Variations In Physicochemical Parameters Research Articles

Spatial and seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters and heavy metals in Awash River, Ethiopia

Awash River, one of the major rivers in Ethiopia which originate from the central highland area, crosses different extended agricultural farms as well as various industries which receives large effluents from different sources. Nineteen physicochemical parameters, as well as heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni), were quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy in eight different sampling stations of Awash River. There was a significant spatial variation (p < 0.05) in average NO3-N, NH4-N, TN, BOD and COD values in Awash River. There is a strong and positive correlation between (pH and EC, r = 0.805), (WT and BOD, r = 0.774), (NO3-N and NO2-N, r = 0.901), (NO3-N and TN, r = 0.906), (NO3-N and TP, 0.830), (NH4-N and TN, r = 0.876), (NH4-N and COD, r = 0.848), (TN and TP, r = 0.819), (TN and COD, r = 0.941) during dry season and also between (WT and BOD, r = 0.704), (turbidity and NO3-N, r = 0.749), (turbidity and NO2-N, r = 0.722), (NO3-N and NO2-N, r = 0.921), (TP and COD, r = 0.789) during wet season. The results showed that the mean concentrations of metals ranked (high to low) Fe > Cr > Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd > Ni during dry season, whereas the concentration of heavy metals during wet season was in the following order of decreasing magnitude Fe > Cu > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni. Buffer zones should be protected in order to control soil and agricultural nutrients from entering to Awash River. Moreover, industries at the upper stream area should be properly and adequately treat the wastewater before discharging to the Modjo as well as Awash River.

Seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters of Buleji and Paradise Point rocky shores at Karachi coast

The aim of the current study was to determine common physico-chemical parameters (salinity, temperature, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, and pH) of coastal water of two rocky shores from Buleiji and Paradise Point rocky shores at Karachi monthly basis, from November 2007 to April 2009. The range of air and surface water temperature of Buleji varies from 19 ºC to 30 ºC and 21ºC to 29 ºC, respectively. Almost similar air temperature and seawater temperature (19º to 29º C) were recorded at Paradise Point. Salinity ranged from 35 to 39 ‰ at Buleji while it ranged between 35 to 40 ‰ at Paradise Point. The lowest concentrations of dissolved oxygen was recorded in November’07 and November’08 at both sites, at Buleiji which were 1.6 mg/L and 1.7 mg/L while at Paradise Point it was 1.8 mg/L and 1.7 mg/L, respectively. The pH value ranged from 7.0 to 8.3 at Buleji and from 7.5 to 8.4 at Paradise Point. The concentrations of chlorophyll-a were between 1.2 and 3.7 µg cm-2 at Buleji while it ranged from 0.9 to 3.3 µg cm-2 at Paradise Point. Results showed that the obtained values of temperatures, salinity, pH and chlorophyll-a are favorable for the continued survival of marine biota but the values of dissolved oxygen were found to be below 4 mg/L which are not suitable for various species. Prolonged periods of minimal dissolved oxygen directly upset larval stages of numerous marine organisms. In Karachi coastal areas, seasonal accessibility of surface water is very responsive to the monsoon climate and physiography of coastal belt. These concerns were used to inform the common people and decision-makers about the state of the coastal environments. To protect these dynamic significant habitats, the government organizations and researchers should work with appropriate consideration.

Influence of Seasonal Temperature Variation on pH, Dissolved Oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand in Tamdil Lake, Mizoram, India

Temperature is one of the most important ecological factors which play a significant role on the earth, and all the living organisms have evolved various methods to meet extremes of temperature. Seasonal temperature variations are quite significant in freshwater lakes and ponds. The present study deals with the effect of seasonal variations of water temperature on different water quality parameters of Tamdil lake, Mizoram, India, for a period of two years, i.e., from March, 2014 to February, 2016. The water samples were collected from five sampling sites, and the average reading was calculated for each of the water quality attributes namely, temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The water samples were analyzed monthly, and the results are computed on seasonal basis, i.e., pre-monsoon, monsoon, post- monsoon and winter seasons. Statistically, there was a positive and significant relationship between water temperature and pH, and negative significant relationship between temperature and DO. A negative correlation was observed between temperature and BOD. The result shows that there is a significant seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters. The lake has not reached the polluted stage yet.

Physicochemical assessment of industrial textile effluents of Punjab (India)

Urbanization and industrialization are generating huge quantities of untreated wastewater leading to increased water pollution and human diseases in India. The textile industry is one of the leading polluters of surface water and consumes about 200–270 tons of water to produce 1 ton of textile product. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the pollution potential of textile industry effluent draining into Buddha Nallah stream located in Ludhiana, Punjab (India), and determine the seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters (pH, water temperature, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of Buddha Nallah water. During summer months, for Site 1 and Site 2, the value of pH was in the alkaline range of 8.78 ± 0.47 and 8.51 ± 0.41, respectively. The values of pH in the rainy season were found to be in the range of 7.38 ± 0.58 and 7.11 ± 0.59 for Site 1 and Site 2, respectively. In the autumn and winter seasons, the average pH values were found to be in the range of 8.58 ± 1.40 and 8.33 ± 0.970, respectively. The maximum mean temperature in summer was recorded as 41.16 ± 4.99 °C, and lowest mean temperature in winter was recorded as 39.25 ± 2.25 °C at Site 2. The suspended solids were found to be highest (143.5 ± 75.01 and 139.66 ± 71.87 mg/L) in autumn for both the sites and lowest (86.50 + 15.10 mg/L) in the rainy season for Site 1. The values of BOD and COD of the textile effluent of both sites during all the seasons ranged from 121–580 to 240–990 mg/L, respectively, much higher than WHO water quality standard of 30 mg/L for BOD and 250 mg/L for COD. The present study deals with the collection of textile industry effluent and its characterization to find out the physicochemical load being drained by the effluent generated from textile industries, on the natural wastewater streams.

Urban stormwater treatment by a constructed wetland: Seasonality impacts on hydraulic efficiency, physico-chemical behavior and heavy metal occurrence

Urban stormwater affects the general quality of water bodies because of their hydraulic and pollution impacts. Stormwater discharges modify stream water flow and are reported as major source of heavy metals (HMs) in urban streams. Stormwater Constructed Wetlands (SCWs) have been built worldwide to manage stormwater before it is released into hydrosystems. In SCWs, stormwater is stored, evaporated and sometimes infiltrated. Subsequently, the HMs in stormwater can be settled, filtered and bioassimilated by microorganisms. Hence, the efficiency of SCWs in managing stormwater depends on climatic conditions, which change with season. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of seasonality on the performance of a 6-year-old constructed wetland made with a pond followed by a vertical flow filter. Hydraulic performance of, physico-chemical behaviour of, and HM mitigation via the SCW were evaluated using over 3 years of monitoring (2015–2017) data. Only 35% of the rain events that occurred in the studied catchment caused a discharge into the pond and 17% into the filter. The SCW was mostly supplied with stormwater in spring and summer and provided peak flow attenuation from 97 to 100% in all seasons. Variations in physico-chemical parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and redox potential) were caused by seasonal and dry/wet weather changes. They were greater in the pond than in the filter, which buffers these variations. The high physico-chemical variations in the pond probably had a deleterious effect on HM storage in the pond sediments. Finally, hydrologic and physico-chemical conditions (antecedent dry period length, pH, redox potential) affected the HM concentrations along the SCW. However, HM removal efficiencies were >97% in all seasons.

Differential effects on life history traits and body size of two anuran species inhabiting an environment related to fluorite mine

Mining activity is an important cause of physicochemical, biological, and landscape alterations. Several studies involving disturbed environments confirmed the modification of demographic traits in anuran populations. The current study aimed to assess the effects of natural and artificial surface waters associated with a fluorite mine on the body size and life history traits of Rhinella arenarum and Boana cordobae. Sampling was done in three areas: stream running on granitic rock, with medium natural fluoride content (CN); stream running on metamorphic rock, with low natural fluoride content (LV); and artificial decantation pond (DP) with large variation in physicochemical parameters. Adult individuals of the two anuran species were measured and weighed, and their body condition (BC) was calculated. Life history traits were assessed using the skeletochronology method. Individuals from DP weighed significantly heavier than individuals from streams. The BC index in R. arenarum was higher at LV, whereas in B. cordobae, a higher index was obtained at both LV and DP. The average age differs between sites in B. cordobae but not in R. arenarum. Growth coefficient was higher for altered environment in both species (CN; DP), whereas the estimated SVLmax was slightly higher in populations from less disturbed sites (LV). The most affected species was B. cordobae. Therefore, for future studies, it is important to know the biology of sentinel species because not all amphibian species may respond in the same way to similar disturbances. Differences obtained in life history traits may be explained by the lack of survival of larger/older individuals or compensatory growth, required to balance fast growth with the costs on survival at more disturbed sites.

The variations of physico-chemical parameters during summer in Lake Erenciuc from the Danube Delta (Romania)

Abstract Lake Erenciuc is situated in the Danube Delta (Romania) and was created in the abandoned riverbed of the Sfântu Gheorghe arm. It is the largest meander lake in Romania. During spring–summer, the physico-chemical parameters of water have been measured in seven lake sampling points and one at the Sfântu Gheorghe branch, which supplies the lake through Erenciuc channel. The area around Lake Erenciuc belongs to the category of strictly protected areas within the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. The following water quality parameters were measured: temperature (T: °C); pH (pH units); Luminescent Dissolved Oxygen (LDO: mg dm−3); Dissolved Oxygen saturation (DO: %); water tension (U: mV); Electrical Conductivity (EC: μS cm−1); Total Dissolved Solids concentration (TDS: mg dm−3). The recorded values are easily differentiated across the entire length of the elongated lake path, especially between inflow (upstream) and outflow (downstream). The parameters recorded during the spring–summer period, with high flow rates and high water levels, demonstrate good lake water quality, especially oxygenation. The study also demonstrates that high waters refresh and recalibrate the water quality in isolated lake basins.

A study on seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters and corrosion indices of coastal villages of Olpad and Choryasi taluka, Surat district

A study on seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters and corrosion indices of coastal villages of Olpad and Choryasi taluka, Surat district

Diurnal Variation and Water Quality Parameters of Three Different Ecosystems in Gulf of Mannar, Southeast Coast of India

A study pertaining to diurnal variations of water quality parameters were carried out in three different coastal ecosystems Mandapm jetty (MJ), Seagrass meadows (SG) and coral reef (CR) i.e. sites (site1, site 2 and site 3) of Gulf of Mannar (GoM) for the period 24 hours from the month of September 20 to 21, 2016. The various physicochemical parameters like water temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen of the different environments are the main factors to influence the water quality of the selected study sites. The water temperature (WT°C) varied from 28.44 to 32.30°C, salinity ranged between 35.89 to 40.28 ppt, pH measured as from 7.98 to 8.48 and dissolved oxygen varied from 3.72 to 8.58 mg/l respectively. The recorded value of chlorophyll a ranged between 0.36 to 1.32 mg/m3 from three sites during the study period. From the three different ecosystems, seagrass ecosystem constantly influences the variation of physicochemical parameters from other two ecosystems. The physicochemical variations of coastal region are including wide range of spatio-temporal variations in selected ecosystems (sites).

Effects of retting pond wastewater pollution and seasonal variation

This study focuses on the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of coconut husk retting wastewater samples. The main objective of this study is to assess the quality of wastewater during a period of 12 months. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), phenol concentration, total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), colour and biodegradability of the wastewater samples were analysed. Most of the analysed parameters were found to be higher than the permissible limit of World Health Organisation (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) water quality guidelines.

A spatio‐temporal water quality assessment of the Beas and Sutlej Rivers at the Harike Wetland: A Ramsar site in Punjab, India

AbstractLakes play a vital role in regulating water storage, flow of river water, and ultimately maintaining a balanced ecosystem. Spatial and temporal variations in physicochemical parameters of water in Harike Wetland, a Ramsar site in the northwestern state of Punjab, India, were studied. This study was conducted on a monthly basis from January to December 2015. The water quality was studied at ten locations from sites 1 to 10 upstream, central and downstream from Harike Lake for ten physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen concentration biological oxygen demand, nitrate and phosphate concentrations and salinity. The findings of this study revealed that, except for temperature and pH, all parameters exhibited relatively higher values for the Sutlej River, compared with the Beas River, with sampling sites 5 to site 7 exhibiting intermediate results. The mean seasonal temperature variations ranged from 16.9 to 26.6 °C, the pH from 7.7 to 8.2, electrical conductivity from 223 to 303 μS cm−1 and TDS concentration from 148.7 to 180.4 ppm. Correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relations between the variables. The electrical conductivity exhibited a high positive correlation with salinity and biological oxygen demand, whereas it correlated negatively with the dissolved oxygen concentration. Box and whisker plots were also plotted for the study results to better examine the data distribution.

Assessment of suitability of macrobenthic mollusc diversity to monitor water quality and shallow sediment quality in a tropical rehabilitated and non-rehabilitated wetland system

Six sampling sites were selected to represent different land use types in the rehabilitated and non-rehabilitated areas of a recreational wetland in Sri Lanka to study the suitability of macrobenthic mollusc diversity to monitor spatial and temporal variation in physico-chemical parameters of water and shallow sediments. Individuals belonging to six families and eight species were recorded during the study. The significantly highest mean abundance (individuals) of Bithynia tentaculata and Pila globosa were recorded in sites from the rehabilitated area and there was no significant temporal variation of mollusc abundance during the study. The abundance and diversity of mollusc community showed significant spatial variations and this study identified that B. tentaculata and P. globosa can be used as possible bioindicators to detect changes in water and shallow sediment quality in tropical wetland ecosystems

Seasonal Variation in Physico Chemical Parameters of Ground Water of Merta City, Nagaur

Seasonal Variation in Physico Chemical Parameters of Ground Water of Merta City, Nagaur

Internet of Things-Based Arduino Intelligent Monitoring and Cluster Analysis of Seasonal Variation in Physicochemical Parameters of Jungnangcheon, an Urban Stream

In the present case study, the use of an advanced, efficient and low-cost technique for monitoring an urban stream was reported. Physicochemical parameters (PcPs) of Jungnangcheon stream (Seoul, South Korea) were assessed using an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. Temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH parameters were monitored for the three summer months and the first fall month at a fixed location. Analysis was performed using clustering techniques (CTs), such as K-means clustering, agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN). An IoT-based Arduino sensor module (ASM) network with a 99.99% efficient communication platform was developed to allow collection of stream data with user-friendly software and hardware and facilitated data analysis by interested individuals using their smartphones. Clustering was used to formulate relationships among physicochemical parameters. K-means clustering was used to identify natural clusters using the silhouette coefficient based on cluster compactness and looseness. AHC grouped all data into two clusters as well as temperature, DO and pH into four, eight, and four clusters, respectively. DBSCAN analysis was also performed to evaluate yearly variations in physicochemical parameters. Noise points (NOISE) of temperature in 2016 were border points (ƥ), whereas in 2014 and 2015 they remained core points (ɋ), indicating a trend toward increasing stream temperature. We found the stream parameters were within the permissible limits set by the Water Quality Standards for River Water, South Korea.

Biomonitoring of Selected Freshwater Bodies Using Diatoms as Ecological Indicators

Lakes supply water for irrigation, drinking, fisheries, etc. and thus have significant economic and recreational value. In order to determine impacts of human activities on aquatic ecosystem it is important to distinguish anthropogenic impact and natural variation. In limnetic ecosystem, water quality is influenced by physical, chemical, and biological factors. Freshwater communities are very much sensitive to environmental variables. The algal flora constitutes a vital link in the food chain and its productivity depends on water quality at a given time. Diatoms in particular are of utmost importance, as potential indicators of water quality due to their sensitivity and strong response to many physical, chemical and biological changes. Occurrence of diatom communities in selected fresh water bodies of Goa along with physico-chemical parameters have been studied for a period of two consecutive years and the data has been used in biomonitoring. Using OMNIDIA GB 5.3 software, Louis Leclercq IDSE/5 index is derived and the level of degradation due to organic and anthropogenic pollution has been found out. Findings showed seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters and diatom population. The diversity of diatoms was considerably high in Syngenta, Lotus and Curtorim lakes compared to Khandola Pond. Gomphonema parabolum, Navicula halophila, Navicula microcephala, Navicula mutica indicates organic pollution in the water bodies. Amphora ovalis, Stauroneis phoenicenteron, Synedra ulna indicates anthropogenic pollution in Syngenta, Lotus and Curtorim lakes while Navicula rhynococephala indicate anthropogenic pollution in Khandola Pond. Biomonitoring has been proven to be necessary and hence the importance of diatoms as ecological indicators of water quality has been stressed.

Variability in physico-chemical characters of mango genotypes collected from Kuttanad tracts of Kerala

An extensive survey was conducted during 2011–13 to identify the elite mango (Mangifera indica L.) types among its natural population existing in Kuttanad tracts of Kerala. The ripe fruits of 28 selected genotypes were analyzed for physical and quality parameters. There was significant variation among the collections. Individual fruits ranged from 60.17–920.03 g, pulp weight 40.13–780.98 g, fruit length 8.32–19.20 cm, fruit diameter 14.29–31.28 cm, fruit volume 58.65–918.75 cc, and specific gravity 1.00–1.05 g/cc. Similarly, the chemical parameters also varied significantly. The TSS varied from 9.83–21.0°Brix, ascorbic acid 2.40–91.33 mg/100 g, acidity 0.16–0.92% and total sugars 7.43–51.70%. Wide range of variability in physico-chemical parameters amongst suggested that superior genotypes could be selected for commercial cultivation based on their usage.

Spatial Variation of Physicochemical Parameters of Rainwater Harvested in Some Communities of Niger Delta due to Different Exposure to Atmospheric Condition.

This study was carried out to assess the effect of altered atmospheric condition on the physicochemical parameters of rainwater samples from Trans-Amadi, Rumuolumeni and Diobu all in Rivers State of Niger Delta. Rainwater samples from the three different locations were harvested directly using pre-sterilized plastic bottles within the same period of time. Each sample collected was divided into three parts. The samples were analyzed by comparing them with WHO standards for drinking water. A part was analyzed within 6 hours of sample collection, the second part was kept in a darkroom for a period of 21 days while the third was exposed to sunlight for a period of 21 days and after which some physicochemical tests including conductivity, sulphate, calcium, chlorine, nitrite, nitrate, pH, alkalinity, temperature, salinity, total dissolved solids; were carried out on the samples. The physicochemical characteristics of the collected samples varied depending on the atmospheric condition under which they were stored. Nevertheless, when compared with the control, the rainwater samples had more sulfate, lead, nitrite and nitrate content. This could be related to the industrial activities going on in these areas. The samples exposed to sunlight had improved and desirable physicochemical characteristics compared with the pre-exposed samples and those kept in the darkroom. These results indicate that exposing rainwater to sunlight rather than storing them in a darkroom can help improve its physicochemical qualities, thereby making it more acceptable for drinking and for domestic purpose. The government and non-governmental organizations should help provide portable water for communities that lack such, so that they do not get exposed to water pollution outcome and its risk associated consequences.

Air-sea CO2 flux pattern along the southern Bay of Bengal waters

Physico-chemical observations made from January 2013 to March 2015 in coastal waters of the southwest Bay of Bengal show pronounced seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters including total alkalinity (TA: 1927.390–4088.642μmolkg−1), chlorophyll (0.13–19.41μgl−1) and also calculated dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC: 1574.219–3790.954μmolkg−1), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2: 155.520–1488.607μatm) and air-sea CO2 flux (FCO2: −4.808 to 11.255mmolCm−2d−1). Most of the physical parameters are at their maximum during summer due to the increased solar radiation at cloud free conditions, less or no riverine inputs, and lack of vertical mixing of water column which leads to the lowest nutrients concentration, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological production, pCO2 and negative flux of CO2 to the atmosphere. Chlorophyll and DO concentrations enhanced due to increased nutrients during premonsoon and monsoon season due to the vertical mixing of water column driven by the strong winds and external inputs at respective seasons. The constant positive loading of nutrients, TA, DIC, chlorophyll, pCO2 and FCO2 against atmospheric temperature (AT), lux, sea surface temperature (SST), pH and salinity observed in principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that physical and biological parameters play vital role in the seasonal distribution of pCO2 along the southwest Bay of Bengal. The annual variability of CO2 flux clearly depicted that the southwest Bay of Bengal switch from sink (2013) to source status in the recent years (2014 and 2015) and it act as significant source of CO2 to the atmosphere with a mean flux of 0.204±1.449mmolCm−2d−1.

Diversity of Phytoplankton and Pollution Tolerant Species of Navule Pond, Shivamogga, Karnataka

The present study deals with phytoplankton population of Navule pond in Shivamogga during September 2014 to August 2015. Blue-greens constituted the major group (41.75%) followed by Chlorococcalas (36.68%), Diatoms (13.36%), euglenoids (7.35%) and Desmids (0.86%). The phytoplankton community was composed of 11 species of Blue-greens, 20 species of Chlorococcales, 18 species of Diatoms, 11 species of Euglenoids and 08 species of Desmids. Each group of phytoplankton showed different peak periods, the summer season produces relatively more phytoplankton than rainy and winter season. The variations in physico-chemical parameters are responsible for the fluctuation of quantity of phytoplankton. The dominant genera recorded on the pond were Anabaenopsis sp., Ocillatoria sp., Euglena sp., and Phacus. Some of the pollution tolerant species identified during the present study are Scenedesmusquadricauda, Coelastrum sp., Tetraedonmuticum, Ocillatoria sp., Phormidium sp., Microcystis sp., Anabaena sp., Navicula sp., Synedra ulna, Cyclotella sp., and Pinnularia sp. In the present study Microcystisaeroginosa was recorded indicates the civic pollution.

Assessment in situ of genotoxicity in tadpoles and adults of frog Hypsiboas cordobae (Barrio 1965) inhabiting aquatic ecosystems associated to fluorite mine

Non-lethal biological techniques such as blood biomarkers have gained attention due to their value as early signals of anthropic effects of contamination representing significant tools to evaluate ecosystems health. We evaluate and characterize in situ genotoxicity of water samples collected from aquatic ecosystems around a fluorite mine using amphibian frogs Hypsiboas cordobae as bioindicator species complemented with 16 physicochemical parameters. Four stations associated with fluorite mine sampling were sampled: a stream running on granitic rock with natural high fluorite content; two streams both running on metamorphic rock with low fluorite content; and an artificial decantation pond containing sediments produced by fluorite flotation process with high variation in physicochemical parameters. We analyses the blood of tadpoles and adults of H. Cordobae, calculated frequencies of micronuclei, erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities, mitosis, immature and enucleated erythrocytes. Individuals were measured and weighed and body condition was calculated. The results of this study indicate that individuals of decantation pond are exposed to compounds or mixtures which are causing cell damage when compared to those that were collected of stream. Larval stage was more vulnerable than the adult phase and it could be related mainly to the higher exposure time to xenobiotics, which can penetrate easily by skin, mouth and gills; additionally this site offers a reduced availability of food than other sites. Therefore, chronic exposure to pollutants could derive in degenerative and neoplastic diseases in target organs. Moreover these individuals may experience reproductive and behavioral disturbances which could lead to population decline in the long term.