pH Variation Research Articles

Novel biocompatible pH-fluorescence responsive MOF nanocarriers for lung cancer treatment

In this study, we synthesized two novel metal–organic frameworks [Cd(C4H4N2)(C12H19P3O9)]n (1) and {Ca[Cd(H2O)3]2(C24H15N6O6)2}n (2) distinguished by exceptional fluorescence properties. Focusing on 1, we innovatively combined it with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) to create a pH-responsive, fluorescence-guided nanocarrier system (HPC-1@DOX) for targeted delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer treatment. We thoroughly evaluated the loading and release efficiency of DOX under varied pH conditions, demonstrating sustained and controlled drug release characteristics in vitro, along with substantial drug-loading capacity. Notably, HPC-1@DOX exhibited pH-responsive behavior, releasing DOX preferentially at pH 6.8, indicative of targeted delivery to tumor and inflammatory sites while minimizing release at higher pH values. Moreover, we explored its biological impact, confirming HPC-1@DOX’s ability to up-regulate miR-493-3p expression in lung carcinoma cells, thereby inhibiting proliferation, reducing invasiveness, and inducing apoptosis. This multifunctional nanocarrier system represents a significant advancement towards targeted and effective cancer therapy.

Microwave Synthesis of Fluorescent Carbon Quantum dots from Araucaria Heterophylla Gum: Application in Drug Detection.

This study employed a green microwave synthesis technique to produce carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from araucaria heterophylla gum extract. The produced CQDs emit a distinct blue fluorescent light, contributing a remarkable quantum yield of 14.69%. Their average particle size measures at 1.62 ± 0.39nm. Furthermore, these CQDs demonstrate excellent water solubility and maintain high fluorescence stability despite ionic strength, pH and time variations. Moreover, we present here for the first time that the synthesized CQDs demonstrate a rapid, exceptionally sensitive, and discerning fluorescence quenching phenomenon (IFE) concerning Cefprozil (CPR). The fluorescent probe was sensitive and specific with good linear relationships for CPR in the 0-18 µM range. The limit of detection for relationships for CPR was 2.51 µM. This study provides novel opportunities for producing high-quality luminescent CQDs that meet the requirements for various biological and environmental applications.

A coupling numerical model for simulating groundwater uranium removal in coupling device of electric field and PRB

The remediation of groundwater uranium pollution has been successfully researched and implemented. However, the cost-effectiveness remains challenging to evaluate. Numerical modeling presents a potential solution, while the coupling of multi-physics in uranium pollution remediation has been a global challenge. This study developed a multi-physics coupled model to simulate the evolution of groundwater uranium plumes in composite remediation system, which was composed of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) and electrokinetic remediation (EKR). Meanwhile, pH changes are also taken into account. The research revolved around sandbox dynamic migration experiments, where key parameters were measured for model building. Based on this, a mathematical model for achieving multi field coupling has been proposed. Substitute equations were used to unify the calculation of flow field and electric field into the same dimension. The results showed that the pH variations induced by electrolysis propagate towards the center of the electric field. Medium adsorption of uranium reached its peak when the pH was between 4 and 5. The driving force of groundwater flow in the coupled field was about 3.5 times that of electroosmosis, occupying a dominant position. Electric fields can serve as auxiliary means to delay the migration of uranium. Under ensuring the effective operation of the system for 360 days, the system can save 25 % of PRB thickness with the EKR assistance. The model can not only predict evolution of uranium plume in groundwater, but also calculate the performance and lifespan of composite remediation systems, providing guidance and recommendations for the design of real-site remediation systems.

Magnetic Field Mapping-Based Battery Management System (BMS) for Lead Acid Application

Lead Acid Batteries (LAB) are a widely used technology in Energy Storage Systems (ESS) due to their abundant and low-cost materials, non-flammable water-based electrolyte, and high recyclability rate. The main applications for LABs are in mobility, data centers, and telecommunications. According to the Consortium of Battery Innovation (CBI), the market for lead acid batteries is projected to increase 150 GWh between 2025 and 2030. Therefore, it is fundamental to identify emerging failure modes in LABs in ESS systems to reduce battery degradation and to extend the use life.An important failure mode in flooded LABs is acid stratification. This research explores H+ concentration changes in H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) electrolyte as a correlation of acid stratification. The objective is to develop a non-invasive, non-destructive, and accurate real-time battery monitoring system. The Magnetic Field Probing (MFP) technique, popular in the medical imaging field, shows a promising solution for ESS performance evaluation. This technique can measure induced magnetic field changes based on variation in H+ concentration in the cell during cycling. See Figure. 1 (a). MFP provides early onset notification of stratification in flooded LABs with capability to discern other failure modes in non-flooded lead batteries.A set of experimental trials measured pH and magnetic field variation of H2SO4 electrolyte. See Figure. 1 (a). The preliminary results demonstrated changes in electrolyte pH due to possible stratification. See Figure. 1 (b). A correlation between the output voltage resulting from the interaction of the induced magnetic field and the changes in the electrolyte concentration was found. See Figure 1(c) The optimal AC input frequency maximizes the induced magnetic field response. The value found for optimal AC input frequency was 32kHz, which depends on the physical properties of the magnetic field inductors (air core solenoid coils). The experimental results showed and concluded that the induced magnetic field across the tested cell is also inversely proportional to the distance between coils attached to the cell.Further research involves the use of magneto-resistors to establish a magnetic field mapping in lead acid cells as they are being cycled. Magnetic field response is measured while lead acid cells are cycled from 100% to 20% state of charge range. In the future, this study will provide insights and findings to model and predict cell stratification in lead acid cells with electrochemical computational simulations.Keywords: Energy storage systems, lead acid batteries, acid stratification, magnetic field, non-invasive method Figure 1

Binding Interaction of Coumarin Derivative Daphnetin with Ovalbumin: Molecular Insights into the Complexation Process and Effects of Metal Ions and pH in the Binding and Antifibrillation Studies.

This study investigates the interaction between daphnetin and ovalbumin (OVA) as well as its potential to inhibit OVA fibrillation using both spectroscopic and computational analysis. A moderate binding affinity of 1 × 104 M-1 was observed between OVA and daphnetin, with a static quenched mechanism identified during the fluorescence quenching processes. Metal ions' (Cu2+ and Zn2+) presence led to an increase in the binding affinities of daphnetin toward OVA, mirroring a similar trend observed with the pH variation. Synchronous and 3D fluorescence studies indicated an increase in the polarity of the microenvironment surrounding the Trp residues during binding. Interestingly, circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared studies showed a significant change in the secondary structure of OVA upon binding with daphnetin. The efficacy of daphnetin in inhibiting protein fibrillation was confirmed through thioflavin T and Congo Red binding assays along with fluorescence microscopic imaging analysis. The thermodynamic assessment showed positive ΔH° [+(29.34 ± 1.526) kJ mol-1] and ΔS° [+(181.726 ± 5.465) J mol-1] values, indicating the presence of the hydrophobic forces, while negative ΔG° signifies spontaneous binding interactions. These experimental findings were further correlated with computational analysis, revealing daphnetin dynamics within the binding site of OVA.

An Integration Method of UML Diagrams and Arduino UNO for Developing Water Pollution Detection System

Despite the scientific and health development in the world, water pollution can pose a threat to human health, whether the pollutants are biological or chemical. In addition, traditional methods of water pollution detecting require high costs, and take time. Due to the importance of water for human life, drinking, irrigation, or for use in industry etc. Thus, reliable methods for water contamination detecting are a crucial issue.This paper aims to propose an integration method of UML diagrams and Arduino UNO microcontroller for developing water pollution detection system. The proposed method consists of three phases, which are system’s design, system's schematic and system’s architecture. It uses use case diagram and sequence diagram. In addition, the system design consisting of a microcontroller and multiple connected sensors for water pollutant detection, namely pH, turbidity, dissolved solids, temperature, oxidation reduction potential and electrical conductivity. The result of this paper is the production an automatic water pollutant detection prototype using Arduino and UML diagrams to display the water pollution parameters. The variables pH, turbidity, dissolved solids, temperature, oxidation reduction potential and electrical conductivity were chosen because they are the physical and chemical parameters that most influence water quality. The proposed system is characterized by measuring the water quality in real time, low cost and its data is accurate and fast.

Layer-by-layer assembly of Chitosan and Quince seed gum polyelectrolytes as a pH-responsive, on-off switchable multilayer film for controlled release of Ibuprofen

Polysaccharide-based multilayer films have shown substantial potential for drug delivery applications. In the meantime, researchers have been captivated by Quince seed gum (QSG) with a high content of acidic polysaccharides because of its versatile responsiveness to salts, pH, and solvents. Accordingly, polyelectrolyte multilayers using Chitosan (CS) and Quince seed gum (QSG) were constructed and the effects of assembly pH, salt concentration, and post-assembly pH were systematically investigated. It was evident that both mass per unit area (10,000 ng/cm2) and the wet thickness (107.8 nm) after the deposition of 5 bilayers were accurately estimated by the viscoelastic model due to the highly swollen state of films. Atomic force microscopy could feasibly demonstrate the development of globular structures during the layer-by-layer assembly. Ellipsometry analysis showed that the variation of assembly pH resulted in conformational changes from extended to coiled. Consequently, different optical thicknesses as well as transitions from exponential to linear growth were observed. Moreover, extrinsic charge compensation was responsible for coiling or extensive counterion screening of polyelectrolyte chains depending on the NaCl concentration. CS/QSG films displayed pH-stimulus responsive on-off switching behavior at pH 2 and 7.4 for 3 cycles. The constructed film could absorb 1200 ng/cm2 Ibuprofen within 60 min at pH 7.4. The in vitro release kinetics from Ibuprofen-loaded samples showed pH dependency. The CS/QSG multilayer film can be considered as a smart pH tunable system for drug loading/release applications.

Intelligent Biopolymer-Based Films: Promising New Solutions for Food Packaging Applications.

The development of biopolymer-based films represents a promising direction in the packaging industry that responds to stringent needs for sustainability, reducing the ecological impact. Traditional fossil-derived polymers present major concerns because of their long decomposition time and their significant contribution to the pollution of the environment. On the contrary, biopolymers such as chitosan, PVA, and PLA offer viable alternatives. This study aimed to obtain an innovative pH indicator for smart packaging using a synthetic non-toxic anthocyanin analogue dye incorporated in bio-based films to indicate meat freshness and quality. The pH-responsive color-changing properties of the dye make it suitable for developing intelligent films to monitor food freshness. The obtained polymeric films were characterized by FT-IR and UV-VIS spectroscopy, and their thermal properties were assessed using thermogravimetric methods. Moisture content, swelling capacity, and water solubility of the polymeric films were also evaluated. The sensitivity of the biopolymer-flavylium composite films to pH variations was studied in the pH range of 2 to 12 and noticeable color variations were observed, allowing the monitoring of the meat's quality damage through pH changes. The pH-responsive films were applied directly on the surface or in the proximity of pork and chicken meat samples, to evaluate their colorimetric response to fresh and spoilt meat. This study can be the starting point for creating more durable packaging solutions leading to a circular economy.

Electrogeneration and Characterization of Poly(methylene blue) Thin Films on Stainless Steel 316 Electrodes-Effect of pH.

Methylene blue was electropolymerized on the surface of stainless steel 316. The addition of sodium oxalate and working at a pH near 11 allowed us to obtain steel electrodes coated with an electroactive polymer. This polymer shows electrochromic properties like those of the monomer, but also exhibits electroactivity at more positive potentials, which is associated with the active centers in the bridges between monomeric units. A digital video electrochemistry study allowed us to simultaneously quantify, on the one hand, the color changes on the entire surface of the stainless steel and on the other to separate the contribution of the active centers of the phenothiazine ring and of the inter-monomer bonds to the overall polymer response by means of assessing the mean color intensities. A reduction mechanism for the polymer, compatible with the pH variation of the observed electrochemical behavior, was proposed.

Mixed-Mode Adsorption of l-Tryptophan on D301 Resin through Hydrophobic Interaction/Ion Exchange/Ion Exclusion: Equilibrium and Kinetics Study.

The adsorption of l-tryptophan (l-Trp) was studied based on the hydrophobic interaction/ion exchange/ion exclusion mixed-mode adsorption resin D301. Firstly, the interaction mode between l-Trp and resin was analyzed by studying the influence of pH variation on the adsorption capability and the dissociation state of l-Trp. Secondly, the adsorption mechanism was illuminated by studying the adsorption equilibrium and kinetic behaviors. The adsorption equilibrium and a kinetics model were constructed. The augmentation of pH gradually elicited an enhancement in the adsorption capacity of l-Trp. l-Trp existing in varied dissociation states could be adsorbed by the resin, and the interaction mode relied upon the pH of the solution. An integrated adsorption equilibrium model with the coadsorption of different dissociation states of l-Trp was developed and could predict the adsorption isotherms at various pH levels satisfactorily. Both external mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion collectively imposed constraints on the mass transfer process of l-Trp onto the resin. An improved liquid film linear driving force model (ILM) was constructed, and the model provided a satisfactory fit for the adsorption kinetics curves of l-Trp at various pH levels. l-Trp molecules had a high mass transfer rate at a relatively low solution pH.

Rheological behavior and solution pH response properties of nanoparticle-regulated low surface tension systems.

Regarding the rheological properties of fluids, certain nanoparticles can markedly modify the rheological behavior of low surface tension solutions by interacting with surfactant molecules. In this work, a low surface tension fluid with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride was prepared, and the silica nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed into it by ultrasonic dispersion. By adjusting the size, shape, and concentration of nanoparticles, the fluid behavior can be changed from Newtonian to non-Newtonian with finely tuned viscosity and characterized by a shear-thinning rheological behavior. In addition, this work explored how variations in environmental temperature and solution pH affect the rheological responses of the low surface tension suspension system. The experimental findings revealed that increasing the temperature substantially decreases the system's viscosity and induces a shear-thickening behavior. It is particularly significant that, under extreme pH conditions (either strongly acidic or alkaline), the viscosity of the nanoparticle suspensions was markedly enhanced at a particle concentration of 10 000 ppm. This interesting result coincided with a notable reduction in the zeta potential and an increase in the average particle size, suggesting an intensified aggregation of particles within the suspension system. A mechanism detailing the interaction between silica nanoparticles and surfactant micelles was proposed. This work indicates that the incorporation of nanoparticles into surfactant solutions offers a powerful approach to modulating fluid rheology across various conditions.

Engineered nanofibrillar collagen with tunable biophysical properties for myogenic, endothelial, and osteogenic cell guidance

A goal of regenerative engineering is the rational design of materials to restore the structure-function relationships that drive reparative programs in damaged tissues. Despite the widespread use of extracellular matrices for engineering tissues, their application has been limited by a narrow range of tunable features. The primary objective of this study is to develop a versatile platform for evaluating tissue-specific cellular interactions using Type I collagen scaffolds with highly tunable biophysical properties. The kinetics of collagen fibrillogenesis were modulated through a combination of varied shear rate and pH during neutralization, to achieve a broad range of fibril anisotropy, porosity, diameter, and storage modulus. The role that each of these properties play in guiding muscle, bone, and vascular cell types was comprehensively identified, and informed the in vitro generation of three distinct musculoskeletal engineered constructs. Myogenesis was highly regulated by smaller fibrils and larger storage moduli, endothelial inflammatory phenotype was predominantly guided by fibril anisotropy, and osteogenesis was enhanced by highly porous collagen with larger fibrils. This study introduces a novel approach for dynamically modulating Type I collagen materials and provides a robust platform for investigating cell-material interactions, offering insights for the future rational design of tissue-specific regenerative biomaterials. Statement of significanceThe biophysical properties of regenerative materials facilitate key cell-substrate interactions that can guide the morphology, phenotype, and biological response of cells. In this study, we describe the fabrication of an engineered collagen hydrogel that can be modified to exhibit control over a wide range of biophysical features, including fibril organization and size, nanoscale porosity, and mechanics. We identified the unique combination of collagen features that optimally promote regenerative muscle, bone, and vascular cell types while also delineating the properties that hinder these same cellular responses. This study presents a highly accessible method to control the biophysical properties of collagen hydrogels that can be adapted for a broad range of tissue engineering and regenerative applications.

Modulation of Electron Push-Pull by Redox Non-Innocent Additives for Long Cycle Life Zinc Anode.

Application of an aqueous Zn-ion battery is plagued by a water-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), resulting in local pH variations and an unstable electrode-electrolyte interface (EEI) with uncontrolled Zn plating and side reactions. Here, 4-methyl pyridine N-oxide (PNO) is introduced as a redox non-innocent additive that comprises a hydrophilic bipolar N+-O- ion pair as a coordinating ligand for Zn and a hydrophobic ─CH3 group at the para position of the pyridine ring that reduces water activity at the EEI, thereby enhancing stability. The N+-O- moiety of PNO possesses the unique functionality of an efficient push electron donor and pull electron acceptor, thus maintaining the desired pH during charging/discharging. Intriguingly, replacing ─CH3 (electron pushing +I effect) by ─CF3 group (electron pulling ─I effect), however, does not improve the reversibility; instead, it degrades the cell performance. The electrolyte with 2m ZnSO4 + 15mm PNO enables symmetric cell Zn plating/stripping for a remarkable > 10 000h at 0.5mA cm-2 and exhibits coulombic efficiency (CE) ≈99.61% at 0.8mA cm-2 in Zn/Cu asymmetric cell. This work showcases the immense interplay of the electron push-pull of the additives on the cycling.

Synthesis and properties of pH‐dependent Gemini surfactant containing tripeptide structure

AbstractAmino acid surfactants have mild performance and are sourced from renewable biomass. Compared to classical surfactants, Gemini surfactants have superior properties. The amino acid Gemini surfactants are believed to be adopted more widely. The Gemini surfactant with tripeptide structure, sodium di(lauroyl glutamyl) lysine (DLGL), was prepared by amidation utilizing methyl laurate, glutamate and lysine and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS. Additionally, the pKa value, surface activities, aggregation, foaming properties and emulsifying attributes of the DLGL surfactant in aqueous solution with varied pH values were examined. The results indicate that the protonation‐deprotonation behavior of the DLGL surfactant is highly dependent on pH values. The surface tension, critical micelle concentration (cmc), foamability and foam stability exhibited superior performance at pH 6 and 7. Conversely, superior emulsifying ability was observed at pH 9 and 10. Moreover, the spherical vesicles were formed by the DLGL surfactant at pH 6, 7 or 8 while the micelles were generated at pH 9 or 10.

Antioxidant amyloid fibril derived from rice protein hydrolysate as stabilizer towards preparing high-stable emulsion

An antioxidant amyloid fibril was prepared as an emulsifier by fibrillating limited enzymatic hydrolysis-modified rice protein (HRP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using fibrillated HRP to stabilize oil-in-water emulsion. A free radical scavenging assay revealed that the antioxidant activity of fibrillated HRP was 2.09 times higher than that of native rice protein. Fibrillated HRP demonstrated a marked reduction in interfacial tension, increased surface hydrophobicity and contact angle (> 80°), and rapid adsorption to the interface, with 35.34 ± 2.43% interfacial adsorbed protein content. The fibrillated HRP barriers resisted environment stresses such as NaCl, pH variations, long-term storage, while reducing lipid oxidation degree. Additionally, fibrillated HRP-based emulsion was more effective in protecting β-carotene from degradation compared to other samples. These findings provide theoretical support for the development of rice protein-based antioxidant emulsifiers and modification of emulsifying properties of plant proteins.

Enhanced steel corrosion inhibition through microbially induced carbonate precipitation with facultative anaerobic denitrifying bacterium

Denitrification processes are increasingly studied as a promising alternative to ureolytic microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). This study investigates the capabilities of the newly isolated denitrifying bacterium, Stutzerimonas stutzeri CF3, in promoting calcium carbonate precipitation and enhancing steel corrosion resistance under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The facultative anaerobe was tested across a range of environmental parameters including pH levels (7.5–11.5), C/N ratios (5−15), NaCl salinity (0–5 %), and Ca²⁺ concentrations (0–30 mmol), to determine its adaptability and effectiveness in precipitating calcium carbonate. Our findings reveal that S. stutzeri CF3 not only survives but thrives under extreme conditions, demonstrating significant nitrate removal and robust calcium carbonate precipitation, particularly in high salinity and variable pH environments. Furthermore, the study examines the implications of S. stutzeri CF3 on steel corrosion, particularly Q235 steel, using Tafel polarization techniques, demonstrating enhanced corrosion resistance. These results underscore the dual utility of S. stutzeri CF3 in microbial self-healing concrete applications, pointing to its potential to improve the durability and integrity of construction materials by leveraging its versatile metabolic pathways.

The role of chitosan in promoting the catalytic activity of bismuth ferrite as peroxymonosulfate activator for antibiotics removal

Chitosan possesses electron-rich amino (−NH2) and hydroxyl (-OH) moieties which can anchor with transition metal ions during synthesis. Herein, chitosan was employed as an additive to prepare bismuth ferrite (BFO) via hydrothermal approach. The characterization studies revealed that adding chitosan during BFO synthesis leads to the creation of more oxygen vacancies. The performance of chitosan modified BFO (CMB) was evaluated as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator for ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal. Apparently, the addition of 10 wt% chitosan during BFO synthesis (CMB-10) resulted in 1.7 times increase of performance compared to the pristine BFO. Increasing the catalyst loading and PMS dosage resulted in positive effect with 5.7 and 1.9 times rate enhancement, respectively. The CMB-10 exhibited tolerance against pH variation, water matrix, and interfering species. The scavenging experiments indicated that singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radicals (O2•-) and sulfate radicals (SO4•-) played a major role in CIP degradation. These reactive oxygen species were generated from PMS activation via Fe3+/Fe2+ and Bi5+/Bi3+ coupling, and oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface. The CIP degradation pathways were also elucidated based on the detected CIP intermediates. Overall, this study provides insights into the use of chitosan to prepare sustainable materials for pollutants removal via PMS activation.

Application of a Novel Dissolution Medium with Lipids for In Vitro Simulation of the Postprandial Gastric Content.

Food can change various physiological parameters along the gastrointestinal tract, potentially impacting postprandial drug absorption. It is thus important to consider different in vivo conditions during in vitro studies. Therefore, a novel dissolution medium simulating variable postprandial pH values and lipid concentrations was developed and used in this study. Additionally, by establishing and validating a suitable analytical method, the effects of these parameters on the dissolution of a model drug, cinnarizine, and on its distribution between the lipid and aqueous phases of the medium were studied. Both parameters, pH value and lipid concentration, were shown to influence cinnarizine behavior in the in vitro dissolution studies. The amount of dissolved drug decreased with increasing pH due to cinnarizine's decreasing solubility. At pH values 5 and 7, the higher concentration of lipids in the medium increased drug dissolution, and most of the dissolved drug was distributed in the lipid phase. In all media with a lower pH of 3, dissolution was fast and complete, with a significant amount of drug distributed in the lipid phase. These results are in accordance with the in vivo observed positive food effect on cinnarizine bioavailability described in the literature. The developed medium, with its ability to easily adjust the pH level and lipid concentration, thus offers a promising tool for assessing the effect of co-ingested food on the dissolution kinetics of poorly soluble drugs.

Development of a glycine-MWCNT nanohybrid via electropolymerization for enhanced electrochemical detection of diclofenac

In this study, electropolymerization of glycine (Gly) was carried out to enhance the sensitivity of the carbon paste electrode (CPE) blended with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for electroanalysis of diclofenac (DCF). Analytical applications and electrochemical performance were examined using various voltammetric methods, including differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. Atomic force, scanning electron microscopy, dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy were used to ascertain the surface topology of the modifier. The modified sensor with high electrocatalytic properties could electrochemically oxidize DCF, resulting in an enhanced current compared to the bare CPE when an anodic peak was detected at 0.77 V peak potential for the bare CPE, consisting of 0.1 mM DCF and 2.11 µA peaks current. The working electrode CPE was then modified with MWCNT and glycine. For MWCNT/CPE, a peak was seen at 5.20 µA and 0.75 V, and a more intense peak was observed for poly(Gly)-MWCNT/CPE at 11.52 µA and 0.74 V. The poly(Gly)-MWCNT/CPE exhibited a five-fold enhancement of peak current compared to bare CPE. The modified electrode displayed fast electron transfer, reproducibility, and repeatability. The study explored how factors like immersion time, pH variation, scan speed, and substance concentration could influence the peak current of DCF. Methods such as differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry were utilized to examine the electrochemical oxidation behavior of DCF. The concentration variation is 0.5 µM to 7.0 µM, and the detection limit was 7.96 × 10-8 M. The rate constant (ks) for the electrochemical process was 1.710 s-1. The DCF of pharmacological and biological test substances was measured using the constructed modified electrode.

Ageing of Australian lamb beyond 14 days does not further improve eating quality

Limited studies are available assessing the impact of extended ageing on lamb eating quality of a wide range of cuts. From lamb (n = 153) and young mutton (n = 40) carcasses, seven cuts (eye of rack, eye of shoulder, knuckle, loin, outside, rump and topside) were collected and aged based on three ageing times (5, 14 or 21 days). Additionally, residual glycogen was determined from the loin at the corresponding ageing time. Untrained consumers assessed samples for tenderness, juiciness, flavour liking and overall liking. Increasing ageing time from 5 to 14 or 21 days significantly improved cut eating quality; however, ageing beyond 14 days showed no additional benefit. The ageing effect reduced when corrected for pH and temperature measurements, confirming ageing can improve eating quality when pH and temperature variation exists. Loin residual glycogen had no impact on eating quality at each ageing time. Our results confirm the importance of establishing optimum ageing times for cuts to ensure the highest consumer acceptability.