Varied Duration Research Articles

Repeating periodic eruptions of the supernova impostor SN 2000ch

ABSTRACT We analyse photometric observations of the supernova (SN) impostor SN 2000ch in NGC 3432 covering the time since its discovery. This source was previously observed to have four outbursts in 2000–2010. Observations now reveal at least three additional outbursts in 2004–2007, and 16 outbursts in 2010–2022. Outburst light curves are irregular and multipeaked, exhibiting a wide variety of peak magnitude, duration, and shape. The outbursts after 2008 repeat with a period of 200.7 ± 2 d, while the outburst in 2000 seems to match with a shorter period. The next outburst should occur around January/February 2023. We propose that these periodic eruptions arise from violent interaction around times of periastron in an eccentric binary system, similar to the periastron encounters of η Carinae leading up to its Great Eruption, and resembling the erratic pre-SN eruptions of SN 2009ip. We attribute the irregularity of the eruptions to the interplay between the orbit and the variability of the luminous blue variable (LBV) primary star, wherein each successive periastron pass may have a different intensity or duration due to the changing radius and mass-loss rate of the LBV-like primary. Such outbursts may occasionally be weak or undetectable if the LBV is relatively quiescent at periastron but can be much more extreme when the LBV is active. The observed change in orbital period may be a consequence of mass lost in outbursts. Given the similarity to the progenitor of SN 2009ip, SN 2000ch deserves continued attention in the event it is headed for a stellar merger or an SN-like explosion.

Multi-Year On-Farm Trial Data on the Performance of Long- and Short-Duration Wheat Varieties against Sowing Dates in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain of India

Sub-optimal wheat productivity in the eastern Indo-Gangetic plain of India can largely be attributed to delayed sowing and the use of short duration varieties. The second week of November is the ideal time for sowing wheat in eastern India, though farmers generally plant later. Late-sowing farmers tend to prefer short-duration varieties, leading to additional yield penalty. To validate the effect of timely sowing and the comparative performance of long- and short-duration varieties, multi-location on-farm trials were conducted continuously over five years starting from 2016–2017. Ten districts were selected to ensure that all the agro-climatic zones of the region were covered. There were five treatments of sowing windows: (T1) 1 to 10 November, (T2) 11–20 November, (T3) 21 to 30 November, (T4) 1–15 December, and (T5) 16–31 December. Varietal performance was compared in T3, T4, and T5, as short-duration varieties are normally sown after 20 November. There is asymmetry in the distribution of samples within treatments and over the years due to the allocation of fields by farmers. Altogether, the trial was conducted at 3735 sites and captured 61 variables, including yield and yield attributing traits. Findings suggested that grain yields of long-duration wheat varieties are better even under late sown scenarios.

SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF PEGAGAN EMBUN (HYDROCOTYLE SIBTHORPIOIDES LAM.) EXTRACT ON THE SGPT AND SGOT LEVEL OF WISTAR WHITE MALE RATS

Objective: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is one of the herbs used in ethnomedicines as an immunostimulant during the COVID-19 pandemic. This present study aims to discover the potential toxicity effect of pegagan embun extract through sub-acute administration on the SGPT and SGOT levels of Wistar white male rats.
 Methods: Thirty-six test animals were divided into four groups: the control group was given Na CMC 0.5%, and the treatment groups were treated with ethanol extract of pegagan embun at doses of 7, 35, and 150 mg/kgBW. All groups were treated orally for 7, 14, and 21 d once daily. On the 8th, 15th, and 22nd day, the SGPT and SGOT of the test animal level were measured. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (p<0.05).
 Results: The study revealed that administration of pegagan embun extract did not cause any harmful effect on the liver but significantly decreased the level of SGPT and SGOT influenced by the variety of doses and duration of administration (p<0.05). Significant reductions in SGPT and SGOT levels are seen after extract administration at dosages of 7 mg/kgBW for 21 d.
 Conclusion: This study showed that pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) extract sub-acute administration at doses of 7, 35, and 150 mg/kgBW is relatively non-toxic and safe to be used as an immunostimulant. There was no sign of damage showed in the liver of treated rats based on the levels of SGOT and SGPT.

Synthesis of Optoelectronic Nanostructures on Silicon and Gold-Coated Silicon via High-Intensity Laser Pulses at Varied Pulse Durations

This work defines the generation of nanostructures on silicon and gold-coated silicon substrates by tuning the pulse duration of our proposed method: ultra-short laser pulses for in situ nanostructure generation (ULPING) under ambient conditions. The method is a single-step novel method which is efficient in synthesizing nanostructures on the substrates. We observed a higher nanofiber generation at a shorter pulse duration using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging. Silicon oxide formation was confirmed by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and a band gap of 8.19 eV was achieved for the Si + Au sample, which was determined by the Reflection Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (REELS) spectra. A high valence band offset of 4.93 eV was measured for the silicon-based samples for the Si/SiO2 interface. The addition of gold nanoparticles decreased the band gap and we observed a blue shift in optical conductivity for samples with nanofibers using optical spectroscopy.

Pre-Shaped Burst-Mode Hybrid MOPA Laser System at 10 kHz Pulse Frequency

A temporal pre-shaped burst-mode hybrid fiber-bulk laser system was illustrated at a 10 kHz rate with a narrow spectral linewidth. A theoretical model was proposed to counteract the temporal profile distortion and compensate for the desired one, based on reverse process of amplification. For uniformly modulated injection, amplified shapes were recorded and investigated in series for their varied pulse duration, envelope width and amplification delay, respectively. The pre-shaped output effectively realized a uniform distribution on a time scale for both the burst envelope and pulse shape under the action of the established theoretical method. Compared with previous amplification delay methods, this model possesses the capacity to extend itself for applications in burst-mode shaping with variable parameters and characteristics. The maximum pulse energy was enlarged up to 9.68 mJ, 8.94 mJ and 6.57 mJ with a 300 ns pulse duration over envelope widths of 2 ms to 4 ms. Moreover, the time-averaged spectral bandwidths were measured and characterized with Lonrentz fits of 68.3 MHz, 67.2 MHz and 67.7 MHz when the pulse duration varied from 100 ns to 300 ns.

Plasma-enabled superhydrophobic coatings on mild steel

This work demonstrates a new pathway to the direct on-surface fabrication of a superhydrophobic surface coating on mild steel. The coating was formed using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma to convert a liquid small-molecule precursor (1,2,4-tricholorobenzene) to a solid film via plasma-assisted on-surface polymerization. Plasma treatments were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere with a variety of power levels and durations. Samples were analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF–SIMS), Raman spectroscopy, optical profilometry, contact angle measurement, and potentiodynamic polarisation tests. Wettability of the films varied with the plasma parameters, and through the inclusion of graphene nanoplatelets in the precursor. High-dose plasma exposures of the nanoplatelet-containing precursor created superhydrophobic films with water contact angles above 150°. Potentiodynamic polarisation tests revealed that the superhydrophobic coating provided little or no corrosion protection.

Material compatibility of SI engine components towards corrosive effects on methanol-gasoline blends for flex fuel applications

The experimental study is conducted through static immersion of engine components to evaluate the material compatibility against the corrosive nature of methanol. The investigation is performed at room temperature along with different fractions of methanol in gasoline (M0, M20, M50, and M100) for varied durations of 60, 120, and 180 days. Further, the surface characterization of metal samples and fuel properties are examined in previous and post-immersion test duration in order to comprehend the penetration of corrosion. Also, the impact of corrosion on morphological changes, composition and engender of oxide layers on the engine components are inspected by SEM/EDX and XRD. Similarly, the changes brought by corrosion products on the physical (density and viscosity) and chemical properties (calorific value and TAN) are investigated and compared before immersion. The result of the study demonstrates that increasing the methanol percentage intensifies the corrosiveness of fuel samples when exposed to metal samples. Additionally, it has been found that the presence of oxygen in methanol significantly contributes to an increase in metal corrosion. Based on the investigational outcomes, comparatively the piston exhibits lesser resistance towards corrosion than the piston ring and valve. On the other hand, corrosion attack on the engine component surfaces disclosed to M100 is higher relative to that of M50, M20 and M0. Consequently, the characteristics of fuels are changed with respect to corrosion intensity and M100 has a higher variation among fuel samples. Therefore, the application of methanol in a lower concentration is suitable for SI engines in accordance with material compatibility since the corrosiveness of methanol is minimal on the engine components. Finally, this work reports some proposals based on the experimental outcomes to exalt the performance of engine components against the corrosive nature of methanol for flex-fuel engines (FFE).

Desiccation tolerance in larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 and Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for mosquito control

A laboratory assessment of desiccation tolerance in larval stages of mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) was carried out using five temperature levels and three levels of exposure duration as explanatory variables. The increase in the duration of exposure to desiccation from 15 min to 60 min was noted to result in a substantial increase in water loss (in mg) in mosquito larvae. Similarly, the increase in temperature levels was observed to cause larval mortality and a substantial decrease in the emergence of adults. Both the temperature and the duration of exposure to desiccation were found to be influential factors in determining survival and subsequent emergence of adults. Desiccation is a primary factor in determining the survival of mosquito larvae, particularly in the conditions where habitat permanence is uncertain, e.g., in temporary pools and containers serving as mosquito larval habitats. The results of the present study provide a glimpse into the effects of desiccation at varied temperatures and exposure durations on the successful emergence of adults in mosquitoes Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. stephensi. Although primary, the obtained results show that desiccation can be a probable way of regulating the development of mosquito larvae in conditions where the permanence of the habitat for mosquito larvae is uncertain. Further studies on desiccation tolerance may be carried out using different mosquito species that are adapted to temporary pools and containers as sources for breeding.

Performance of a room air conditioner under varied duration of system evacuation

Refrigeration system evacuation is one of the most important steps in achieving refrigeration or air conditioning system quality. This procedure is used to remove water vapor and non-condensable gas from the pipeline and the heat exchangers that can be dangerous for a vapor compression refrigeration system. In this paper, the performance of an air conditioner (AC) was experimentally tested under varied duration of system evacuation from 0 to 60 minutes with an increment of 15 minutes. Cooling capacity, power consumption, and coefficient of performance were tested in accordance with ISO 5151 and ISO 16358-1. Generally, the ISO 16358-1 gives the lower power consumption and higher cooling capacity and coefficient of performance. ISO 16358-1 test results in 12.8% lower power consumption than that of ISO 5151. On the contrary, ISO 16358-1 test gives higher cooling capacity and coefficient of performance by 11.5% and 6.2%, respectively. It is also observed from this study that the longest evacuation period results in the most efficient operation, thus providing less effect on climate change and less environmental impact. However, it should be observed in a longer period of operation.

HRT in Women Undergoing Pelvic Clearance for Endometriosis—A Case Report and a National Survey

The optimal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women who have undergone pelvic clearance for endometriosis remains uncertain with insufficient evidence. The purpose of this case report and the national survey was to highlight the potential HRT-related risks and to establish current HRT practice in this group of women. The case was a 45-year-old woman presenting with recurrence of severe chronic pelvic pain while on oestrogen-only HRT (EO-HRT) for five years after subtotal hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy for severe endometriosis. MRI revealed multiple peri-cervical endometriomas and severe right hydroureter/hydronephrosis with complete right renal parenchymal loss. The survey was a 21-item questionnaire administered electronically using SurveyMonkey. It was reviewed and approved by British Menopause Society and British Society of Gynaecological endoscopy and was sent to their members as well as NHS Gynaecologists. A total of 216 physicians responded including 120 (55.6%) Gynaecology Consultants and 96 (44.4%) GPs/Nurses in Menopause clinics. Overall, 68.6% of responders prescribe combined HRT (C-HRT), 11.1% tibolone, 13.0% EO-HRT and 7.8% varied HRT. Fifty-one percent prescribe the progestogen component of C-HRT indefinitely, 22% for 3-6 months and 27% for varied durations. In conclusion, this study highlights the real risk of endometriosis recurrence in EO-HRT users after pelvic clearance for endometriosis. The survey revealed that only two thirds of Gynecologists/Menopause practitioners prescribe combined HRT in this group of women.

Bleeding Septal Polyp, a Rarity Becoming Common – A Report of Four Cases

Bleeding septal polyp is a benign, previously assumed very rare lesion that usually presents as unilateral epistaxis, nasal blockage, and intranasal mass. It can occur spontaneously or posttraumatic. We report four cases of three young adult females and one pediatric male. All of them presented with recurrent, spontaneous, torrential, unilateral epistaxis with progressive unilateral nasal blockage of varied durations. Anterior rhinoscopy was done in all cases, and it revealed a polypoidal mass in the cartilaginous septum and ulcerated mucosa in some cases that easily bleeds on contact. A clinical diagnosis of a bleeding septal polyp was made. Patients were evaluated and underwent excisional biopsy using the transnasal endoscopic resection technique. Histology revealed hemangiomatous lesions for the females and angiofibroma for the male. They were followed up for 6 months, with complete healing of the excision site and without any complaint. Bleeding septal polyp is becoming a common cause of spontaneous, recurrent unilateral epistaxis. This case report is an addition to the literature to increase awareness in clinical practice.

Core components of project-based intervention after acquired brain injury: Delivering meaningful groups online.

Rehabilitation for cognitive-communication impairments following brain injury can be complex given the heterogenous nature of impairments post injury. Project-based intervention has the potential to improve communication skills and create a meaningful real-life context where individuals collaborate to develop a concrete product, which benefits others. While evidence for this intervention is emerging, the COVID-19 pandemic prompted increased use of telehealth interventions to serve people with brain injury. This paper aims to describe a framework for the delivery of project-based intervention via telehealth within community rehabilitation settings; and present several case studies of telehealth groups completed in the United Kingdom and the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. A working group was formed to map the components of project-based intervention onto the rehabilitation treatment specification system (RTSS). This system is a conceptual framework that helps to explain the link between treatment theory and ingredients, allowing a clinician to clearly understand how and why a treatment works. First, a literature search was completed to identify eligible studies on project-based intervention after brain injury. Second, those studies were thematically mapped onto the RTSS to identify important intervention components. Third, the presence of these components was assessed for community brain injury groups delivered via telehealth in the United Kingdom and United States. These groups were further described using a taxonomy of social activities that help to describe the degree of meaningful social engagement. The literature was described with a thematic RTSS summary. Treatment aims focus on skills training and self-efficacy, advocacy and self-empowerment, emotional well-being and quality of life, and collaboration and community belonging. Treatment ingredients involve a range of cognitive and behavioural supports to deliver meaningful activities and contexts to complete a project. Mechanisms of action involve learning by doing and cognitive and affective information processing. All four telehealth groups conducted in the United Kingdom and United States involved at least three treatment aims, >7 targets, and >8 treatment ingredients. All groups reported positive experiences from activities that involve working collaboratively to help others and contribute to society. Project-based intervention delivered via telehealth has the potential for supporting people with acquired brain injury to improve their communication skills and engage in meaningful, collaborative activity. Application of the RTSS helps clinicians to understand the aims and therapeutic ingredients (or clinician activities) through which a person with brain injury may achieve specific treatment targets during the rehabilitation process. What is already known on the subject Project-based interventions have the potential to improve cognitive, self-regulatory, behavioural and social communication skills, renegotiate identity and reaffirm sense of self, providing a positive impact on quality of life for persons with acquired brain injuries. Projects serve as a context for meaningful engagement for individuals in the chronic phase of traumatic brain injury recovery, without fulfilling work, family or social responsibilities. However, most published research has involved in-person projects and few projects have been delivered via telehealth. What this paper adds to existing knowledge While past published works have shared core principles of intervention, a variety of projects, durations, dosages and methods have been employed. The current paper provides a framework to support more consistent implementation. By mapping previous project-based interventions to the RTSS, clinicians will have a better understanding of the aims, targets, ingredients and theoretical underpinnings of project-based interventions. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the shift to telehealth moved interventions to a virtual context. The four case projects in this paper demonstrate that it is possible to conduct project-based interventions via telehealth and provides a clear description to guide clinicians in their delivery. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? This work begins to build the foundation for more rigorous, empirical examination of project-based interventions. By mapping project-based interventions to the RTSS, core aims, targets and ingredients are established that can be objectively examined. This investigation also provides a road map for clinicians who wish to implement this complex intervention.

Issues in rice marketing system: a case of central terai

This study was conducted to understand the challenges and prospects of ricemarketing by taking case of central Nepal. Two focus group discussionsalong with eight key informants’ interviewswere conductedinBara and Parsa districts of Nepal.Also, secondary information was collected by reviewing the related literatures.The study revealed that the consumer price of rice is almost double than the farm gate price, possibly due to the presence of several intermediaries in different nodes of the supply chain.Key market actors like large collectors, millers and wholesalers have a dominating role in price negotiation and supply of rice in the market. The rice value chain is not strong enough, which might be due to poor vertical and horizontal as well as backward and forward linkages among the key players. The demand of fine and aromatic rice is gradually increasing due to changing food habits of the consumers and their access to purchasing capacity as well.The high yielding short duration varieties of fine and aromatic rice need to be identified and developed to meet the growing demand of consumers.In addition, to boost productivity and profitability of rice, a better investment climate, risk sharing mechanism and strengthened value chain with efficient research and extension services are required.

A Climatology of Extreme Convective Storms in Tropical and Subtropical East Asia and Their Ingredients for Heavy Rainfall as Seen by TRMM.

Heavy rainfall is a challenge to forecast due to the variety of rainfall intensities and durations across a wide spectrum of high-impact storm types. In this study, we analyze extreme storms in Tropical and Subtropical East Asia, a moisture-rich environment with complex terrain and oceanic regions. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission's Precipitation Radar is utilized to characterize the frequency and rainfall intensity of four extreme storm types. Extreme storms producing heavy precipitation are categorized into four types: deep convective cores (DCCs), deepwide convective cores (DWCCs), wide convective cores (WCCs), and broad stratiforms regions (BSRs). DCCs and DWCCs occur more frequently and produce stronger rain intensities over land compared to those over ocean. However, WCCs and BSRs occur more frequently over oceans, especially in association with the Meiyu front season and climatological progression in the northern subregions. Although the Convective Cores show higher rain intensities than the BSRs, they show lower volumetric rain rate due to their comparatively smaller horizontal area. An ingredients-based framework is applied to find key similarities across the different heavy rainfall-producing storms near Taiwan using ERA5 reanalysis. The analysis shows that the broader systems (i.e., WCCs and BSRs) are associated with larger in area and longer timescales of vertical moisture flux and low-level wind shear that support the development of the horizontally large, organized storms. Smaller DCCs do not show strong vertical moisture flux on the spatial scales resolved by the reanalysis, suggesting their more local nature and less meso- or synoptic scale support.

Hydrometeorological Data Analysis and Drought Indices of Rawandoz Area, Iraqi-Kurdistan Region

Water balancing techniques are strategies for resolving key theoretic and applied hydrologic challenges. The primary goals of the study are to examine the climatic characteristics and conditions that will be utilized in the water balancing approach used in the Rawandoz located in northeastern Iraq. The meteorological data from Soran meteorological station’s 2000 to 2020 were applied to analyze the climate patterns of the research region. The annual rainfall average is 750.50 mm, while the annual evaporation is 1497.80 mm. The average monthly humidity, temperature, and sunshine remained 73.8 percent, 18.50 °C, and 8 hours/day, respectively. The Kharrufa technique has been calculated the potential evapotranspiration (PET), water deficit and surplus and the Soil Conservation Service method (SCS) has been used to calculate surface runoff (Rs). The annual potential evapotranspiration, water surplus, and deficit are calculated to be 1900.27 mm, 430.10 mm, and 1579.90 mm, respectively, with an annual runoff of 376 mm. The standardized precipitation index (SPI) was produced to assess climatic drought over a variety of duration; the mean value is 0.562, indicating that the area is moist. The results of many climate classification reveal that the study area in humid to moist climate classification.

Thermicity of the Decomposition of Oxygen Functional Groups on Cellulose-Derived Chars.

The evolution of oxygen functional groups (OFGs) and the associated thermic effects upon heat treatment up to 800 °C were investigated experimentally as well as by theoretical calculations. A synthetic carbon with a carbonaceous structure close to that of natural chars, yet mineral-free, was derived from cellulose and oxidized by HNO3 vapor at different temperatures and for varied durations in order to generate char samples with different concentrations and distributions of OFGs. The functionalized samples were subjected to calorimetric temperature-programmed desorption measurements in correlation with an extensive effluent gas analysis, thereby focusing on the specific heat effects of individual OFG evolution. Interpretation of the experimental results was aided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations which allowed one to infer the thermal stability of different OFGs and the reaction energy associated with their evolution upon heating. Results showed that, with increasing temperature, H2O was released due to the loss of physisorbed water, the decomposition of clusters bound to carboxylic acids, and condensation reactions. The associated heat uptake amounted to about 100 kJ mol-1. Contrarily, the release of CO2, attributed to the decomposition of condensed acids, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, and lactones, resulted in a heat release of about 40 kJ mol-1. The most strongly pronounced thermic effects were detected for the release of CO, comprising highly exothermic effects due to the decomposition of condensed acids and carbonyls/quinones as well as endothermic effects attributed to anhydrides and phenols/ethers. Notably, anhydrides can be formed during the oxidative treatment as well as during heating by condensation of adjacent carboxylic acids. In the latter case, the two-step decomposition is overall highly exothermic, indicating the associated occurrence of pronounced carbon matrix rearrangements. DFT investigations suggest that these rearrangements not only affect the immediate OFG proximity but also involve several carbon sheets.

Getting insights into gas-phase sulfation effect on catalytic performance of praseodymium oxides in NH3-SCR of NO

Sulfation treatment has been widely used to promote the catalytic performance of ceria (CeO2) based catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 (NH3-SCR of NO). Praseodymium oxide (PrOx), another commonly used rare earth material with similar structural properties as CeO2, also shows satisfactory redox properties due to the facile redox cycle of Pr3+ ↔ Pr4+. In this work, gas phase sulfation treatment with varied duration was performed on PrOx at 200 °C, and the NH3-SCR activity of sulfated PrOx was evaluated. Based on the results of systematic characterizations (e.g., N2-physisorption, NH3 oxidation, NO oxidation, in situ diffuse Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), it is revealed that the catalytic performance of sulfated PrOx is highly dependent on the sulfation time (or the amount of sulfate species deposited on PrOx), which has a significant impact on the competitive reaction between NH3 oxidation and NH3-SCR of NO, thus determining the NH3-SCR activity of PrOx. This work provides new insight into tuning the interaction between PrOx surface and reactants (NO, NH3) via sulfation treatment, which cam guide the design and application of PrOx based catalysts for NH3-SCR of NO in the future.

Post-injection syndrome and olanzapine long-acting injection in patients with schizophrenia: A case series

Pamoate salt of atypical antipsychotic Olanzapine in long-acting injection depot formulation (OLAI) is often used in patients with schizophrenia having poor compliance. This depots formulation having a cluster of adverse events characterized by post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome (PDSS). Here, we present three cases of different age group, different gender suffering from Schizophrenia of varied duration of illness who developed PDSS after receiving OLAI, how they were identified and promptly managed with early intervention. PDSS noted in approximately 0.07% of the injections, in 1.3% of patients. Symptoms such as sedation, delirium, extrapyramidal symptoms, ataxia, autonomic dysfunction, aggression, and speech impairment were reported, onset was immediate to 3–5 h post-injection, patients recovered within 2–72 h. No such risk factors could be identified in any of the cases. PDSS following OLAI occurs when there is accidental intravascular release of high dose of olanzapine. The importance of post-injection syndrome in the above cases lies in the fact that following administration of OLAI a 3–4-h observation period in a health-care facility in the presence of an appropriate qualified personnel is of utmost importance. Furthermore, one should rule out other causes of acute sedation in such patients before establishing the diagnosis of PDSS. There is no specific antidote for olanzapine and almost all such patients improve with conservative and supportive treatment.

Scleritis as the harbinger of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Ocular and orbital involvement in Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is common. GPA can lead to life and sight threatening complications due to necrosis and tissue melting. We report four cases presenting with ocular pain and redness for varied durations. One had diminution of vision. All of them had deep sectoral/diffuse congestion with one having scleral thinning. All were diagnosed with anterior necrotizing/non-necrotizing scleritis. One had associated penetrating ulcerative keratitis. Topical steroids and systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were started in all cases and rheumatology consultation was taken. Pertinent investigations were sent, and GPA was diagnosed. Intravenous immunosuppressive regimens and oral steroid were started and significant improvements were seen, preventing untoward complications. Scleritis could be manifesting feature of GPA so cautious history taking and evaluation is important. Management often requires multidisciplinary care and ocular features could be the reference guidelines to adjust dose of systemic medications of GPA.

Climate adaptive rice planting strategies diverge across environmental gradients in the Indo-Gangetic Plains

Abstract The timing of rice planting has a profound influence on the productivity of the rice-wheat cropping pattern in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), a system that provides the foundation for food security in South Asia. Nevertheless, strategies for adaptive rice planting in a rapidly changing climate are not well established. In this ex-ante analysis, regional gridded crop model simulations are deployed to investigate the impact of different rice planting strategies on system level productivity, resilience, and environmental benefits. Our results suggest that synchronizing rice planting dates with the monsoon onset substantially outperforms farmer practice (+41%) and static state recommendations in the Eastern IGP. However, planting long-duration rice with the monsoon onset is ineffective in the Northwestern IGP since the later arrival of the monsoon increases the probability of cold damage to rice and terminal heat stress in wheat. Here, fixed planting dates (+12.5%) or planting medium duration varieties at monsoon onset (+18%) performed best. We conclude that resilient and productive rice planting strategies must account for interannual weather variability and divergent climate conditions across sub-regions in the IGP.