeding began in the North-East Agricultural Research Institute in 1980 and it is now the only research institute in the country involved in this work. Studies are conducted under provocative conditions of field, greenhouse and laboratory experiments. Aluminum- and acid-resistant rye varieties were created - Regina (method of cells and tissues) and Kiprez (field method of multiple selections on natural rigid provocative background). Under conditions of natural soil background these varieties exceeded the initial variety Kirovskaya 89 in productivity by 0.24 t/ha and 0.72 t/ha correspondingly. Study on provocative soil conditions proved the superiority of variety Kiprez in aluminum- and acid-resistance. Additional productivity compared to the standard Falensky 4 was 0.26-0.32 t/ha, to the variety Kirovskaya 89 - 0.78-1.63 t/ha. Variety Regina was inferior to the standard Falenskaya 4 in productivity. In 2016 variety Kiprez was transferred to the State varietal test. Based on studies carried out in Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East the plan of creation of aluminum- and acid-resistant winter rye varieties with the use of complex natural provocative background (Н + and Al 3+ ; M. nivale) was developed and implemented. The varieties being created are subjected to obligatory test under rigid field provocative conditions. Acid-resistant varieties are reliable reserve for increasing the winter rye grain production on low-fertile acid soils of Non-Chernozem zone of Russia and are valuable sources of aluminum- and acid-resistance in breeding programs in other regions of the country.

Вредоносность спорыньи на новых сортах озимой ржи в Кировской области

Вредоносность спорыньи на новых сортах озимой ржи в Кировской области

Оценка сортов озимой ржи по урожайности и параметрам экологической пластичности в условиях Северного Зауралья

Оценка сортов озимой ржи по урожайности и параметрам экологической пластичности в условиях Северного Зауралья

Иммунологическая характеристика сортов озимой ржи

Иммунологическая характеристика сортов озимой ржи

Влияние разных доз азотной подкормки на зерновую и кормовую продуктивность сортов озимой ржи в условиях Республики Марий Эл

The results of the study of new winter rye varieties based on a set of economically valuable traits on sodpodzolic soils of the Republic of Mari El are provided. The varieties of domestic breeding (Tatiana - control, Moscovskaya 15, Rada, Yantamaya) participated in the trial against the background of the basic application of N 24 P 24 K 24 at various levels of nitrogen nutrition (N 0 , N 45 in spring with renewal of vegetation, N 15 in the earing phase, N45 in spring with renewal of vegetation + N 15 in the earing phase). So, Rada variety significantly exceeded the control variant (Tatiana variety) by 0.94 t/ha. Below the standard were Moscovskaya 15 and Yantarnaya varieties. If the latter showed a tendency to decrease the yield (by 0.33 t/ha), Moscovskaya 15 was 0.8 t/ha lower than the control. Different options of nitrogen fertilizing significantly increased grain and fodder yield. The maximum value of these indicators is noted when applying nitrogen fertilizers in a dose of N 45 (in spring with the renewal of vegetation) + N 15 (during the earing phase). The application of mineral nutrition increases the cost of grain production. According to the results of the economic analyses the lowest cost price (2.9 rubles/kg) and the highest profitability rates were noted when cultivating Rada variety on variants with application of N 45 into fertilizing (188.0%) and N 15 into top dressing during the earing phase (192.3%). The introduction of nitrogen fertilizing in these variants against the background of the main application of azophoska in a dose of 1.5 dt / ha led to an increase in the cost of one kilogram of grain to 3.3 rubles, but it was still highly profitable (the profitability levels of grain production were 157% and 156% respectively).

Влияние сроков посева и нормы высева семян на осеннюю вегетацию, зимостойкость и урожайность озимых зерновых культур

The winter wheat and triticale in the middle part of the Ural Mountains haven’t been seeded before. The technology of winter crop cultivation should be improved due to the production of new varieties of winter rye. Winter hardiness and yield of winter rye are higher in comparison with winter triticale and especially with winter wheat. The sowing period and the seeding rate influence the amount of yield and winter hardiness. The winter hardiness of winter cereals and the yield of the rye variety Iset sowed on August 25 and the yield of the triticale variety Bashkir short-stalked and wheat Kazanskaya 560 sowed on August 15 were higher. It is important to sow winter grain in local conditions in the second half of August. The sowing this period allows to provide plants with the necessary amount of positive temperatures (450–500 °C). This helps the plants to form 3–4 shoots of tillering and a mass of 10 dry plants reaching 3–5 grams. The winter grain crops in the middle part of the Ural Mountains should be sown with seeding rates of 6 and 7 million of sprouting grains per 1 ha, and the seeds must be cultivated with fungicidal preparation before seeding.

CHANGES IN YIELDING OF VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT AND RYE IN VARIETY TESTING IN POLAND

The aim of the study is to determine the significance of varietal progress and changes in level of inputs on changes in yield level of winter wheat and winter rye varieties in conditions of variety testing. The analysis covered the years 2006-2016. The data from post-registration varieties testing coordinated by COBORU were used. It was found that the yield of winter wheat varieties in varieties testing network increased by 12.5 and 13.8 dt/ha in the analyzed period respectively at lower and higher intensity of production. The share of biological progress in observed growth was estimated at level 60 and 38%, respectively. The average annual increase of yields as a result of biological progress was determined at level of 0.92 and 0.58%. For rye the yield growth was 7.4 and 8.5 dt/ha, and the share of biological progress in this increase was determined at level of 41 and 32%. The average annual yield increase resulting from biological progress was 0.50 and 0.38%. The higher effects of biological progress were observed for the lower level of production inputs. Biological progress in cereal production still plays a significant role in the increase in yield. For winter wheat and rye the share was calculated at level 30 to 60% depending on intensity of production and was higher for wheat. Another important factor in achievement yield increasing is correct technique of production, especially proper level of inputs. Under conditions of high-intensity production, the importance of introducing new varieties decreases. Taking it into account, research in the field of plant breeding in future should be more strongly oriented towards obtaining resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Environmental impacts of the cultivation-phase associated with agricultural crops for feed production

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was used to estimate the environmental impacts and identify the most critical stages (hotspots) of cultivation of three cereal crops typically used for animal feed purposes – barley, rye and sorghum – in the Lombardy region, the most productive crop and livestock area in Northern Italy. The crop variety (out of 3 and 4 varieties of barley and rye, respectively) and cultivation regime (single vs. double cropping of sorghum) with the lowest impacts per kg of crude protein (mass-based functional unit) were identified. Environmental impact categories reported by ReCiPe method were used. According to the results, both Reni and Dank Nowe were the varieties with the lowest environmental impacts for barley and rye varieties, respectively; single cropping of sorghum had lower impacts than double cropping. Impact hotspots included field emissions, agricultural activities and agrochemical (fertilisers and herbicides) production regardless the cropping system considered. Moreover, among the cereals studies, rye was identified as the best environmental alternative. Use of land-based and economic functional units did not change the ranking of systems according to their impacts.

Nutritional features of triticale as affected by genotype, crop year, and location

Traditionally, triticale is mainly used as animal feed, the use for human utilization is still uncertain. However, in the past few decades, importance of triticale is increasing globally. Therefore, the determination of nutritionally important parameters of triticale and study of their genetic and environmental (G×E) variability have essential importance. In this study, ten hexaploid triticales along with reference wheat and rye varieties were grown at two locations in Hungary in a three-year-long experiment. Crude protein (8.6–16.3%), crude fat (0.86–1.98%), starch (57.6–65.0%), and dietary fibre values (7.5–13.7%) showed notable differences, significant genotype control were detected in all tested parameters except ash content (1.42–2.10%). The analysis of variance confirmed that crop year affected all traits, and also location had significant effect on the formation of protein and – to a lesser extent – the fibre levels. Furthermore, interactions between the effects were observed. Generally, nutritional characteristics of triticales were positioned between wheat and rye in this experiment; however, there were notable differences between the genotypes, and also the magnitudes of environmental effects were significant. Nutritional values of triticale provide a prospect for food production and human consumption.

Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of Novel Wheat-rye T1RS.1BL Translocation Lines with High Resistance to Diseases and Great Agronomic Traits.

Rye has been used worldwide as a source for the genetic improvement of wheat. In this study, two stable wheat-rye primary T1RS.1BL translocation lines were selected from the progeny of the crossing of the wheat cultivar Mianyang11-1 and a Chinese local rye variety, Weining. These two novel translocation lines were identified by molecular cytogenetic analysis. PCR results, multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (MC-FISH), and acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE) indicated that both new translocation lines harbor a pair of T1RS.1BL translocation chromosomes, and have been named RT828-10 and RT828-11, respectively. The cytogenetic results also indicated that the pSc119.2 signals of 5AL were absent in both lines along with the pSc119.2 signals of 4AL of RT828-11. When inoculated with different stripe rust and powdery mildew isolates, both lines expressed high resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici pathotypes, which are prevalent in China and are virulent on Yr9 and Pm8. The line RT828-11 also exhibited excellent agronomic traits in the field. The present study indicates that this rye variety may carry untapped variations that could potentially be used for wheat improvement.

Rye non-starch polysaccharides: their impact on poultry intestinal physiology, nutrients digestibility and performance indices – a review

Abstract A high content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), namely arabinoxylans (AX), in rye is a reason for the potential adverse effect of this grain on intestinal functions, gut microflora, absorption of nutrients and performance indices. As such, the use of rye grain in intensively produced poultry diets is limited. However, recently developed new types of hybrid rye are characterised not only by increased yield potential, resistance to fungus and pests and low production costs, but also the content of antinutritive substances may be reduced in these varieties. The aim of this paper is to discuss the mechanisms of NSP effects in the digestive tract, as well as to review the results of recent studies on the use of rye in poultry nutrition. Based on the literature data, it can be concluded that the use of new hybrid rye varieties with decreased NSP concentration and NSP-hydrolising enzymes may be a way of increasing the share of rye grain in poultry diets.

Breeding progress, variation, and correlation of grain and quality traits in winter rye hybrid and population varieties and national on-farm progress in Germany over 26 years

Key messageGrain yield of hybrid varieties and population varieties in official German variety trials increased by 23.3 and 18.1%, respectively, over the last 26 years. On-farm gain in grain yield (18.9%) was comparable to that of population varieties in variety trials, yet at a level considerably lower than in variety trials. Rye quality is subject to large year-to-year fluctuation. Increase in grain yield and decline of protein concentration did not negatively influence quality traits.Performance progress of grain and quality traits of 78 winter rye varieties tested in official German trials to assess the value for cultivation and use (VCU) were evaluated during 1989 and 2014. We dissected progress into a genetic and a non-genetic component for hybrid and population varieties by applying mixed models, including regression components to model trends. VCU trial results were compared with grain yield and quality data from a national harvest survey (on-farm data). Yield gain for hybrid varieties was 23.3% (18.9 dt ha−1) and for population varieties 18.1% (13.0 dt ha−1) relative to 1989. On-farm yield progress of 18.9% (8.7 dt ha−1) was considerably lagging behind VCU trials, and mean yield levels were substantially lower than in field trials. Most of the yield progress was generated by genetic improvement. For hybrid varieties, ear density was the determining yield component, whereas for population varieties, it was thousand grain mass. Results for VCU trials showed no statistically significant gains or losses in rye quality traits. For on-farm data, we found a positive but non-significant gain in falling number and amylogram viscosity and temperature. Variation of grain and quality traits was strongly influenced by environments, whereas genotypic variation was less than 19% of total variation. Grain yield was strongly negatively associated with protein concentration, yet was weakly to moderately positively associated with quality traits. In general, our results from VCU trials and on-farm data indicated that increasing grain yield and decreasing protein concentration did not negatively affect rye quality traits.

Evaluation of some winter rye (<i>Secale cereale </i>L.) traits under environments of Nosivka Plant Breeding Experimental Station

The paper covers the results of studies on the development of medium-ripening winter-hardy short-stemmed winter rye varieties with yielding capacity of 9-10 t/ha being resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors. The results of the competitive strain testing (2012-2013, 2015-2016) of hybrid lines for grain and fodder value are compared with winter rye variety Khlibne as conventional standard.The variety Khlibne completely explains its name since it possesses good baking qualities: high values of test weight of grain, falling number, pentosan content, and viscosity of water extract of grain meal (VWEGM).When hybridizing short-stemmed productive varieties and winter rye hybrids with winter- hardiness donor Z2807 (Nosivka PBES, Ukraine), it is possible to create new winter-hardy, frost-resistant, short-stemmed productive varieties suitable for growing in Ukraine and abroad.The prospective populations of winter rye with alternative characters and inbred lines have been analyzed comprehensively for the main elements of the potential yield capacity structure. A variation in the content of arabinoxylans in the source material indicates the possibility of selecting samples for alternative use. High positive correlations between VWEGM and falling number were revealed. The high content of carotene in the winter rye leaves is an important indicator of vitamin nutrition of green fodder. The populations presented are resistant to lodging (stem lenght 90-110 cm), they are characterized with high productive tillering, head length up to 13 cmand grain number up to 80, high content of carotene in leaves and low content of pentozans in grains. Winter hardiness of new populations over the years of research was 98.8-99.9%. For four years they significantly exceeded the standard for grain yield (up to 10.80 t/ha vs. 6.85 t/ha).

Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of New Wheat-Rye 1R(1B) Substitution and Translocation Lines from a Chinese Secale cereal L. Aigan with Resistance to Stripe Rust.

Secale cereale L. has been used worldwide as a source of genes for agronomic and resistance improvement. In this study, a stable wheat-rye substitution line and 3 primary 1RS.1BL translocation lines were selected from the progeny of the crossing of the Chinese local rye Aigan variety and wheat cultivar Mianyang11. The substitution and translocation lines were identified by molecular cytogenetic analysis. PCR results, fluorescence in situ hybridization and acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that there were a pair of 1R chromosomes in the substitution line which have been named RS1200-3, and a pair of 1RS.1BL translocation chromosomes in the other 3 translocation lines, which have been named RT1163-4, RT1217-1, and RT1249. When inoculated with stripe rust isolates, these 4 lines expressed high resistance to several Puccinia striiformis f. sp Tritici pathotypes that are virulent on Yr9. Moreover, the different response pattern of resistance among them suggested that the diversity of resistance genes for wheat stripe rust exists in the rye. These 4 lines also showed better agronomic performances than their wheat parent. The GS indices also showed the genetic diversity of the 1RS which derived from same rye variety. The present study indicates that rye cultivars may carry untapped variations that could potentially be used for wheat improvement.

Multiple divergent selection on viscosity of a water extract of winter rye

Results of ten cycles of divergent selection on water extract viscosity (WEV) based on varieties of winter rye Al’fa and Moskovskaya 12 are presented. Efficiency of selection depended both on genotype of a variety and direction of selection. Selection in a plus-direction was more effective than in a minus-direction. After ten cycles of selection, the potential of WEV increased in high viscosity populations by 3.3–6.0 times, while it decreased by 2.6–3.5 times in low viscosity populations. The asymmetry of the response was detected during the first cycle of the selection and it remained in all subsequent cycles. The high viscosity populations were more yielding (by 23.8%) than low viscosity populations and had the best baking qualities of grain. Their superiority manifested the most strongly by grain unit (by 7.9%), weight of 1000 grains (by 23.4%), falling number (by 90 s), amylogram height (by 5.4 times), and gelatinization temperature of starch (by 3.2°С). From low viscosity populations, strongly blurring bread with large pores and sticky and restive crumb was produced. Prospects of selection of baking and fodder varieties of a winter rye based on selection of genotypes with high and low WEV are discussed.

Genetic Distinctiveness of Rye In situ Accessions from Portugal Unveils a New Hotspot of Unexplored Genetic Resources.

Rye (Secale cereale L.) is a cereal crop of major importance in many parts of Europe and rye breeders are presently very concerned with the restrict pool of rye genetic resources available. Such narrowing of rye genetic diversity results from the presence of “Petkus” pool in most modern rye varieties as well as “Petkus” × “Carsten” heterotic pool in hybrid rye breeding programs. Previous studies on rye's genetic diversity revealed moreover a common genetic background on landraces (ex situ) and cultivars, regardless of breeding level or geographical origin. Thus evaluation of in situ populations is of utmost importance to unveil “on farm” diversity, which is largely undervalued. Here, we perform the first comprehensive assessment of rye's genetic diversity and population structuring using cultivars, ex situ landraces along a comprehensive sampling of in situ accessions from Portugal, through a molecular-directed analysis using SSRs markers. Rye genetic diversity and population structure analysis does not present any geographical trend but disclosed marked differences between genetic backgrounds of in situ accessions and those of cultivars/ex situ collections. Such genetic distinctiveness of in situ accessions highlights their unexplored potential as new genetic resources, which can be used to boost rye breeding strategies and the production of new varieties. Overall, our study successfully demonstrates the high prospective impact of comparing genetic diversity and structure of cultivars, ex situ, and in situ samples in ascertaining the status of plant genetic resources (PGR).

De novo balanced complex chromosome rearrangements involving chromosomes 1B and 3B of wheat and 1R of rye.

Complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs) are defined as structural abnormalities involving more than two chromosome breaks, coupled with exchanges of chromosomal segments. Information on CCRs in plants is limited. In the present study, a plant (26-4) harboring translocation chromosomes 1RS.1BL and 4RS.4DL was selected from a double monosomic (1R and 4R) addition line, which was derived from the hybrid between wheat cultivar MY11 and a Chinese local rye variety. The genome of the plant with double alien translocation chromosomes in the monosomic form showed more instability than that harboring a single translocation. The CCRs involving chromosomes 1RS.1BL and 3B, which were generated de novo in this plant, showed double monosomic translocation chromosomes. A new CCR line with balanced reciprocal translocations 1RS.3BL and 3BS.1BL was developed, which presented normal morphological traits of wheat and underwent rapid growth in the field. A new 1RS.1BL translocation line was also selected from the progeny of plant 26-4. The CCRs and simple 1RS.1BL translocation lines showed significant improvement in grain yield, number of spikes per square meter, kernel number per spike, and resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew. The CCR line exhibited better agronomic traits and adult plant resistance in the field than its sister line, which harbored a simple 1RS.1BL translocation. The CCRs are remarkable genetic resources for crop improvement.

The phenology of winter rye in Poland: an analysis of long-term experimental data

The study of the phenology of crops, although quite popular, has limitations, mainly because of frequent changes to crop varieties and management practices. Here, we present data on the phenology and yield of winter rye in western Poland collected between 1957 and 2012 from a long-term field experiment. Data were examined for trends through time and compared to climatological factors using regression analysis. Both annual air temperature and precipitation increased during the study period, equivalent to 2 °C and 186 mm, respectively, over the 52-year period for which met data were available. We detected significant delays in sowing date and recently in emergence, but significant advances were apparent in full flowering date equivalent to 4 days/decade. Yield and plant density experienced a step like change in 1986; yield increasing by ca. 70 % and plant density increasing by ca. 50 %, almost coinciding with a similar change in annual mean temperature, but most likely caused by a changed seed rate and use of herbicides. Future climate change is expected to have a greater impact on this crop, but farmers may be able to adapt to these changes by modifying water regimes, using new machinery and sowing new rye varieties.