Abstract
Urbanization and industrialization are generating huge quantities of untreated wastewater leading to increased water pollution and human diseases in India. The textile industry is one of the leading polluters of surface water and consumes about 200–270 tons of water to produce 1 ton of textile product. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the pollution potential of textile industry effluent draining into Buddha Nallah stream located in Ludhiana, Punjab (India), and determine the seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters (pH, water temperature, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of Buddha Nallah water. During summer months, for Site 1 and Site 2, the value of pH was in the alkaline range of 8.78 ± 0.47 and 8.51 ± 0.41, respectively. The values of pH in the rainy season were found to be in the range of 7.38 ± 0.58 and 7.11 ± 0.59 for Site 1 and Site 2, respectively. In the autumn and winter seasons, the average pH values were found to be in the range of 8.58 ± 1.40 and 8.33 ± 0.970, respectively. The maximum mean temperature in summer was recorded as 41.16 ± 4.99 °C, and lowest mean temperature in winter was recorded as 39.25 ± 2.25 °C at Site 2. The suspended solids were found to be highest (143.5 ± 75.01 and 139.66 ± 71.87 mg/L) in autumn for both the sites and lowest (86.50 + 15.10 mg/L) in the rainy season for Site 1. The values of BOD and COD of the textile effluent of both sites during all the seasons ranged from 121–580 to 240–990 mg/L, respectively, much higher than WHO water quality standard of 30 mg/L for BOD and 250 mg/L for COD. The present study deals with the collection of textile industry effluent and its characterization to find out the physicochemical load being drained by the effluent generated from textile industries, on the natural wastewater streams.
Highlights
Freshwater is the key to sustain life on earth
There is no denial of the fact that nature has a fascinating endowment to confront small amount of wastewater and water pollution, but it would be venturesome if the huge amount of untreated wastewater gets discharged to natural water bodies
All glassware used during the course of experiments was of “A” grade calibrated quality (Borosil India, New Delhi, India), and chemicals were of analytical reagent (AR) grade (Loba Chemie, Mumbai, India)
Summary
Freshwater is the key to sustain life on earth. With the advent of human civilization, proliferating population, the industrial revolution and rapid urbanization, aquatic assets are getting employed as dumping ground for industrial waste, sewage and domestic waste. Office of the Vice Chancellor, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India bodies and drains carry precarious industrial effluents which affect the quality of water and aquatic ecosystem and human life (Singh et al 2016; Mishra et al 2016; Kumar et al 2013, 2014a, b, 2015a, b). The textile industry in India is one of the most important and most polluting industries in terms of consumption and generation of huge amounts of wastewater, fuel and diverse group of chemicals such as dyes (Asia et al 2006; dos Santos et al 2007; Verma et al 2012). To operate different processes such as resizing, scouring, bleaching, dyeing and printing of fabric, a vast amount of water is used and waste is generated (Ghaly et al 2014). The main issue of effluent from textile industries with environmental problems is the elevation of biochemical oxygen
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