Plum Varieties Research Articles

The Process Of Drying Plums And Taking Precautions In Their Storage

The article provides information from the literature on cutting, transportation, sorting, inspection, washing, immersion (blanching), desulfurization, dehumidification, drying and storage of dried plum varieties. In particular, during drying, stoves and ovens must be constructed in a manner that fully meets fire safety requirements. Those who work with caustic soda should also be provided with special gowns, shoes, respirators, goggles and gloves.

Growth Dynamics and Diversity of Yeasts during Spontaneous Plum Mash Fermentation of Different Varieties.

The influence of fruit varieties on yeast ecology during spontaneous plum mash fermentation was investigated. Yeast colonies were isolated from mashes obtained from four plum varieties throughout fermentation in laboratory conditions during two consecutive years. The yeast strains were differentiated by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) and identified by the 26S rDNA D1/D2 sequence analysis. Hanseniaspora uvarum, Metschnikowia spp. and Pichia kudriavzevii were the dominant yeasts during the early stages of plum mash fermentation, while the middle and end phases were dominated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The strains of Candida sake, Nakazawaea ernobii, Pichia kluyveri, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Wickerhamomyces anomalus were also detected in fermenting plum mashes. Metschnikowia sp. M1, H. uvarum H1 and H2 strains were detected in all samples, irrespective of the tested variety and year. Investigation of the impact of individual yeast strains on the production of volatile compounds showed the potential possibility of using them as starter cultures.

А comprehensive assessment of the most promising varieties and forms of plum breeding in I. V. Michurin federal scientific center

The purpose of the research was a comprehensive assessment of plum varieties and forms and revealing the most promising for commercial use. Plantations laid in the city of Michurinsk, Tambov region. The assessment of plum plants for frost resistance was carried out in the middle of winter (II component). The artificial freezing of l year old shoots was made in January during 12 hours at -38 °C. The least subfreezing of the wood (2.8 and 2.9) was observed in elite form 22-29 and control variety “Etyud”, respectively. The moderate resistance of tissues (the degree of injury not over 3) was observed in “Vengerka Kursakova” variety and elite form 29- 136. The subfreezing level of vegetative buds in all studied varieties and elite forms did not exceed 2.5. The freezing at -38°C causes complete death of generative organs in all accessions. On the background of mass development of fungal diseases during the growing season 2016 because of high humidity and a deficit of positive temperatures and on the base of visual registration in field – the high resistant forms to Clasterosporium (“Vengerka Kursakova”) and to Monilia (22-29) were singled out. The intensity of fungal diseases in given accessions did not exceed 2 points. The highest productivity (7.43 t/ha) averagely during the years of investigations was found in “Vengerka Kursakova” variety and the data exceeded substantially the control one. The highest fruit weight occurred to be in “Radost” and “Artistichnaya” varieties with 40.3 and 40.8 g respectively and maximum values 51.7-52.3 g. The large-fruited group included the varieties “Etyud”, “Vengerka Kursakova” and elite form 29-136 where the maximum weight varied from 38.1 to 41.6 g. The varieties “Vengerka Kursakova”, “Dubravnaya”, “Artistichnaya” distinguished by sweet and sour fruit taste (tasting, assessment 4.4) and high commodity-consumer qualities of fruits. A promising plum variety “Vengerka Kursakova”, for use in industrial plantations of the Central Black Earth Region, was identified.

Selection of china plum varieties (Prunus salicina lindl.) for use in modern plantings of the northern caucasus foothill zone

This paper presents the results of two years of research (2018-2019) of the most important phonological phases of seasonal growth and development, biometric parameters, productivity and economic efficiency of new varieties of Chinese plum (P. salicina Lindl.) grown in the foothill zone of the North Caucasus in the Krymsk district of Krasnodar territory on a plot of the Krymsk experimental breeding station – branch of VIR. As a result of research, the varieties Angeleno, Black Star, Byron Gold, Black Amber, Larry Ann and Sun Gold were recommended for cultivation using intensive technologies.

Biological features of plum cultivar-rootstock combinations in arid conditions of the Northern Caspian sea

The results of studies of biological features of growth and fruiting of plum varieties are presented. Found that released at the yield grade the Great blue on dwarf rootstock VVA-1 and Anna Shpet on medium Eureka-99 was characterized by a statistically significant difference in comparison with control Greengage Altana (LSD05 3.5 t/ha). The Kuban early variety exceeded the control yield by 35%, while the Burbank and Great blue varieties on Eureka-99 were at its level in terms of yield. In the third year after planting, almost all varieties of rootstock combinations formed single fruits. It indicates the potential rapidity of these varieties. The size of the fruit stood out varieties Bogatyrskaya and Angelina with a fruit weight of 53.6...52.3 g, with a fruit weight of the control variety Renklod Altana-20.5 g. the Lowest percentage of the bone from the fruit weight (3.3%) was marked in Angelina variety.

Comparative analysis of peach and nectarine cultivars based on their ecological and biological indicators

Natural conditions other than the ecological conditions of the Chinese gene center (as 34-38° latitude and 600 to 2400 m above sea level), mainly dry subtropical, i.e. Mediterranean effects, facilitated the development of new forms and varieties (Scorza & Okie, 1991; Faust & Timon, 1995). Probably the primary cause of nectarines, this could also be the primary cause of mutations (probably about 2000 years ago) (Roach, 1985; Surányi, 1985). During the long domestication of peaches, its natural occurrence increased, which was greatly enhanced by its ecological and mutational ability and the organoleptical values of its fruit (Hedrick, 1917; Roach, 1985; Scorza & Okie, 1991; Faust et al., 2011). Through the Ellenberg-Borhidi model and its refinement, the author has demonstrated the suitability of peaches in a broad climate zone based on the relative ecological and biological values of 700 varieties. Among the varieties, clone cultivars and hybrids were Hungarian selected and crossed form, because the diverse environmental conditions of the Carpathian Basin and the past and present size of cultivation were representative (Faust & Timon, 1995; Timon, 2000). It can be concluded from the present relative ecological data that the average standard deviation is below 12% for both peach and nectarine varieties, but the relative biological values were very different. Comparison of cultivars or classical (downy) peaches (n = 562) and nectarines (n = 138) in terms of environmental values confirmed the difference in heat demand and salt tolerance of the two groups of varieties. The pictures of the paper also demonstrated the rich diversity of this fruit species, and after analyzing the apricot and plum varieties (Surányi 2014, 2018), the peculiarities of the relative ecological and biological values of peaches were confirmed.

Solvent extractions and spectrophotometric protocols for measuring the total anthocyanin, phenols and antioxidant content in plums

Total monomeric anthocyanins from six commercial plum varieties were extracted using two protocols, viz methanol/water extraction through end-over-end shaking and ethanol/water extraction in a shaking water bath; adapted from the Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI) standard method. Anthocyanins were determined using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standard protocol and a modification of the AWRI method. The mean relative standard deviation was found to be similar between methods, at 13.5% and 9.9%, respectively. On average, the anthocyanin concentrations given by the AWRI method were 27% higher than those obtained using the AOAC standard method. This was attributed to the AWRI method not correcting for haze or matrix interference, but estimating the anthocyanin concentration from the absorbance at a single wavelength. Anthocyanin measurements on the two extractions using the same measurement protocol supported this, indicating that the methanolic extracts gave a higher anthocyanin yield than the ethanolic extracts. Furthermore, HPLC profiling of the anthocyanin content demonstrated significantly more anthocyanins were extracted through the methanol extraction protocol. The methanol/water extraction protocol and AOAC standard method are much simpler to perform than the AWRI method and appear to be at least as precise. Thus this extraction and spectrophotometric protocol is well suited to future work on plum matrices. The extraction method is also more suitable for the subsequent photometric and/or HPLC determination of phenolic and total antioxidant contents.

Comparative Evaluation of Eurytoma schreineri Schr. Attack Frequency on Transgenic and Two Conventional Plum Varieties

The plum seed wasp (Eurytoma schreineri Schr.) is a polyphagous pest that can cause significant damages to the plum crop. A transgenic plum variety, resistant to Plum pox virus, was evaluated to the attack frequency of E. schreineri in the context of reduced number of insecticide treatments against aphids, in comparison with two conventional plum varieties. The most affected variety by plum seed wasp, for two consecutive years, was ‘Stanley’, followed by ‘Reine Claude d’Althan’, and then ‘HoneySweet’ transgenic plum. The differences between variants were statistically assured.

Peculiarities of forming a root system of plum seedless in a fruit kennel with drip irrigation

Relevance. Currently, there is a problem of satisfying the demand in the domestic market for fruit and berry products in accordance with current recommendations. One of the ways to intensify agricultural production is the use of resource-saving technologies, which include drip irrigation. The issues of regulating the water balance of the soil when growing planting material for fruit crops in modern conditions require experimental studies aimed at studying the biological characteristics of economically important plants and their reactions to the complex of external environmental factors. Methods. Field studies were conducted on the territory of the educational experimental farm of the Michurinsky Garden fruit growing laboratory of the Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. A two-factor experience in the study of different ranges of moisture for the formation of varietal plum seedlings grafted on plum tree stock was laid in the spring of 2018. The first factor included options for maintaining soil moisture in the range of: 1) 60-80% of the lowest moisture capacity; 2) 70-90% of the lowest moisture capacity; 3) 80-100% of the lowest moisture capacity; 4) control (without irrigation). Plum varieties “Mashenka” and “Utro” were the second factor. Results. Constructed humidification contours according to the years of research and experimental options showed that drip irrigation contributes to the optimum moisture concentration in the soil for seedlings. The most developed root system compared with the control was obtained on irrigated options with maintaining humidity in the range of 70-90 and 80-100% of the lowest moisture capacity. Here, the maximum values of the volume of the root system, the number of roots and the average root length are obtained. It was revealed that in the variants with irrigation, the root system of seedlings spreads in the upper layer (mainly 20-30 cm) and stretches along the line with droppers.

Study of introduced plum varieties in the South Urals

In the conditions of the South Urals, an economic and biological assessment of 9 plum varieties introduced from the Altai Mountains (the village of Chemal) was carried out in order to assess and identify the best ones for breeding and practical use. According to the research results, accessions with a complex of economically valuable traits were identified. Accessions G 7-126 (26.1 kg per tree) and G 9-150 (23.2 kg per tree) were the most productive in the years of research. Freezing of generative buds in the winter of 2017/2018 was observed in the accessions G 9-150, G 7-126 and amounted to 0.5 points (not more than 10 % of the buds), in the remaining variety specimens from 2.5 to 3.0 points ( buds death was 25-50 %), which led to yield reduction. Late fruit ripening period (second decade of September) was noted for the accessions G 7-126 and G 9-150, the remaining the accessions (77.8 %) have a medium late ripening period. The accession G 9-150 was distinguished for good winter hardiness, weakness, productivity, late ripening, quality and taste of fruits. Three accessions are recommended for breeding — G 12-132, G 12-150 (winter hardiness, weakness, fruit quality), G 7-126 (accession with anthocyanin color of the pulp of the fruit).

BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE PLUM SEED WASP [EURYTOMA SCHREINERI SCHREINER (HYMENOPTERA: EURYTOMIDAE)

The plum seed wasp, Eurytoma schreineri Schr. is a new pest on plum trees in Bulgaria. It is a serious pest for plums in northeastern Bulgaria. This wasp attacks the fruits of various plum cultivars. Damage by E. schreineri on plums ranges from 26-92%. The damage percent depends upon bioecological conditions and on the susceptibility of the plum varieties. Late-flowering cultivars are the most sensitive, where the attack can reach up to 90-92% of Stanley cultivar. This is univoltine and overwinters as a fully developed larva within stones of the fallow fruit under the plum trees. During the spring, usually in early May, the adults go out of the fallen mummified fruits and after mating the females oviposit inside the newly formed plum fruit. The egg is inserted into the endosperm of the fruit before the formation of the stone. Incubation lasts about 20-22 days, and hatch begins about the time that the plum seed embryo becomes visible. Larva development is completed by the end of June or early July, then the larvae enter diapause and remain in this state for 1-3 winters. Locally penetrating insecticides, applied when the larvae begin to hatch, provide a significant degree of larval control.

Solation of plum scion-rootstock combinations for cultivation in arid conditions of the Northern Caspian sea

Biological features of growth and fruiting of plum varieties of domestic and foreign selection were investigated, on the dwarf basement ВВА-1. It was established that at the age of 4 years the largest parameters of the crown were the trees of the varieties Burbank, Great Blue and Angelina (6.6–7.4 m3), smaller - varieties Bogatyrskaya, Volgograd and Kubanskaya early (3.5–4.2 m3), which allows to place these trees more. According to the speed, there were large-scale combinations of varieties Bogatyrskaya, Volgograd and Angelina, in which flowering was observed in the first year after landing in the garden. The highest productivity from the unit of section area and crown volume, in three years of fruiting, on the basement of the ВВА-1, was allocated varieties Bogatyrskaya, Volgograd and Kubanskaya early, which are suitable for cultivation according to intensive technologies. The maximum weight of the fruit is observed in Angeline variety -79.3 g.

Drought- and heat- resistance of garden plum (Prunus domestica L.) accessions and forms in the forest steppe of Ukraine

Aim. To evaluate drought- and heat- resistance of garden plum (Prunus domestica L.) accessions and forms in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine Results and Discussion. The study was carried out at L.P. Symyrenko Experimental Station of Pomology of the Institute of Horticulture of NAAS in 2018-2019. Fourteen accessions and 9 early-, mid- or late-ripening elite forms were studied. Recently, the climatic conditions in Ukraine have been characterized by an increase in the average annual temperature and unstable precipitation; there have often been periods without any precipitation. All these changes negatively affect the growth and development of plants. Analyzing the water-physical properties of different plum varieties, we measured the water content of leaf tissues. Most varieties had moderate water content ranging 55% (President) to 64.9% (Renklod Karbysheva). Record, Bluefri, Nenka, Oda and elite forms 7794, 12516, and 605 stood out, because the water content in their leaf tissues exceeded 60%. Investigation of the water balance in plum leaves revealed significant differences between varieties and hybrids. The water loss intensity varied. It was the lowest at all three exposures of leaves of forms 8087 and 9996 and variety Nenka (3.72-4.86, 9.53-11.06, and 14.90-15.61%, respectively). A high ability to retain water was also intrinsic to varieties Yantarnaya Mlievskaya (6.39%, 11.33%, 15.66%, Oda (7.21%, 12.84%, 18.48%), Dobra (7.73%, 13.66%, 19.58%), and Tophit (8.07%, 13.57%, 18.45%). The greatest loss of water of 19.21% and 20.56% after 2 hours was recorded in form 7794 and varietys Renklod Karbysheva. Conclusions. The studied plum varieties and forms have been categorized according to water-physical indicators and drought resistance into the following groups: highly resistant (Nenka, 8087, 9996); resistant (Oda, Yantarnaya Mlievskaya, Dobra, Tophit); medium resistant (Herman, Stanley, Record, Blufri, 9605, 7756, 8124, 8143); lowly resistant (Zamanchyva, 8110). Renklod Karbysheva and elite form 7794 were the least resistant. The highest heat resistance was recorded for varieties Nenka, Oda, Stenley, Record and elite forms 12516, 8124, and 7794, in which the damage to leaves was 10-15%. The lowest heat resistance was seen in variety President and elite form 8143, in which the damage to leaves was 75%. In the other accessions and forms, this parameter ranged within 20-50% of the total leaf area, corresponding to medium heat resistance.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ САЖЕНЦЕВ СЛИВЫ, ВЫРАЩИВАЕМЫХ В ПЛОДОВОМ ПИТОМНИКЕ ПРИ КАПЕЛЬНОМ ОРОШЕНИИ

There is currently a lack of capacity in the Russian nursery-garden, as a result of which a significant part of the planting material comes from abroad. Drip irrigation is one of the types of resource-saving technologies that can intensify agricultural production, including in the field of growing planting stock for gardening. The goal of the work was to study the effect of drip irrigation on the formation of plum seedlings grown in a fruit nursery under the conditions of the central Nonblack Soil zone of Russia. Field studies were conducted on the territory of the educational-experimental farm of the Michurinsky Garden fruit-growing laboratory of the Russian State Agrarian University–Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. A two-factor field experiment was laid in spring 2018. The first factor is the drip irrigation mode; the second factor is the plum varieties (Mashenka and Utro) grafted on cherry plum stock. The results of the experiment show that an irrigation mode with maintaining soil moisture in the range of 80–100% of the lowest moisture capacity with a soaking depth of 30 cm in the first year and 40 cm in the second year is recommended to more rationally use irrigation water and to obtain high-quality plum planting material in the nursery. This irrigation mode was noted to result in the maximum values of the stem diameter, height of seedlings, and leaf surface area.

Creation and study of Russian plum varieties in the Middle Volga

Eight elites of Russian plum were created and transferred to the state test as a result of many years of breeding work on interstitial hybridization in the Samara region. According to the results of many years of observations and field surveys, the most frost-resistant varieties of Russian plum were identified; the nature of damage to plum plants in severe winters was studied. Experimental data proved the promise of growing Russian plum varieties in the Middle Volga region. The varieties Kompotnaya (23.6 kg per tree), Mara (19.4 kg), Smart (13.8 kg) and Poselkovskaya (10.4 kg) have high productivity. Ripening dates, weight and taste of fruits in Russian plum depend on the variety, air temperature and the amount of precipitation. The varieties possess large fruits (weighing 35-50 g) Kuban Comet, Found, elite Giantess, Canning, Dressy, 1/17. The best tastes were the varieties Kuban Comet (4.5 points), July Rose (4.4 points), Found (4.5 points), Pramen (4.5 points), the elite Long-awaited and Canned (4.4 points).

Сортоизучение сливы домашней (Prunus domestika L.) в Федеральном аграрном научном центре Северо-Востока имени Н. В. Рудницкого» (ФГБНУ ФАНЦ Северо-Востока)

Сортоизучение сливы домашней (Prunus domestika L.) в Федеральном аграрном научном центре Северо-Востока имени Н. В. Рудницкого» (ФГБНУ ФАНЦ Северо-Востока)

FORMATION OF PLUM SEEDLINGS UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION IN CENTRAL NON-BLACK SOIL REGION OF RUSSIA

The article presents the results of studying formation of plum seedlings under drip irrigation in conditions of the Central Non-Black Soil Region of Russia. Field research was carried out on the territory of the training and experimental farming, fruit-growing laboratory “Michurinsky Garden” of the Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. The factors studied were soil irrigation regimes (60-80, 70-90, 80-100% of the lowest moisture capacity) and plum varieties (“Utro” and “Mashenka”). The results of the experiment showed that plum seedlings grown under conditions of insufficient and uneven moistening were characterized by the lowest biometric indices. The most severe lack of soil moisture was observed during intensive growth (May - early June). Insufficient and uneven moistening with intervals of reduced moistening leads to several growth waves in plants. In the seedlings grown under drip irrigation the second and third waves of growth were not observed. In irrigation variants, the root system of seedlings was mainly located in the upper arable layer of the soil which was best supplied with nutrients, had the lowest density and favorable air regime. Location of root system along the drip line and at the depth of 30 cm facilitated transferring seedlings to nurseries and ensured less damage to them during transplantation.

Selection Model for Optimization of the Gene Bank of Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) and plum (Prunus domestica L.) in the Low Volga Region

The researchers of the Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of the Low Volga region – the branch of FSC of agroecology of RAS – have developed the regulations for the selection model of optimization of genetic pool and created a number of varieties of cherry and plum by hybridization of local and southern varieties and by use of hybrids of free pollination. The optimization of gene bank of cherry and plum on the basis of the study of genetic biodiversity and regulations for the selection model and programs provides the adaptation of the newly developed varieties for the creation of industrial crops in agrosystems of the Low Volga and other regions of Russia. The catalog of assortment has been developed and the six varieties of garden plum (Prunus domestica L.) regionalized, including Volgogradskaya, Bogatyrskaya, and Vengerka korneyevskaya varieties, as well as a number of other ones that have been created during hybridization of the local varieties of the Volga region, such as, Volzhskaya sinyaya, Ternosliv letniy, Ternosliv osenniy with the most adaptive introduced varieties. The new varieties and elites (best specimens) of sour cherry (Prunu scerasus L.): Loznovskaya, Dubovskaya krupnoplodnaya, Melodiya, Lyubimitsa, Peskovatskaya, Dubovochka, Temnookrashennaya, Sharada, Pamyat‘ Zhukovoy – have been selected by intervarietal hybridization and by sowing of seeds collected during free pollination of the following varieties: Zhukovskaya, Lyubskaya, Krasa Severa, Shirpotreb chernaya, Ujfeherto furtos. The above-mentioned forms contributed to a richer assortment of garden plum and sour cherry in the Low Volga region, meaning adaptive, high-yielding, high-quality varieties of universal use. There is a good reason to use the above-mentioned assortment as the integrated donors during the development of selection programs aimed at continued improvement of varieties of stone fruit crops.

Molecular and Phenotypic Diversity of Traditional European Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Germplasm of Southern Italy

The European plum (Prunus domestica L.) is a worldwide distributed tree species. Italy has an ample number of traditional varieties, but many are neglected and at risk of extinction. This germplasm is still cultivated in rural areas in spite of the EU-28 crisis of the stone fruit sector. Traditional European plum varieties remain poorly characterized, strongly limiting their promotion in local markets, use for farm diversification, and exploitation for local gastronomic products. In this study, we carried out an investigation of the morphological and genetic diversity present in an ex-situ collection of 29 traditional varieties of P. domestica of the Campania region (Southern Italy). The combination of five continuous and five categorical fruit traits allowed us to phenotypically distinguish all the varieties. Similarly, the Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) employed (five genomic and five deriving from Expressed Sequence Tags) identified a unique molecular profile for each variety. Moreover, the data indicated that the phenotypic and molecular investigations provided different clustering, suggesting that the two analyses sampled different sources of diversity. The number and the distribution of the scored phenotypes as well as the indices of genetic diversity imply the presence of a wide-ranging variation, which may sustain the development of high-value, niche market products. Our work provided evidence that the implementation of measures for a combination of ex-situ and on-farm conservation of traditional European plum varieties should be preferred to avoid the loss of an ample diversity.

Evaluation of introduced plum varieties under extreme climatic conditions

In the gene bank variety collection, 15 plum varieties were examined based on morphogenetic and pomological traits. Most cultivars of self-fertilizing or pollinating partners were well-cultivated. In addition to Queston, Stanley, Valor and Verity, towards 11 new cultivars have been experienced in this paper.
 From the observations, it seems that the growth and plantation of Valor, Presenta, Topfive and Bellamira can increase. However, the Top Sugar and Valor fruit sizes are best suited to market requirements. The role of Stanley may be reduced, but there is no reason to replace it. However, the questions of local varieties of domestic origin fall into a different category, and raw materials for quality products are difficult to replace with other varieties.