Variation In Root Length Research Articles

Multifactorial analysis of factors influencing premolar mobility in stage III/IV grade C periodontitis patients ≤ 35 years of age: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested a potential link between the crown-to-root ratio (CRR) and root morphology in patients with mild chronic periodontitis, which may be associated with tooth mobility. However, these findings have not been thoroughly investigated. Our previous study found that 76% of patients with aggressive periodontitis, particularly those with premolar involvement, exhibited abnormal root morphology, severe alveolar bone loss, and increased tooth mobility, leading to poor clinical outcomes. This study aims to investigate the specific correlations among alveolar bone resorption, root morphology, CRR, and periodontal clinical indicators with premolar mobility in stage III/IV grade C periodontitis patients aged ≤ 35 years.Materials and methodsA total of 1,064 premolars from 151 stage III/IV grade C periodontitis patients aged ≤ 35 years were included in the study. Clinical periodontal parameters and radiographic measurements were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationships between these indicators and tooth mobility.ResultsSignificant variations in premolar root lengths were observed, ranging from 6.80 mm to 20.96 mm. Teeth with shorter roots (mean length: 10.22 mm) exhibited grade I mobility with only 28% alveolar bone resorption, whereas those with medium-length (mean length: 12.67 mm) and longer roots (mean length: 14.91 mm) exhibited mobility at 34% and 37% bone resorption, respectively. Regression models incorporating the bone-level CRR, average probing depth, and root length demonstrated strong predictive accuracy for tooth mobility (P < 0.001, AIC = 1700.574).ConclusionPremolar mobility is influenced by variations in root length, alveolar bone resorption, and probing depth. The bone-level CRR is an effective predictor for assessing tooth mobility, especially when there are differences in root length and alveolar bone resorption.

Land-use legacies affect the composition and distribution of tree species and their belowground functions in a succession from old-field to mature temperate forest

Forests undergoing ecological succession following abandonment from agricultural use (i.e., old fields) are ubiquitous in temperate regions of the U.S. and Europe. Ecological succession in old fields involves changes in vegetation composition influenced by factors such as land-use history, soil conditions, and dispersal limitations. Species’ behavioral, morphological, physiological and life-history attributes influence the outcomes of environmental and biotic filters on distribution and abundance. However, many studies have focused on aboveground attributes, while less attention has been placed on belowground species characteristics that influence community assembly and function. In this study, we used a trait-based approach to examine how aboveground plant composition and distribution vary with plant root functional traits (e.g., mycorrhizal association) that mediate access for nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P). We inventoried every tree stem (n ​= ​11,551) in a 10-ha forested area containing old-field and historical forests and matched every species with root functional traits (n ​= ​33) from established databases. We found that land-use history influences community composition and distribution in old-field forests, which also varied with belowground root functional traits. Community composition in old-field forests, which were dominated by Acer saccharum and non-native species, were largely associated with arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and higher root nutrient concentrations. On the other hand, community composition in historical forests – largely dominated by Tsuga canadensis – were associated with ectomycorrhiza (EcM) and more variation of root length and depth. These results suggest that changes in aboveground communities have implications for belowground ecosystem services (e.g., nutrient cycling) which are important to forest ecosystem development. Trait-based approaches can elucidate mechanisms of community assembly, and understanding how traits influence species coexistence and interactions can inform management decisions related to biodiversity conservation and restoration efforts in disturbed or altered forests.

Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles During the Process of Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated with As and Pb Cultivated with Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Urbanization and industrialization have caused the production of pollutants in the soil, water, and air systems, negatively influencing plants, animals, humans, and the ecosystem. Heavy metals, such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni), affect the development of organisms. In this study, as a novel alternative, the performance of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in sunflower plant growth (Helianthus annuus L.) and the decontamination of soils with As and Pb was investigated. For this purpose, in natural soil contaminated with As (0.02 mg kg of dry soil) and Pb (0.2 mg/kg of dry soil), sunflower plants were allowed to grow in pots for 25, 35, and 45 days after emergence. Morphological parameters were measured for the plants. The stems, leaves, and roots were dried (80 °C), ground, and finally, mineral analysis was performed by plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP). ZnO NPs were applied to the soil at two concentrations (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg) and the control. ZnO NPs application resulted in plant growth and root length 25 days after emergence (DAE). The interaction between ZnO NPs and metals significantly negatively affected the variable root length. The roots, stems, and leaves accumulated metals at 25 and 45 DAE. Bioconcentration (BCF) and translocation (TF) factors were higher in Zn at 45 DAE. The phytoextraction by H. annuus assisted with ZnO NPs helps remediate polluted soils, potentiating the plant's hyperaccumulation characteristics. The results of this experiment offer basic information on the interaction of ZnO NPs in the phytoremediation process of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, it is crucial to know the potential of NPs in soils with higher concentrations of contaminants in the soil, which we consider one of the limitations of this work, using low concentrations of heavy metals. Therefore, more research is required to corroborate the effectiveness of ZnO NPs in soils contaminated with Pb and Zn during the phytoremediation process with sunflower plants.Graphical

Pengaruh Pemberian Trichoderma sp. Dan Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Akar Stek Pucuk Tanaman Krisan (Chrysanthemum morifolium R.)

This study aims to determine whether there is an interaction and influence of concentration from the administration of Trichoderma sp. and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the root growth of chrysanthemum plants. This research was carried out at the Center for Protection and Quality Testing of Horticultural Food Crops and the Screen House Office of the Center for Seeds, Agricultural Nurseries and Agrotourism Show Window, Tomohon City. This research was conducted from June to August 2022. Primary data was obtained from the results of the study including the variables root length, root weight, and percentage of living cuttings while secondary data was obtained through books obtained from local bookstores and the internet via Google Scholar in the form of books, articles journals and theses related to research topics. The results showed that the longest plant roots were produced at the concentration level of Trichoderma sp. solubility of 107 and PGPR 15ml/l (T1P3) with an average of 11.6 cm and the heaviest roots were produced at the concentration level of Trichoderma sp. solubility 109 and PGPR 10ml/l (T3P2) with an average of 0.49 gram.

Shallow roots of different crops have greater water uptake rates per unit length than deep roots in well-watered soil

PurposeCommonly, root length distributions are used as a first approximation of root water uptake profiles. In this study we want to test the underlying hypothesis of a constant water uptake rate per unit root length over depth.MethodsRoot water uptake profiles were measured using a novel sensor technology. Root length was measured with MRI and by scanning harvested roots. Experiments were performed with pot-grown barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays), faba bean (Vicia faba), and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo).ResultsFor barley, maize, and faba bean, we found that roots in the top 15 cm had significantly greater water uptake rates per unit length than roots in the bottom 30 cm. For zucchini, the trend was similar but not significant. Therefore, variation of root water uptake rates with depth could be explained only partly (61–71%) by a variation of root length with depth.ConclusionThe common approximation of root water uptake profiles by root length distributions relies on constant water uptake rates per unit root length. This hypothesis does not hold in our study, as we found significantly greater water uptake rates per unit length in shallower than in deeper roots. This trend was consistent among species, despite the partly strong variation in physiological parameters. We suggest that this is caused by a decreasing axial transport conductance with depth. This might result in a general underestimation of water uptake rates in shallow soil layers when they are approximated by the root length distribution.

Growth of (Platanus orientalis L.) Seedlings under Different Drought Stress Condition

A lath house study was performed in order that understand the adjustment responses to three different water conditions of Platanus orientalis L. seedlings trying to make them able to adjust to new under dry conditions. Eight months seedlings were exposed to three water regimes (90, 60 and 30% water holding capacity [WHC]) were used r with a completely randomize design. The following parameters were measured; seedling height, leaf area, total chlorophyll content in the leaves, root length, root to shoot ratio, total dry mass, and leaf area ratio. It is found that water stress significantly reduced height and base diameter of seedlings, total chlorophyll per leaf, biomass allocation. The highest mean of leaf area, chlorophyll content, total dry mass, and moisture content were found under the treatment of 90% and 60% (WHC). However, the highest mean in root length was obtained under 30 % of (WHC). The data show that 30 % of (WHC) reduce seedling growth of P. orientalis L., on the other hand, seedlings showed positive responses to 90% and 60 of (WHC) in this research. Variations in root length can be used as an indicator for planting this species and tree development under drought stress condition.

Plasticity and co‐variation of root traits govern differential phosphorus acquisition among 20 wheat genotypes

Trait plasticity (variation of a trait under environmental variability or gradients) and trait integration are both crucial for plant adaption to environmental change. Variations in different suite of root traits such as biomass allocation, morphology and physiology underlie diverse phosphorus (P) acquisition strategies among plants. Yet, how the intraspecific plasticity and integration of root traits influence plant adaptation to different P supply remains obscure. To characterize diverse adaptive strategies in relation to plant P acquisition, eight root traits were assessed in 20 wheat Triticum aestivum genotypes grown in a culture room with low and high P supply. High P supply increased shoot P accumulation and biomass of all wheat genotypes. The shoot P accumulation in genotypes with high P sensitivity (PS: calculated as shoot P content at low P/shoot P content at high P supply) was higher with high P supply and lower with low P supply compared with that in the genotypes with low PS. The high‐PS genotypes exhibited larger variation in root length, root/shoot ratio and rhizosphere pH across P supplies than the low‐PS genotypes, suggesting an integrated response at the whole‐plant level. At low P supply, the high‐PS genotypes had greater root length and specific root length, but lower acid phosphatase activity than the low‐PS genotypes, which suggests contrasting P‐acquisition strategies across the genotypes. Strong co‐variation of root traits occurred across low‐PS genotypes regardless of P supply; conversely, the high‐PS genotypes only exhibited strong trait integration at low P supply, whereas high P supply sharply reduced root trait co‐variation. Our findings suggest that P stress may strengthen root trait integration in wheat plants, and that both plasticity and integration of root traits drive plant adaptive strategies and tolerance to P‐deficiency stress.

Impact of Drought Adaptive Mechanism on Root and Root Associated Trait of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Roots play a vital role in plants for a wide variety of processes, including nutrient and water uptake, anchoring and mechanical support. Some phenomenal literature supports several root characters which have relevance for stress adaptation. Root characteristics such as root length density, rooting depth and root distribution have been established as constituting factors of drought resistance. Under drought situation, roots can adapt to continued growth while at the same time, sending signals to shoot that exhibit growth an above ground parts of the plant. Development of plants with deep roots may in fact stimulate photosynthetic yields as these are considered to be more controlled by the carbon sinks of plants. In this context a field experiment was conducted during Kharif -2014 in the Department of Crop Physiology, to know the effect and variations in mutants of Rice for root and root associated traits along with growth and productivity besides a few relevant drought adaptive traits. The result revealed that, the root length ranged from 24.46 cm to 38.00 cm with a mean of 32.40 cm, while wild Type recorded 32.33 cm. Similarly, the root volume and root weight recorded 21.67cc to 65cc with a mean 35.51cc and 4 g to as high as 34.30 g with a mean of 17.13g when compared to Wild Type (27.92 cc and 18.49g respectively). The total dry matter production ranged from 16.39 g-1plant to 92.12 g-1plant with a mean of 52.73 g-1 plant while, the Wild type had a total dry matter production of 55.12 g-1plant. Mutants shows significant variations in root length, root volume, root weight and total dry matter production as compared to wild type and also observe the significant variation among the mutant. These mutants with higher growth character associated with root traits are potential mutant lines for further crop improvement programme.

Application of organic amendments and PGPR on Salibu Rice yield for drought adaptation

Drought is one of the climate change phenomena that has a profound impact on agricultural crops. Various adaptation strategies are used to deal with the impacts of climate change, one of which is the ratoon system of rice cultivation. This study aims to examine the effects of providing a combination of organic amendment and the application of PGPR on soil characteristics, growth, and yield of salibu ratoon system in the rainfed dry land. The research was conducted in Wonosari Village, Gondangrejo, Karanganyar, Central Java. This research used a complete randomized block design with three replications consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the organic amendment, which is without the addition of organic matter (C1), compost (C2), and rice husk charcoal (C3). The second factor is the PGPR treatment, which is non-inoculated PGPR (P1) and inoculated PGPR (P2). Data analysis used ANOVA level of 5% followed by Duncan’s test. The results showed that the addition of organic matter and the inoculation of PGPR affected the variable root length, yield, and biomass. The addition of organic matter and PGPR can increase crop yields and plant resistance to drought stress by maintaining soil moisture and root elongation mechanisms. Based on the research results, the addition of rice husk charcoal and PGPR inoculation is the best combination for ratoon rice cultivation in the rainfed dry land.

Effects of salt stress on the germination of two contrasting Medicago sativa varieties.

Selection strategies for increased salt tolerance in Medicago sativa must involve several growth stages, with the germination stage as a particularly important stage. At this stage, M. sativa is known to be more sensitive to salt than later growth stages. Cultivars differ significantly in their capacity to germinate under saline conditions. For this consideration and in order to analyze the response to salinity, initial screening at the germination stage for two varieties of M. sativa was undertaken. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes under control treatment (0 mM NaCl) and four concentrations of NaCl (100, 150, 200 and 250 mM). Results from ANOVA showed that variation in root length (RL), fresh root weight (RFW) and shoot fresh weight (SFW) was explained by variety effect. The variation in hypocotyl length, (HL) SFW and RL was explained by the interaction of variety x treatment. Under salt stress, there was a major reduction (46, 66%) in final germination rate (GR) when seeds were geminated in 250 mM NaCl. The RL and HL were affected by salt stress and their respective values were reduced by more than 40% in 200 mM NaCl. The Californian variety was lesser affected by salt stress for RL and RFW while the local variety from El Hemma showed the lowest reduction for SFW. Further work is needed to asses these effects in later growth stages and in field conditions under salt stress.

Radiographic evaluation of immature traumatized incisors following different endodontic treatments.

Indirect pulp capping, pulpotomy, and apexification are three common endodontic treatments for immature traumatized incisors. They all affect tooth root development to some extent. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the influence of these treatments on root development of immature permanent incisors following dental trauma. Twenty-one indirect pulp capping, 48 pulpotomy, and 58 apexification cases with a mean age of 8.4±1.0years and median follow up of 12months were included. NIH ImageJ with TurboReg plug-in was used to correct angular differences between the pre-operative and recall periapical radiographs, and to calculate variations of root length, dentin wall thickness, and apical closure. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA followed by pairwise comparisons was applied to compare the radiographic variations. The type of apical closure was assessed qualitatively and analyzed using Fisher's exact test. The apexification group had a lower trend toward apical closure than the other two groups (P<.05). It also showed thinner dentin wall thickness compared with the pulpotomy group (P=.001). There was no significant difference between pulpotomy and indirect pulp capping in the trend to apical closure (P>.05) or dentin wall thickness (P=.775). There was no significant difference in the variation of root length among the three groups (P=.06). There was a moderate correlation between the treatment and the type of apical closure (Cramer's V Coefficient=.375). Pulpotomy tended to form a normal apical constriction rather than a calcific barrier while apexification showed the opposite inclination. Indirect pulp capping had no specific inclination toward any type of apical closure. Apexification resulted in an abnormal root development mostly by affecting the dentin wall thickness and apical closure. Pulpotomy was beneficial for normal root development of immature traumatized teeth.

Selection of somaclonal variants of maracuyá (passiflora Edulis var Flavicarpa. Deneger) tolerants to water deficit

Climate change will have an impact on the Colombian agricultural sector, by 2050 increases in temperature and distribution of erratic rainfall are expected. Passion fruit cultivation does not tolerate water deficit, it reduces flower induction, generates fruit drop and defoliation. To tackle this problem, somaclonal variants (VS) of passion fruit were selected in-vitro, seeking tolerance to water deficit. Four phases were developed: I) callogenesis, II) direct and indirect organogenesis, II) Induction and evaluation of the water deficit with Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and IV) in vitro selection of VS by morphometric measurements, chlorophyll and total sugars contents. Differences in callogenesis were found with different concentrations of 2,4-D, the concentration of 2 mg • L-1 presented better results producing calluses in less time and in greater quantity (8 days, 90% of the leaf area). In indirect and direct organogenesis the medium MS + ANA + BAP (0.3: 0.6), showed significant statistical differences with respect to other means, for the variables root length (15.14 cm), stem (16.72 cm) and leaves ( 14.51 cm) and root thickness (0.76 cm) stem (1.25) and leaf width (6.75). The influence of PEG 6000 showed significant differences, the treatment with 30 g • L-1 showed the smallest leaf width, the greatest width was found in 25 g • L-1. Statistical differences were found in chlorophyll levels and total sugar contents, the highest contents were recorded in the VS 25VS1, showing the possibility of obtaining seedlings tolerant to the water deficit of passion fruit by inducing somaclonal variation.

Sunflower Helianthus annuus for Phytoremediation of Zinc in Hydroponic System

It has been noted that zinc contamination is hazardous which induces researchers seek new means to overcome it. One of the methods is to employ sunflower plant to eliminate zinc in soil. However, there is insufficient information about zinc phytoremediation by sunflower Helianthus annuus in hydroponic system. Hence in this study, a 15-day experiment was conducted using zinc concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L in a hydroponic system. The effects of zinc concentration on the plant growth (length of root, length of stem and number of leaf), zinc uptake and zinc translocation were evaluated. The findings showed that the plant growth was inhibited, where the zinc concentrations had affected the growth of the sunflower root, length and stem, and the zinc uptake significantly (p&lt;0.05). It was also found that there was a significant variation of root length and zinc uptake in leaves within certain phases statistically (p&lt;0.05). Then the translocation factor was found significant different for the time parameter but not the zinc concentrations (p&lt;0.05). Therefore, this experiment concluded that the sunflower plant was highly tolerant to zinc and able to extract the zinc from contaminated environments. Lastly, this study showed that the sunflower is potential to phytoremediate zinc in a hydroponic system.

The multi-response of root foraging strategy to a neighbor, soil heterogeneity and earthworm

Despite a broad understanding of behavioral aspects of plant root foraging, most studies have investigated plant responses to single soil factors. Whether plants consistently respond to specific aspects of the soil environment, or whether they express highly contingent foraging responses to combinations of factors is unclear. We conducted a growth room experiment with two plants species (Chenopodium glaucum L. and Chloris virgate Sw.) in which we manipulate plant competition, soil heterogeneity, earthworm presence to answer (1) whether root foraging strategies reflect combinations of these treatments, and (2) whether changes in root foraging are associated with altered competition and pot-level biomass yield. After five weeks of growth, we measured above- and below-ground biomass and root length of each individual in each of four soil zones (shared, owned, and two adjacent zones). These data were used to estimate the degree a plant was suppressed by its neighbors (competitive response), the coefficient of variation in root length among the four zones, and the degree to which a plant concentrated its roots in its home zone vs. in the zone of a neighbor (home aggregation index). Plant neighbors, earthworms, and soil heterogeneity influenced above- and belowground growth and foraging in species-specific ways. The homogenization effect of earthworms on the root distribution of C. glaucum growing alone was changed into heterogenization when it grew with its competitor. Though the root foraging strategy of C. glaucum was relatively conservative while that of C. virgate was relatively aggressive, neither species in this study presented a singular root foraging strategy, and instead, root placement was highly contingent upon local soil factors and planted social context. The avoidance root foraging strategy our plants demonstrated clearly reduced the competitive pressure and increased total productivity per pot which empirically links root foraging to competitive interaction. These findings suggest that the multiple soil-related predictors are integrated to determine the root foraging strategies with a species-specific variation in spatial root distribution, and the shifts in foraging strategy were associated with changes in the strength of plant-plant interactions and impacted total productivity. This work has potential impacts on understanding the contingent root performance, undetermined interspecific relationships and possible species coexistence in a context-specific environment.

Quantitative trait loci mapping of resistance to aluminum toxicity in common bean

AbstractAluminum toxicity in acidic soils is a major constraint to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Al resistance in a population of 150 F4:8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from parents Solwezi and AO‐1012‐29‐3‐3A, which contrasted in resistance to Al. The RILs and their parents were evaluated for Al resistance in a hydroponic system that had two nutrient solutions with either 0 μM (control solution) or 15 μM Al concentration (Al stress solution). Primary traits including root length (RL), root dry weight (RDW), and shoot dry weight (SDW) were measured. Percentage reductions in RL, RDW, and SDW were calculated from their respective primary traits. The RILs were genotyped with 5,398 single nucleotide polymorphisms and QTL identified using composite interval mapping. A total of eight QTL for Al resistance were identified on chromosomes Pv02, Pv04, Pv06, Pv07, Pv09, and Pv10. Variation in Al resistance explained by individual QTL ranged from 7.6 to 14.7%. Aluminum resistance QTL RL10.1 on Pv10 explained 10% of the genetic variation in RL. The QTL RL10.1 overlapped with QTL RDW10.1 identified for RDW in Al stress solution. Another Al resistance QTL RL6.1, which explained 10% of Al resistance variation, was identified on Pv06. The QTL on Pv02 and Pv07 appear to overlap with previously reported QTL for Al resistance. A candidate gene Phvul.007G025900 encoding an Al‐activated malate transporter was identified within the QTL RL7.1 The genetic architecture of Al resistance in the Solwezi and AO‐1012‐29‐3‐3A population is polygenic with additive action.

Increasing viability of cinnamon [Cinnamomum burmanii L.] seed by soaking in rabbit urine

Cinnamon is the main commodity of West Sumatra and Indonesia is the largest exporter of world markets. Cinnamon seeds are recalcitrant, so the fruit that has fallen out and is not fresh has experienced a decline in germination power. To improve the viability of cinnamon seeds, it is necessary to soak with rabbit urine. For this reason, a study was conducted to improve the quality of cinnamon seed viability through soaking in rabbit urine. This research was conducted at Balittro Laing Solok Experimental Garden from October 2017 to February 2018. The study used a completely randomized design [CRD] with 5 treatments namely rabbit urine dose: [1] without urine/water, [2] dose of 10 ml/l, [3] dose of 15 ml/l [4] dose of 20 ml/l [5] Dose of 25 ml/l, 30 seeds per box/plot and repeated 7 times. Seeds were used 7 days after harvest. Variables measured included: germination, vegetative growth of seeds [seed height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, number of roots, root length and biomass], chlorophyll analysis. The results showed that the seed germination was 60% while the vegetative growth of seed height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, and stem diameter were found the best at doses 25 ml/l as well as for the variable root length, number of roots, whole wet weight, stem wet weight + leaves, root wet weight, whole dry weight, dry weight of stem + leaves, and dry weight of the root

Salicylic Acid and Its Effect on Physiological and Photosynthetic Parameters in Soybean Seedlings Under Water Deficit

The objective of this study was to evaluate the photosynthetic and physiological parameters of soybean plants under water deficit after imbibition in different concentrations of salicylic acid during germination. The initial seed quality of the cultivar Bayer&amp;reg;/Tec Irga 6070 RR was evaluated. The soybean seeds were soaked in 25 ml in the salicylic acid solution (SA) for 24 hours and the retention capacities of 30, 50 and 70% were adopted. Under controlled conditions, concentrations of zero, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 &amp;micro;M, evaluating the variables length, fresh and dry mass of root and shoot. In the greenhouse, the concentrations of SA of zero, 500 and 1000 &amp;micro;M were used. After 29 days of the seedling, the stomatal conductance, length, fresh and dry mass of root and shoot were evaluated. The results showed that the uptake of SA in the germination aided seedlings under water deficit. The retention capacity of 30% simulated the water deficit, damaging the physiological parameters of soybean seedlings in both environments. The concentrations of 500 and 1000 &amp;micro;M of SA were efficient in the water deficit for the variables root length, fresh and dry shoot mass.

Respon Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merril) terhadap Kombinasi Dosis PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) dan Pupuk Phonska

This research aims to find out effect of combination dosage of PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) and phonska fertilizer toward the growth and the yield of soybean. This experiment was carried out in the field using a combination randomized block design (RBD) with five repeating.The treatments gave were 100% PGPR fertilizer (8 grams / liter) (A), 100% PGPR fertilizer (8 grams / liter) + 50% phonska fertilizer (0.78 grams) (B), 50% PGPR fertilizer (4 grams / liter) + 100% phonska fertilizer (1.56 gram) (C), 50% PGPR fertilizer (4 gram / liter) + 50% phonska fertilizer (0.78 gram) (D) and 100% phonska fertilizer (1, 56 grams) (E).The results showed that the treatment of 50% PGPR fertilizer (4 grams / liter) + phonska fertilizer 100% (1.56 grams) (C) gave a significant effect on the variable root length and leaf area index (LAI).The treatment of 100% phonska fertilizer (1.56 grams) (E) gave a significant effect on the variable seed weight per plot.

Effect of Cow Urine and IBA on the Growth of Sweet Leaf (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) Cuttings

Sweet leaf (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.), a leaf vegetable that is generally propagated vegetatively with cuttings. This study aims to determine the effect of accession and administration of natural and synthetic auxin growth regulators on the growth of sweet leaf cuttings. This study uses factorial Randomized Complete Design consisting of two factors, namely accession (Banten from Pandeglang, Bogor from Tajur, and Cianjur from Cugenang) and auksin combination (IBA 100%R, urine 25%R + IBA 75%R, urine 50%R + IBA 50%R, urine 75%R + IBA 25%R, and urine 100%R). The results showed that the growth of Cianjur accession had the best results on the percentage of growth cuttings, the percentage of shoot buds, shoot height, number of shoots, number of leaves, percentage of rooted cuttings, and number of roots compared to Banten and Bogor accessions. Giving urine 100%R significantly increases plant height, shoot height, number of shoots, and number of sweet leaf plant roots compared with other auxin combinations. The combination treatment of auxin and accession showed results that were not significantly different from the variable root length and weight of the harvest. In sweet leaf plants, cow urine can replace the use of IBA (Indole Butyric Acid). Keywords: Sauropus androgynus, vegetative, urine, IBA

Evaluación de quitomax® en la emergencia, crecimiento y nutrientes de plántulas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

La aplicación de bioestimulantes del crecimiento vegetal es una alternativa muy promisoria para la obtención de plántulas vigorosas en un menor tiempo. En este trabajo se evaluaron el efecto de la aplicación a semillas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. Amalia de varias concentraciones de Quitomax® (1000, 2000 y 3000 mg•L-1) y un tratamiento control con agua destilada en la emergencia, el crecimiento y los contenidos de nutrientes de plántulas de tomate resultante, con 15 días de edad. Se evaluaron la emergencia de las plántulas en el tiempo, las variables de crecimiento: longitud de la raíz, longitud y diámetro del tallo, la masa fresca y seca de la raíz y de la parte aérea (tallo y hojas), así como, los contenidos de los nutrientes nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, calcio y magnesio Se aplicó un diseño de bloques al azar con tres réplicas por tratamientos. Los resultados mostraron que las plantas provenientes de semillas tratadas con Quitomax® tuvieron una emergencia más rápida, mayores raíces y tallos así como superiores masas frescas y secas que el tratamiento control. También mostraron mayores contenidos de nitrógeno, fosforo, potasio, calcio y magnesio que el control, siendo Quitomax® a 1000 mg•L-1 el mejor tratamiento.