Chrysanthemum Varieties Research Articles

Результаты интродукции сорта Сhrysanthemum L. в условиях Мангистау

The article presents the results of an introductory study of Korean chrysanthemum varieties in the collection of the Mangyshlak Experimental Botanical Garden. As a result of phenological observations of 26 varieties of chrysanthemum in 2018–2020, it was revealed that chrysanthemum varieties are long-growing. The duration of phenological phases is more dependent on the biological characteristics of the variety and on the meteorological factors of the year of study. During the three-year period of observations on the flowering dates in the arid conditions of Mangistau, 4 groups of chrysanthemum varieties were identified: early, middle, mediumlate, and late varieties. The total flowering duration of chrysanthemum varieties was on average from 20 to 45 days. Flowering of early varieties lasts about 25–28 days, medium and medium-late — from 35 to 45, late — about 25 days. Also, this study provides an assessment of the decorative and biological properties of chrysanthemum varieties. Through the comprehensive assessment, the most promising varieties of chrysanthemum were identified, which make it possible to create decorative floral compositions of various types in the conditions of the arid zone of Mangistau, and thereby replenish the assortment of decorative perennial plants with new varieties.

Development of a Transformation System and Locus Identification Pipeline for T-DNA in Chrysanthemum seticuspe, A Model Species for Hexaploid Cultivated Chrysanthemum.

Chrysanthemum is one of the most popular flowers worldwide and has high aesthetic and commercial value. However, the cultivated varieties of chrysanthemum are hexaploid and highly heterozygous, which makes gene editing and gene function research difficult. Gojo-0 is a diploid homozygous line bred from a self-compatible mutant of Chrysanthemum seticuspe and is expected to become a model plant of the genus Chrysanthemum. After assessment of different growth regulator combinations, the optimal concentrations of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) in the regeneration system were 1.0 mg·L−1 and 0.2 mg·L−1, respectively. In the genetic transformation system, the selected concentrations of kanamycin, hygromycin and glufosinate-ammonium were 10 mg·L−1, 2.5 mg·L−1 and 0.6 mg·L−1 for bud generation and 12 mg L−1, 1.5 mg·L−1 and 0.5 mg·L−1 for rooting. The transgenic plants were verified by not only PCR detection and GUS staining, but also identification of the T-DNA insertion locus using high-throughput sequencing. Our results lay the foundation for gene functional research on chrysanthemum and will help with the identification of transgenic plants.

Discrimination of chrysanthemum varieties using lipidomics based on UHPLC-HR-AM/MS/MS.

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important and popular ornamentals over the world. Chrysanthemum drink is a type of traditional healthy drink like Chinese tea. Owing to the differences in the chemical compositions, different chrysanthemum varieties have different medicinal effects on human health. Thus, the identification of different chrysanthemum varieties is very important and necessary. This study aims to distinguish seven chrysanthemum varieties that are widely used in China. First, total lipids were obtained from chrysanthemums. After that, lipid profiles were characterized using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with a Q Exactive™ high resolution-accurate-mass mass spectrometer. A total of 163 lipid molecular species from 17 types of lipid classes in seven varieties of chrysanthemums were determined. Principal component analysis indicated that three lipid molecules, lysophosphatidylethanolamine(18:2) (LPE(18:2)), LPE(16:0), and phosphatidic acid(18:2/18:3) (variable importance in projection >3, P < 0.001), can be used as potential biomarkers to distinguish seven chrysanthemum varieties. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the lipid molecular profiles of 'Gongju' were most similar to 'Jinzijianju', followed by 'Huaibaiju', 'Boju', 'Hangbaiju', 'Chuju', and 'Fubaiju'. This comprehensive analysis provided a new method to identify chrysanthemum varieties through the perspective of lipidomics combined with chemometrics. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Ploidy study of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) through PMC’s method

Determination of the ploidy level of plants is utmost important for identification of species, selection of suitable parental lines and also to identify the relationships between species to determine the evolutionary patterns. In chrysanthemum species, chromosomes often have different degrees of differentiation, both between and within species. Total 30 genotypes of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) were used to study the cytology in the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping and Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PAU, Ludhiana during 2019 with the objective to find out the genetic variation among the diverse genotypes of chrysanthemum. The ploidy level of 30 chrysanthemum genotypes was studied through meiotic study of pollen mother cells and for this study of meiotic chromosomes, stage and timings of bud collection is very much important. A range of ploidy level was encountered in chromosomal study of selected chrysanthemum germplasm and ploidy level was 2n= 52–116. This study indicated that polyploidy variation was found in all varieties of chrysanthemum selected for study. The elucidation of ploidy level of various crops and species provides foundation for understanding their genetic background, therefore, the results of present study will be further helpful for germplasm conservation of chrysanthemum flower crop.

Study on the Chemical Profile of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) and the Evaluation of the Similarities and Differences between Different Cultivars.

Chrysanthemum originates in China and has been cultivated for tea and food utilizations over two thousand years. According to differences in origin and processing methods, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. can be categorized into many cultivars. This study aims to investigate the chemical components in chrysanthemum and clarify similarities and differences between different chrysanthemum varieties. A total of 55 non-volatile components and 66 volatile components in chrysanthemum were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods, respectively. A rapid UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 13 active components in 30 batches chrysanthemum samples of ten different cultivars. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to analyze the samples. The result indicated that Boju, Huaiju and Chuju were more similar in terms of the ingredient content and Qiju, Jinsihuangju, Huangju, Hangju, Gongju, Fubaiju, Baiju have a high degree of similarity. Furthermore, isochlorogenic acid C, luteolin, apigenin-7-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, apigenin and cryptochlorogenic acid plays an important role in distinguishing different varieties of chrysanthemum. The established strategy explains the similarities and differences between different varieties of chrysanthemums to some extent, and provides certain reference value for the choice of chrysanthemums for eating or medicinal purposes in daily life.

Perspective hybrid generation of chrysanthemum of the Stavropol Botanical Garden

Relevance. Chrysanthemum (dendrantema) (Chrisanthemum х hortorum Bailey) belongs to the family Asteraceae. The aim of the study is to create decorative varieties of small-flowered chrysanthemum for the steppe zone, resistant to adverse environmental conditions, pests and diseases, with early and long flowering periods. The task is to single out a hybrid generation of chrysanthemum that is promising forgardening in the region and use it as initial forms in further breeding work.Methods. Scientific work was carried out in the Stavropol Botanical Garden in 2020– 2021. A comparative assessment of the decorativeness of hybrid seedlings was developed taking into account the recommendations: Methodology of state variety testing of ornamental crops. The study of the phenological phases of development was carried out according to the Methodology of phenological observations in botanical gardens.Results. The objects of research are 9 promising hybrid samples obtained from free pollination of varieties, species and hybrid seedlings: Pugovka, Romashkovoe Pole, Evdokia, Svetlana, Koster, Utro, Nastena, Oktyabrina, Zvezda The hybrid generation differs from the original forms in the shape of the bush, the size and color of the inflorescences, and the timing of flowering. Most hybrids have white, purple and yellow inflorescences of simple non-double, double and anemone forms. The diameter ranges from 3,5 to 7,3 cm. Vegetation of plants in the conditions of the Stavropol Botanical Garden begins on March 10–25. Hybrid samples of Pugovka, Romashkovoe Pole,, Evdokia, Nastena, Zvezda, Oktyabrina are of the average flowering period, in the conditions of the botanical garden it is September, Koster, Svetlana and Utro — early flowering hybrids, flowering in August. In terms of height, Oktyabrina is tall, recommended for cutting, thanks to strong peduncles. Undersized are Svetlana, Evdokia, Koster, , Nastena, they are recommendedas a pot and flowerbed culture and as a decorative design for gardens and parks. The remaining samples — Utro, Pugovka, Romashkovoe Pole, Zvezda — have a wide range of uses. A promising hybrid generation was selected for further study as the initial forms in breeding work.

Studies on Performance of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora T.) Varieties under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions

The objective of this study was to find out the most suitable variety for plant growth flower yield and quality of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora.T) under the agro climatic conditions of Prayagraj, India. The present experiment was carried out during October to March, 2021-2022 in Research Field, Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Prayagraj. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD), with 15 varieties which have been replicated 3 times. From the performed experimental it was conclude that the 15 chrysanthemum varieties under study showed significant variation in all the parameters observed. The variety Non pinch Non stick expressed significantly better performance in terms of height (35.77 cm), plant spread (22.90 cm²), average flower weight (11.4 g), flower yield per plant (134.15 g), shelf life (11 days).Variety Vijay took earliness for first flower bud initiation (38 days), which followed by Non pinch Non stick (41.47 days), the variety Vijay took less number of days (55 days) for flowering, but variety Non pinch Non stick took more number of days for flowering (59.7 days).The variety Pink Princes also reported significantly better performance in most of the parameters like number of primary branches (13.7), number of leaves (83.44),number of flower buds (44.00), number of flowers per plant (29.00), at par with the variety C₂₆, followed by Scarleteer. Hence, the varieties Non pinch Non stick and Pink Princes performed best varieties for cultivation in Prayagraj.

Germplasm Innovation and Establishment of Comprehensive Evaluation System for Hedgerow Garden Chrysanthemum

Garden chrysanthemums are a group of chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium) that are mostly used in garden landscape collocations. Because most garden chrysanthemum varieties have low plants and poor space effects, they have certain limitations in garden landscape applications. In this study, we selected seven garden chrysanthemum varieties with excellent characteristics for artificial hybridization and intercross parentage to obtain new varieties with good traits we need. The phenotypic characteristics of the F1 offspring in terms of plant height, crown width, crown height ratio, number of main branches, branching intensity, plant form, inflorescence diameter, number of flowers per plant, number of ray florets, flower color, and days from planting period to coloring period were analyzed and systematically evaluated. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation system was established using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and k-means clustering method. We built a comprehensive analysis model, calculated the weighting of each evaluation factor, and multiplied the weight value by the score of the evaluation index standard of each factor to obtain the comprehensive score of each plant. All F1 plants were divided into four grades: excellent grade accounting for 13%, good grade accounting for 28%, medium grade accounting for 36%, and poor grade accounting for 23%. Then, we analyzed the differences of some quantitative traits between Group E (hybrids in excellent grade) and Group O (hybrids in good, medium, and poor grades). There were significant differences in plant height, crown height ratio, and the number of main branches but no significant difference in crown width. Combining with comprehensive score showed that Group E performed well overall. Finally, we selected five hybrid offspring with the highest overall scores in Group E as excellent variety materials of garden chrysanthemum for hedgerow. They were CH22, YQ73, HY08, CQ80, and HY07, respectively. We also found that plant height, lodging resistance, crown height ratio, plant form, crown width, and the number of main branches could be the main indicators in the AHP, which can be effectively applied to the comprehensive evaluation and breeding of garden chrysanthemums for hedgerows.

Genetic Diversity and Genome-Wide Association Study of Architectural Traits of Spray Cut Chrysanthemum Varieties

The architecture of spray cut chrysanthemum is crucial for the quality and quantity of cut flower production. However, the mechanism underlying plant architecture still needs to be clarified. In this study, we measured nine architecture-related traits of 195 spray cut chrysanthemum varieties during a two-year period. The results showed that the number of upper primary branches, number of lateral flower buds and primary branch length widely varied. Additionally, plant height had a significant positive correlation with number of leaf nodes and total number of lateral buds. Number of upper primary branches had a significant negative correlation with primary branch diameter, primary branch angle and primary branch length. Plant height, total number of lateral buds, number of upper primary branches, stem diameter, primary branch diameter and primary branch length were vulnerable to environmental impacts. All varieties could be divided into five categories according to cluster analysis, and the typical plant architecture of the varieties was summarized. Finally, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to find potential functional genes.

Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Internal Factors on the Floral Color of Four Chrysanthemum Cultivars of Different Colors

Flower color, a critical phenotypic trait of ornamental plants, is an essential indicator for flower variety classification. Many physical and internal factors that affect flower color have been widely investigated; however, the effects of internal factors during the flowering period remain unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effects of internal factors on floral coloration during the flowering period of four chrysanthemum cultivars of different colors. colorimetric measurements showed that L*, a*, and b* were in correlation with the lightness and color development in the four chrysanthemum cultivars. The distinctive shape of upper epidermal cells was observed in each flowering stage of different colored chrysanthemums. With progression of the flowering process, the content of anthocyanins and carotenoids increased during early stages, decreased at the senescence stage, and was the highest at the full-bloom stage. The vacuolar pH of flowers gradually decreased as the flower bloomed. Metal contents in flowers varied across different chrysanthemum varieties. Anthocyanins biosynthesis genes, such as CmCHS and CmCHI, were expressed and responsible for pigment changes in red chrysanthemums. Moreover, the expression pattern of cytosol pH-related genes, such as CmVHA-a1, CmVHA-C, and CmVHA-C″1, was in accordance with a decrease in pH during flowering stages. Our results revealed the effects of main internal factors on floral color during the flowering period in four Chrysanthemum varieties, providing insights into the introcellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms of flower coloration and laying key foundations for the improvement of color breeding in chrysanthemums.

Utilization of plant varieties for agribusiness supporting tourism and economy as an appropriate technology in Chrysanthemum production during the Covid-19 pandemic and beyond in Indonesia

This study aims to determine chrysanthemums’ business opportunities by utilizing varieties at the difference in height to chrysanthemum crops and the impact of chrysanthemum development on farmers’ social institutions. The research was conducted purposively at the chrysanthemum production center and using the Complete Group Random Plan. The first factor is the height of the place: 300 m above sea level, 500 m above sea level, and 700 m above sea level. The second factor: chrysanthemum varieties are: Kusumaswasti, Sasikirana, Kusumapatria, Cintamani, Ratnahapsari Kusumasakti. Observed microclimate parameters: air temperature, the intensity of sunlight, and humidity of the air. Observed growth and yield parameters: height of plants, number of leaves, the diameter of stems, harvest time, and brightness of flower color. The socio-economic studies observed are business opportunities and the impact of farmers’ social, institutional development. The results show the height of the place of 500 meters above sea level affects the increasing vegetative growth of all chrysanthemums planted. The height of 700 m above sea level affects the increase of crop yields, especially the diameter of the flowers of Sasikirana, Ratnahapsari, and Kusumapatria varieties and the influence on the sharpness of the color of chrysanthemums of all varieties. Chrysanthemum agribusiness has farming opportunities as it can increase farmers’ income and social institutions dynamics. At the same time, introducing of innovations or new ventures to the farming community is not easy. This requires perseverance and the utmost patience, namely, in introducing of alternative commodities of high economic value.

Rhizosphere Microbial Community Diversity and Function Analysis of Cut Chrysanthemum During Continuous Monocropping.

As an ornamental flower crop, the long-term continuous monocropping of cut chrysanthemum causes frequent occurrence of diseases, seriously affecting the quality of cut chrysanthemum. The rhizosphere microbial community plays an important role in maintaining the healthy growth of plants, whereas the composition and dynamics of rhizosphere microbial community under continuous monocropping of cut chrysanthemum have not been fully revealed. In this study, the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used to monitor the dynamic changes of rhizosphere microbial communities in four varieties of cut chrysanthemum during 0–3 years of monocropping, and the soil physicochemical properties were also determined. Results showed that continuous monocropping significantly increased the fungal community richness and altered the profiles of the bacterial and fungal communities, leading to variation of community beta-diversity. With the increase of continuous cropping time, biocontrol bacteria decreased, while some plant pathogenic fungi were enriched in the rhizosphere of cut chrysanthemum. FAPROTAX-based functional prediction showed that the abundance of gene related to nitrogen and sulfur metabolism and chitin lysis was reduced in the rhizosphere of cut chrysanthemum. FUNGuild-based fungal function prediction showed that plant pathogenic fungal taxa were increasing in the rhizosphere of cut chrysanthemum, mainly Acremonium, Plectosphaerellaceae, Fusarium, and Cladosporium. Continuous cropping also reduced the content of ammonium nitrogen and increased soil salinity, resulting in deterioration of soil physical and chemical properties, which, together with the transformation of rhizosphere microbial community, became part of the reasons for the continuous cropping obstacle of cut chrysanthemum.

Effect of salicylic and ascorbic acids on post-harvest vase life of Chrysanthemum cut flowers

Flower vase life is one important aspect in determining the flower quality in the cut flower chrysanthemum. The use of ascorbic or salicylic acid as preservative solutions was expected to have an impact on the prolonged duration of the cut flower freshness. The research was designed in two parallel experiments. The first dealt with salicylic acid, while the second focused on ascorbic acid. Both experiments were arranged in a factorial completely blocked randomised design. Two chrysanthemum varieties, i.e., ‘Reagent Sunny’ and ‘Yellow &lt;br /&gt;Fiji’ were the first factor and concentrations of the salicylic or ascorbic acids, i.e., 0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm became the second factor. The results showed the termination of the flower freshness was recognised by the wilted leaves and petals, and petal colour changes. In all the treatments, the colour change of the wilted petals of each variety fell in the same colour, indicating the direction of the colour changes was not affected by the ascorbic/salicylic acids. Ascorbic acid at 200 ppm induced longer flower longevity than the control with delayed chlorophyll degradation in both tested cultivars. In the salicylic acid applications, a 100-ppm solution induced longer flower freshness only in the ‘Reagent Sunny’. In higher concentrations, salicylic acid solutions induced shorter flower freshness with faster chlorophyll degradation and basal tissue damage in the ‘Yellow Fiji’.

Conservation and study of the generic complex Chrysanthemum L. in the Southern Ural

Chrysanthemum × hortorum is the most well-known blossoming late flower, which is oftenly used for home landscaping and city gardening. The aim of the study was a comprehensive assessment of varieties of chrysanthemum from the collection of the South-Ural Botanical Garden of Ufa, taking into account the directions of use. At the first stage of analysis, decorative and economically valuable signs were assessed. As a result of the analysis of the decorative qualities of 112 varieties of chrysanthemum, ten were identified, which have a high decorative effect of the bush, a weak aroma and are characterized by abundant flowering; they are rated 49–50 points. 84 varieties are rated 40–48 points, they have less abundant flowering and a stronger aroma. According to economically valuable traits, the highest number of points (48-49) was awarded to 4 varieties. As a result of the comprehensive assessment, 106 varieties were classified as highly promising, they scored more than 80 points; six varieties are promising, they are estimated at 60–80 points. At the second stage of the analysis, when determining a promising direction of use, it was revealed that most varieties (88) can be recommended for garden use and 25 for container crops.

Morpho-physiological and Biochemical Characterization of Chrysanthemum Varieties For Early Flowering under Heat Stress

• Being a SD plant, photoperiodic manipulation is imperative to maintain year round availability of chrysanthemum. • The early planting treatment with application of artificial SDs contributed to early flower bud initiation and flower maturation. • However, because of early planting and blackout treatment, plants faced heat stress and the development from buds to flower was slower. • The variety Yellow Delight overcame heat stress, flowered in August and proved to be heat tolerant while the others viz. Reagan Emperor, Reagan White, Shova and Punjab Shyamli were found to be heat sensitive. Cluster analysis also grouped Yellow Delight in separate cluster than others on the basis of morpho physiological and biochemical parameters. • Hence, Yellow Delight could be used for the off- season flower production with artificial SD treatment in sub tropical region. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. is a short day plant, with commercial significance in floriculture industry. Using photoperiod as a tool, flowering can be regulated throughout the year. The present study evaluated five spray varieties (Yellow Delight, Reagan Emperor, Reagan White, Shova and Punjab Shyamli) under different planting treatments [Early Planting (P 1 ), Early Planting treated with artificial short days (P 2 ) and Normal Planting (P 3 )] for morpho-physiological and biochemical characterization of flowering under heat stress. The plants of all varieties took least days to bud initiation and flowering under normal planting whereas plants under early planting took maximum days for bud initiation and flowering. The plants treated with artificial SDs initiated buds earlier than early planting but due to sub-optimal temperature further development of buds to flower was slower. The plants of all varieties under early planting exhibited maximum vegetative growth as they took more days to bud initiation. Yellow Delight exhibited optimum vegetative growth, minimum days to bud initiation (87.98 days) and flower maturation (141.93 days) under P 2 . The membrane stability index, relative water content, total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, sucrose and proline content, along with peroxidase activity supported early bud initiation, heat tolerance and flower development in Yellow Delight. The varieties Reagan Emperor, Reagan White, Shova and Punjab Shyamli were found to be heat sensitive. Further, the cluster analysis supported our results as Yellow Delight under early planting with SDs was in cluster II, all varieties under P 1 along with Reagan Emperor, Reagan White, Shova and Punjab Shyamli under P 2 were in Cluster I and all varieties under P 3 were in cluster III. Hence, Yellow Delight could be used for the off- season flower production with artificial SD treatment in Punjab region.

The Effects of pH-Neutral Electrolysed Oxidising Water on Growth and Development of Chrysanthemums

The aim of the study was to analyse the effects of pH-neutral electrolysed oxidising water (pH-neutral EOW), prepared by using the Envirolyte® system, on the growth and development of chrysanthemums. The experiment included two varieties of potted ('Tonka Blanc', 'Jahou CoCo') and two cut flower varieties of chrysanthemums ('Annecy White', 'Ninja'). The test plants planted in pots were irrigated with three different solutions of pH-neutral EOW (0%, 0.1% and 0.2%). Based on the results of the study, we can confirm that pH-neutral EOW has a significant effect on the growth and development of the studied chrysanthemum varieties. In potted chrysanthemums, we found a significant effect on the increased number and diameter of inflorescences, as well as fresh and dried weight of the plant and inflorescences. Chrysanthemums for cut flowers were taller and more developed, with a greater weight of the aboveground part of the plant. Its effect on the growth and development of the studied varieties depended on the solution of the mixture. Best results were observed with the 0.2% solution of pH-neutral EOW.

Resistance varieties and pattern of disease progress of rust (Pucciana horiana p. henn) in Chrysanthemum

Rust is a major disease in chrysanthemum, which causes degradation of flower quality and results in up to 100% yield loss. Out of all the available strategies, breeding for host-plant resistance and knowledge of the pattern of disease progression in each variety is an effective strategy to control rust disease. The disease progress figured out the level of disease severity from time to time. It would be as guidance to control the disease, especially pesticide application. Six national superior and one introduced varieties were tested for their rust resistance. The varieties were studied to know the pattern of disease progression in each variety from vegetative to generative phase. The study was conducted from August 2014 to January 2015 in the plastic house of chrysanthemum plantation at Garung sub-District, Wonosobo regency, one of the centers chrysanthemum production in Central Java. The disease intensity was measured at 30, 60, and 90 days after planting. The results relayed that based on the rate of disease progress and the average of disease intensity, it could be identified that the superior national varieties of chrysanthemum, Kusumaswasti, Marimar, and Yulimar were more resistant to rust than the four other varieties tested. The rate of disease progress and the level of disease intensity of rust by the plant age determined the resistance of the chrysanthemum varieties to rust. Moreover, the result showed that each variety had a different rate and pattern of disease progression and could be used to control rust effectively.

Effect of grafting on the growth and flowering of sprays chrysanthemums

To study the effect of grafting on the growth and flowering of spray chrysanthemum, Artemisia annua was used as the rootstock and eight spray chrysanthemum varieties 'Zhongshan Jinyang' ('ZSJY'), 'Zhongshan Xinmolian' ('ZSXML'), 'Zhongshan Xuerong' ('ZSXR'), 'Zhongshan Yinggui' ('ZSYG'), 'Zhongshan Zaohong' ('ZSZH'), 'Zhongshan Zhiying' ('ZSZY'), 'Zhongshan Zisongguo' ('ZSZSG'), and 'Zhongshan Ziwei' ('ZSZW') were used as the scions. The plant survival ratio, growth index (crown width, crown circumference, and biomass), and flowering characteristics (total inflorescences per plant, flower diameter, fresh and dry weight of single flowers, and flowering period) were studied after grafting. We found that for variety ‘ZSYG’, the grafted plants showed a 58.4% increase in crown width, a 68.7% increase in crown circumference, a 61.8% increase in the dry weight of the scion, a 108.4% increase in the dry weight of root, a 72.3% increase in the total dry weight, a 28.3% increase in root/shoot, and a 135.2% increase in the total inflorescences per plant compared to those in the own-rooted plants. Grafting can not only promote plant growth and increase plant biomass, and the total inflorescences per plant of spray chrysanthemum but also lengthen the ornamental period of spray chrysanthemum by advancing flowering and delaying the final flowering period. The budding period can be advanced by 13 d, the final flowering period can be delayed by 4 d, and the ornamental period can be increased by 10 d. Therefore, grafting facilitates the growth of spray chrysanthemums, advances flowering, and prolongs the ornamental period.

Effect of the Different Soil Types on Chrysanthemum Cut Flower Quality

Cultivating annual crops in the high upland has the potential to increase avalanche and land erosion. Therefore, chrysanthemum extensification from high upland to medium upland can create sustainable agriculture. The differences between high upland and medium upland are microclimate and soil type. Meanwhile, the effect of soil type between the high upland and the medium upland on the chrysanthemum spray type quality is unknown. The study aimed to determine the effect of different soil types on the quality of chrysanthemums when planted in high upland. The study used a split plot design with two factors. The first factor was the type of soil, such as Andosol from the high upland and Latosol from the medium upland. The second factor was the chrysanthemum varieties, such as Yastayuki (white flower), Arosuka Pelangi (yellow flower) and Socakawani (red flower). The results showed that both Andosol and Latosol soil types could produce the same quality of chrysanthemum in all varieties when planted in high upland. The quality aspects of chrysanthemum were the plant height, the stem diameter, the number of flowers and flower color. Consequently, we could extend the cultivation of chrysanthemum in medium upland by using Latosol type soil.

Morphobiological properties of Belarusian varieties of Korean chrysanthemum (&lt;i&gt;Chrysanthemum coreanum&lt;/i&gt;)

The assortment of floral and ornamental plants is annually replenished with new varieties of perennial floral plants. The group of late summer and autumn flowering perennials is one of the most popular in landscaping. Korean chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum сoreanum) is one of the most promising crops for landscaping settlements in the Republic of Belarus, therefore, breeders of the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus began to work with this group of small-flowered chrysanthemums.The article describes the results of breeding work, the purpose of which was to create local highly decorative varieties for our climatic zone. The method of free cross-pollination and subsequent selection from the obtained hybrid seedlings of the most promising forms were used in the work. The most significant features in the selection were the following: flowering time, winter hardiness, resistance to diseases and pests, as well as good vegetative reproduction. As a result, 4 domestic varieties of Korean chrysanthemum have successfully passed state variety testing and have been registered in the National List since 2020. Descriptions of these new varieties, their biometric parameters, decorative parameters and flowering times are provided.