Barley Varieties Research Articles

Modification of agricultural traits in cultivated varieties of barley and wheat

CRISPR/Cas technology makes it possible to induce mutations at defined positions. In breeding-oriented research, this opens up exciting opportunities for the targeted improvement of many agricultural crops. Wheat and barley are among the most important cereals in the world. However, the transformation poses a particular challenge for cereals and is strongly genotype dependent. This is because agrobacteria, which is mostly used for delivering the CRISPR/Cas system, have a limited compatibility with these non-host plants. Transformation of wheat is additionally difficult due to the large genome size and polyploidy.
 Besides obtaining improved genotypes, the object of the current study was to optimize the method of genomic editing based on the CRISPR/Cas system using particle bombardment for non-model varieties of barley and wheat. In barley, we targeted theNudgene that controls hulled/naked phenotype of the grain. Since the regeneration rate remains an issue for the cultivated cultivars, we used the JD633 vector that carries theGRF4-GIF1chimera to increase the efficiency of regeneration. We obtained five T0plants, carrying mutations. In wheat, targetingPpd-1genes that control photoperiod-dependent floral induction results in Cas9-induced mutations in 52 of 210 T0plants. The developed collection of wheat plants with different new alleles ofPpd-D1andPpd-B1genes is being studied for the expression under short day conditions and the effect on the vegetation period.
 Thus, we have obtained plants of the cultivated varieties of barley and wheat with edited agronomically important genes, using the improved protocols of biolistic transformation.
 This work was done within the framework of State Assignment Kurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RAS (No. 075-15-2019-1662).

Evaluating Scald Reactions of Some Turkish Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Varieties Using GGE Biplot Analysis

Scald caused by the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium commune is a significant foliar disease affecting barley production on a global scale, and it leads to substantial reductions in both yield and quality of barley. In the current study, the reactions of 40 Turkish barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties to scald were evaluated under natural conditions in Çanakkale and Kırşehir in 2021–2022, and Antalya and Siirt locations in 2022–2023 growing seasons. Field trials were conducted according to randomized block design with three replications in each year; the spore concentration was 1 × 106 spores per mL, and it was applied to the varieties three times at different growth stages. The reactions of barley varieties were assessed using a newly designed two-digit scale ranging from 11 to 99. Based on their scale values, the varieties were categorized as immune (0), resistant (11–35), moderately resistant (36–55), moderately susceptible (56–75), and susceptible (76–99). In addition, genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) interactions of scale values were analyzed through GGE Biplot and explained 97.65% of the total variation. The ranking of genotypes based on scale groups generally showed consistency with GGE Biplot results, but GGE Biplot offered a more detailed classification, especially for moderately susceptible varieties. The relationship between the two methods indicated the relative stability of variety reactions, as GGE Biplot analysis also considered genotype stability. In conclusion, the use of the newly developed scale for evaluating scald reactions in barley gives reliable results. In addition, identified resistant varieties can serve as valuable genetic resources for further breeding studies.

The Influence of Biofertilizers on the Seed Quality and the Productivity of Barley Varieties in the Steppe Zone of the Orenburg Cis-Urals

The Influence of Biofertilizers on the Seed Quality and the Productivity of Barley Varieties in the Steppe Zone of the Orenburg Cis-Urals

Popularization and Performance Evaluation of Improved Malt Barley Varieties in Three Zones of Oromia Region

Popularization and Performance Evaluation of Improved Malt Barley Varieties in Three Zones of Oromia Region

Climate-oriented breeding of spring barley in arid regions

The article presents the results of the study of collection samples of spring barley. The aim of the research was to assess the prospects of breeding lines of spring barley for the agro-industrial complex of regions with different climate aridity. The studies were carried in 2011-2021 out at the Krasnokutskaya breeding experimental station (experimental field coordinates 50.914000, 47.068300, Krasnokutsky district of the Saratov region). Predecessor - fallow, accounting area of plots - 25 sq.m. During the period of study of the material, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2018 were dry years (the total precipitation during the growing season was 42.8-50.3 mm, HTC 0.30-0.46). In 2019, spring barley crops almost died due to a severe frost in the three-leaf phase and the subsequent severe drought (only 4.9 mm of precipitation fell during the growing season, the HTC was 0.03), so data for this year are not provided. As relatively favorable, 2011, 2016, 2017, 2020 and 2021 can be distinguished (the total precipitation for the growing season is 81.0-135 mm, HTC 0.61-0.97). During 2011-2021 indicators of productivity, plasticity, stability and drought resistance of spring barley varieties bred over a 100-year period at the Krasnokutsk breeding experimental station were evaluated. It was revealed that the average productivity of barley varieties increased by 57.9%, and in the years of acute droughts it almost doubled. Analysis by the same parameters of 5 promising lines in 2017-2021. made it possible to differentiate their potential for regions with different aridity. In the zone with low aridity (more than 7 million hectares of arable land in the Right Bank of the Saratov, Penza and Samara, Volgograd, Ulyanovsk regions), the Nutans 244 and Medicum 276 lines, which are responsive to additional moisture, have the greatest potential. In areas with moderate aridity (about 10 million hectares arable land in the Lower Volga region), samples Nutans 296 and Medicum 247 will have an advantage. In areas with high aridity (more than 6 million hectares of arable land in the Left Bank of the Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan regions, Kalmykia), the Medicum 270 line can show high efficiency. These features will be taken into account during further transfer to variety testing.

Current Practices of Farmers Adoption of Improved Food Barley Variety in Case Study of Welmera District of Oromia Region Ethiopia

Current Practices of Farmers Adoption of Improved Food Barley Variety in Case Study of Welmera District of Oromia Region Ethiopia

Starch molecular structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of Ethiopian malt barley varieties

Characterization of local varietal barley quality diversity can help boost further development of novel value-added utilization of the grain. Therefore, in this study starch was isolated from 11 Ethiopian malting barley varieties to determine starch structural, pasting, thermal and digestibility characteristics, and their inter-relationships. The varieties showed significant differences in all amylopectin chain length fractions, and the A, B1, B2 and B3 chains ranged from 25.4 to 30.1, 47.4–50.1, 14.3–16.0 and 7.8–9.0 %, respectively. The varieties also exhibited significant variation in amylose content, relative crystallinity, absorbance peak ratios, pasting and thermal properties. Moreover, on average about 83 % raw starch of the varieties was classified as slowly digestible and resistant, whereas after gelatinization this was reduced to 9 %. Molecular and crystalline structures were strongly related to pasting properties, thermal characteristics and in vitro digestibility of the starches. The study provides information on some starch quality characteristics and the inter-relationships among the parameters, and might inspire further studies to suggest possible target-based starch modifications, and future novel utilization of barley. More studies are required to investigate the association of starch quality parameters with malting quality attributes.

Influence of dextrins and β-glucans on palate fullness and mouthfeel of beer

Palate fullness (PF) and mouthfeel are important sensory attributes influencing beer quality. The molar mass of starch (dextrins) and non-starch (β-glucans) polysaccharides may influence PF (pleasant) or mouthfeel (sliminess, unpleasant), respectively. Therefore, this research aims to generate beer with wide physico-chemical responses based on various raw material characteristics to study its relation to PF and mouthfeel. To accomplish this, ten barley varieties (two harvest locations and years) were classified into three groups based on their modification characteristics. To intensify response variation, barley was malted at two modification levels (parameter steeping degree), generating 55 independent malts used to brew the same number of standardized bottom fermented beers. A trained sensory panel evaluated PF (intensity and quality) and mouthfeel (e.g., slimy) descriptors. Additionally, beers were fractionated by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) in three different fractions and their molar masses were determined. The average molar mass of big size (> 10 nm) dextrins and β-glucans AF4 fraction increased analogously to barley modification characteristics. For sensory data evaluation, only beer samples brewed with malts inside the recommended brewing specifications were considered (β-glucan content in malt < 350 mg/L, ISO 65 °C). PF quality was lower on samples with β-glucan content < 100 mg/L. This group also contained fewer dextrins (attenuation > 87.4 ± 1.5%), suggesting that the balance of β-glucans and dextrins is important for PF quality. This work indicates that molar mass of starch and non-starch polysaccharides, affected by barley variety and its modification level, influences sensory perception, and hence, beer quality.Graphical

Morpho-Anatomical, Physiological and Biochemical Adjustments in Response to Heat and Drought Co-Stress in Winter Barley.

This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of high temperatures 10 °C above the optimum and water withholding during microgametogenesis on vegetative processes and determine the response of winter barley genotypes with contrasting tolerance. For this purpose, two barley varieties were analyzed to compare the effect of heat and drought co-stress on their phenology, morpho-anatomy, physiological and biochemical responses and yield constituents. Genotypic variation was observed in response to heat and drought co-stress, which was attributed to differences in anatomy, ultrastructure and physiological and metabolic processes. The co-stress-induced reduction in relative water content, total soluble protein and carbohydrate contents, photosynthetic pigment contents and photosynthetic efficiency of the sensitive Spinner variety was significantly greater than the tolerant Lambada genotype. Based on these observations, it has been concluded that the heat-and-drought stress-tolerance of the Lambada variety is related to the lower initial chlorophyll content of the leaves, the relative resistance of photosynthetic pigments towards stress-triggered degradation, retained photosynthetic parameters and better-preserved leaf ultrastructure. Understanding the key factors underlying heat and drought co-stress tolerance in barley may enable breeders to create barley varieties with improved yield stability under a changing climate.

Yield analysis of spring barley varieties under conditions of environmental variability

In conditions of increasing continentality of climate in recent decades, spring barley breeding should be aimed at creating drought-resistant, early-ripening, high-yielding varieties with sufficiently high technological qualities of grain. In addition to the economic and biological properties of the variety established by the breeders, external conditions in the region of cultivation also have a significant impact on the stabilization of the yields. The variability of productivity of spring barley varieties was assessed in terms of such traits as stability, ecological plasticity and adaptability in different ecological and geographical conditions. The research was conducted in 2020–2022 on 17 varieties of spring barley in ecological trial in Samara and Rostov regions. The experiment was laid in fourfold repetition with a plot area of 10 m². In the years of research, the "growing region" factor (98.7%) had the greatest influence. Evaluation of the index of environmental conditions (Ij) revealed that the best conditions for the vegetation of spring barley plants were formed in the experiment in the Rostov region (Zernogradsky district) (Ij = +0.99). The yield of the varieties depended not only on the location of the seed-trial ground but also on the year of cultivation. The linear regression coefficient ranged from 0.67 to 1.36, dividing the varieties into responsive, weakly responsive and adaptive to changes in the cultivation conditions. The varieties Zernogradsky 1717 and Zernogradsky 1724 formed the highest yield in the experimental plots and were classified as stable under cultivation under different soil and climatic conditions, with high breeding value, stress tolerance and level of variety stability.

Effect of contaminated water on seed germination traits of crops

Lead (Pb) is one of the noxious trace metal element (TME) contaminants in the environment. In this work, we conducted a comparative physiological response study through some germination parameters between four cereals (Triticum durum, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, and Zea mays) grown on a nutrient solution for 10 days and treated with three increasing levels of lead acetate (0.15, 0.3, and 0.6 g/L) in order to evaluate the impact of different lead concentrations on the germination capacity of these species. The results showed that lead has an abiotic stress effect on the four varieties examined at 0.3 g/L and 0.6 g/L. We recorded a significant to very highly significant effect in all the parameters studied. In the underground parts, in particular, a highly significant reduction in precocity of germination was recorded in Triticum durum, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, and Zea mays. There was also a highly significant to very highly significant decrease in germination percentage in durum wheat, soft wheat, and maize. Under the most severe stress conditions (0.6 g/L), the barley variety showed stress tolerance with a germination rate of 92%. According to the findings of this study, the varieties examined can be grouped into two categories: variants that are susceptible to metal stress (Triticum durum, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays) and varieties that are tolerant to lead exposure (Hordeum vulgare).

Bacterial Community Structure in Rhizosphere of Barley at Maturity Stage

The crop rhizosphere is the main site of soil microbial activities. Understanding the structure and diversity of microbial communities in the crop rhizosphere will help us reveal interactions between rhizosphere microorganisms and plant growth. In this study, the rhizosphere soil was collected from 35 cultivated barley varieties at the mature stage. To investigate the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of different barley varieties, the 16S rDNA gene of microorganisms from the soil was sequenced using Illumina MiSeq next-generation high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that 13, 25, 49, and 59 bacterial flora with relative abundance &gt;1% were detected from 35 barley rhizosphere samples at the phylum, class, order, and family levels, respectively. The abundance of bacteria among varieties differed relatively little, but the abundance of the same bacteria in rhizospheres of different varieties was different. In addition, both the cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) divided the 35 samples into three clusters at the phylum level. Groups III and IV showed significantly higher abundance than group II in Proteobacteria, while group II exhibited significantly higher abundance of Chloroflexi than groups III and IV. This finding provides a realistic basis for further using the relationship between barley rhizosphere microorganisms and barley growth to improve the resistance and quality of barley.

Marker-Trait Associations of Agronomic Traits in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Semi-Arid Conditions

Heading date, plant height, and spike-related phenotypes are key traits that affect the yield potential and adaptation of barley to Mediterranean environments. These traits are controlled by a complex network of genes as well as environmental effects. Marker-trait associations (MTAs) were performed using a set of 361 barley genotypes, evaluated phenotypically for three years under semi-arid conditions. In total, 24 MTAs were detected using the recently developed GWAS method (BLINK) at –log p ≥ 5. These included one MTA with awn length (Awl) on chromosome 2H; twelve MTAs with heading date (HD) distributed over all chromosomes except 4H; three MTAs with grains per spike (GPS) on chromosomes 1H, 2H, and 6H; six MTAs were detected for plant height (PH) on 2H (2), 3H, 4H, 6H, and 7H; and two MTAs with spike length (SL) on 3H and 7H. The results showed novel and known associations between specific SNP markers and heading date, plant height, and spike-related traits, suggesting that these markers can be used in breeding programs to improve these traits in barley. This study provides valuable information for breeders and geneticists working to develop new barley varieties that are better adapted to semi-arid climates and have improved yield and quality characteristics.

The effect of a microbiological product based on &lt;i&gt;Lactobacillus buchneri&lt;/i&gt; on barley growth and productivity in the Vologda region

The purpose of the work was to study the effect of the experimental microbiological product ‘Naturost-Aktiv’, developed on the basis of live bacteria Lactobacillus buchneri, on barley growth and productivity in the Vologda region. The study was carried out during the vegetation periods of 2019, 2020 and 2022 on the experimental field of the FSBIS «Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences», as well as in production conditions on the fields of the APC Collective farm «Peredovoy» (Vologda Region). The product ‘Naturost-Aktiv’ was applied twice, when the seeds of the experimental group were soaked in the working solution (1 ml of the product per 1 liter of water) and the phyllosphere of the plants was sprayed in the tillering phase. Tap water was used as control. As a result, there has been identified an increase in the potential energy supply of barley. The area of an individual leaf of experimental plants exceeded the control by 16 %, and the content of the total chlorophylls (a+b) exceeded by 34–42 %, which contributed to a more active accumulation of dry mass of experimental plants in comparison with the control (duringthe action of the product there was an increase in the dry weight of the plant by 12–65 % relative to the control). The changes in the plant growth processes also affected the grain productivity, which increased by 8–26 % in the variants with the product compared to the control. The results of the production experiment, in general, turned out to be like the results of small-plot experiments. Thus, in the conditions of real management, grain productivity of the barley variety ‘Sonet’ increased by 14 % with the use of the product ‘Naturost-Aktiv’ relative to the control. Grain productivity improvement was associated both with an increase in the number of productive shoots and with an increase in the weight of an individual grain.

Breeding of the facultative barley varieties at the FSBSI ARC «Donskoy»

The current paper is devoted to the study of promising barley lines with an alternative type of development (facultative). Famous breeders P. F. Garkavy and V. M. Shevtsov believed that the future belonged to the facultative barley varieties, since they had high adaptive properties. Facultative varieties have several advantages, such as they can be used for early spring reseeding of sparse autumn crops of winter barley with seeds of the same variety and dead crops of winter cereals, as well as for obtaining high-quality seeds from spring sowing for autumn sowing. In connection with the above, the cultivation of facultative varieties for production is of great relevance and necessity. The purpose of the current study was to estimate new breeding material for facultative barley varieties in the conditions of the south of the Rostov region. The study was carried out in 2021–2023 in the fields of scientific crop rotation of the department of barley breeding and seed production of the ARC «Donskoy». In the first competitive variety testing there have been studied 12 promising facultative barley lines and the two currently best facultative barley varieties ‘Step’ and ‘Marusya’. There has been carried out comprehensive estimation of the studied samples based on such traits as the length of a vegetation period, resistance to lodging and damage by leaf diseases, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per an ear, number of productive stems per square meter, productivity. According to lodging resistance on average over three years, there were identified the varieties ‘Marusya’ and ‘Step’, as well as the lines Parallelum 2019, 2139, 2110, 2128, 2152, 2153 and Pallidum 2100; according to grain size the best varieties and lines were ‘Step’, ‘Marusya’, Parallelum 2141, 2110, 2128, 2149, 2152 and Pallidum 2100. The variety ‘Marusya’ and the lines Parallelum 2139, 2128, 2136, 2110, 2149, 2152, 2153 have shown the greatest productivity increase of 1 t/ha to the standard. Based on the data obtained, all studied varieties received a score based on a complex of economically valuable traits. The variety ‘Parallelum 2128’, which received the maximum number of points, was selected, and prepared for sending to the State Variety Commission of the Russian Federation for study.

PSVIII-A-7 Effects of New Forage Barley and Oat Varieties on Silage Fermentation Characteristics, and Feed Intake, Milk Production and Composition, and N Balance in Dairy Cows

Abstract Forages are the foundation of dairy cow diets and typically comprise 50% of the dietary dry matter and ≥40% of the total NEL intake. New forage barley (CDC Renegade; designated RENE) and forage oat (CDC Arborg; ARBO) varieties are available for feeding dairy cows in western Canada. The objectives were to determine the ensiling characteristics of RENE and ARBO and to compare the effects of feeding them as the major forage source on feed intake, milk yield and composition, ruminal pH, and nitrogen (N) balance in dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (82 ± 12 days-in-milk at the beginning of the study) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design study with 14 d of dietary adaptation and 7 d of data and sample collection. Cows in one Latin square were ruminally cannulated to determine dietary effects on ruminal pH and N balance. The four diets tested contained RENE, ARBO, Conlon (CONL), and Rosser (ROSS) silages as the major source of forage, with ROSS and CONL being included for comparison as they are commonly used barley varieties in western Canada. Silage fermentation characteristics were largely similar for the four forages, except for total short-chain fatty acid concentrations which tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for RENE and ROSS when compared with CONL and ARBO. Silage starch contents were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for CONL and ROSS when compared with RENE and ARBO, which were similar. Silage aNDFom contents were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for RENE and ARBO when compared with CONL and ROSS, which were similar. Dry matter intake (mean = 34.3 kg/d) and milk yield (mean = 48.6 kg/d) were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.42). Milk fat content was greater (P = 0.03) for cows fed RENE compared with those fed CONL, with that of cows fed ROSS and ARBO being intermediate and not different to RENE and CONL. Milk fat yield was greater (P = 0.02) for cows fed RENE compared with those fed ROSS, with that of cows fed CONL and ARBO being intermediate and not different to RENE and ROSS. Intake of N, urinary and fecal excretion of N, total N excretion, milk N, and apparent N balance were unaffected by diet (P ≥ 0.21). Mean ruminal pH was greater (P = 0.02) in cows fed ARBO compared with those fed ROSS, with that of cows fed CONL and RENE being intermediate and not different to CONL and RENE. Our results show that the new forage varieties, RENE and ARBO, can support similar levels of milk yield compared with forage varieties such as CONL and ROSS.

Identification of transcriptionally active transposons in Barley

BackgroundThe genomes of many major crops including barley (Hordeum vulgare) consist of numerous transposons. Despite their important roles in crop genome evolution and morphological variations, most of these elements are silent or truncated and unable to be mobile in host genomes. Thus far, only a very limited number of active transposons were identified in plants.ResultsWe analyzed the barley full-length cDNA (FLcDNA) sequences and detected 71 unique FLcDNAs exhibiting significant sequence similarity to the extant transposase proteins. These FLcDNAs were then used to search against the genome of a malting barley cultivar ‘Morex’, seven new intact transposons were identified. Sequence alignments indicated that six intact transposons contained the entire FLcDNAs whereas another one served as 3’ untranslated region (3’ UTR) of a barley gene. Our reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) experiment further confirmed the expression of these six transposons and revealed their differential expression. We conducted genome-wide transposon comparisons and detected polymorphisms of three transposon families between the genomes of ‘Morex’ and other three genotypes including the wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum, B1K-04-12) and two cultivated barley varieties, ‘Golden Promise’ and ‘Lasa Goumang’. Lastly, we screened the transcripts of all annotated barley genes and found that some transposons may serve as the coding regions (CDSs) or UTRs of barley genes.ConclusionWe identified six newly expressed transposons in the barley genome and revealed the recent mobility of three transposon families. Our efforts provide a valuable resource for understanding the effects of transposons on barley genome evolution and for developing novel molecular tools for barley genetic improvement and other research.

Effect of Bacterial Fertilizers on the Microbiological Activity of Segregated Chernozem in Spring Barley Crops

In the field experiment, in the Voronezh region on the territory of the Voronezh FASC, changes in the microbiological activity of the soil under the influence of bacterial associative biological products and mineral fertilizers during 2021–2022 were studied. Microbial strains were used for pre-sowing seed treatment. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary (segregational) medium–humus heavy loamy chernozem. The availability of available forms of batteries is medium and high. The barley variety is Talovsky 9. The cultivation technology is generally accepted in the zone. The preservation of soil fertility and its rational use due to changes in the direction of microbiological processes in the soil with the use of diazotrophs has been established. Associative preparations slowed down the processes of mineralization of humic substances. The number of bacteria associated with the destruction of organic matter decreased. With the complex use of mineral fertilizers with rhizobacteria, the number of nitrifiers responsible for denitrification processes and losses of soil nitrogen significantly decreased. A significant increase in the natural background of fertilization of the number of soil fungal microflora under the influence of diazotrophs was noted.

Study of Microstructural, Nutritional, and Biochemical Changes in Hulled and Hulless Barley during Storage Using X-ray and Infrared Techniques.

Four varieties of barley (Esma, AC Metacalf, Tradition, and AB Cattlelac), representing four Canadian barley classes, were stored at 17% moisture content (mc) for 8 week. Stored barely was characterized using synchrotron X-ray phase contrast microcomputed tomography, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging, and mid-infrared spectroscopy at the Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon. The deterioration was observed in all the selected varieties of barley at the end of 8 week of storage. Changes due to spoilage over time were observed in the grain microstructure and its nutrient distribution and composition. This study underscores the critical importance of the initial condition of barley grain microstructure in determining its storage life, particularly under unfavorable conditions. The hulled barley varieties showed more deterioration in microstructure than the hulless varieties of barley, where a direct correlation between microstructural changes and alterations in nutritional content was found. All selected barley classes showed changes in the distribution of nutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Cu, and Zn), but the two-row AC Metcalf variety exhibited more substantial variations in their nutrient distribution (Zn and Mn) than the other three varieties during storage. The two-row class barley varieties showed more changes in biochemical components (protein, lipids, and carbohydrates) than the six-row class varieties.

Insight into the dynamic molecular mechanism underlying the endogenous polyphenols inhibiting the in vitro starch digestion of highland barley noodles

Highland barley is a type of grain with slow-digesting characteristics. It is worth exploring the impact of non-starch components on starch digestion. In this study, four varieties of highland barley were used to investigate the impacts of endogenous polyphenols (EP) on the relationship between starch structure, physicochemical properties, and the time course digestibility of highland barley noodles. The results showed that EP removal decreased the proportion of long-chain amylopectin and disrupted the crystalline structure, while increasing the short-range ordered structure in the residue. Significant correlations indicated that these structural changes make starch more susceptible to thermal degradation and digestion, causing a 12.60%-52.00% increase in rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and a 12.70%-25.22% decrease in resistant starch (RS). These results revealed the internal factors that affect the slow digestion characteristics of highland barley noodles from the perspective of EP and provide important reference values for a slow digestion diet.