Variable Engine Speed Research Articles

Комплексная модель автономной энергетической установки на основе стабилизирующих преобразователей напряжения

Improving the fuel, economic and environmental indicators of the process of generating electrical energy is an urgent problem of small-scale power generation, due to a significant share of traditional solutions based on diesel generator sets, which are not highly efficient in the overall structure of primary fuel use (including the stages of production, transportation and final transformation). At the same time, the modern development of technologies in the field of promising energy sources and power electronics contributes to the sustainable diversification of energy resources, strengthening the position of environmentally friendly renewable energy. However, the use of alternative types of fuels for variable speed engine generators, photovoltaic and wind power plants is associated with the need to use additional devices for converting electrical energy – stabilizing voltage converters. This article is devoted to issues related to the design of autonomous power systems based on these voltage converters using mathematical modeling tools. The paper describes a complex mathematical model of an autonomous power plant with a variable speed motor-generator and an electric energy storage device, presents a mathematical description of the main components of such a system, and also provides examples of the model implementation in a specialized software environment. A distinctive feature of the proposed model is an approach to modeling the operating modes of an engine-generator set, which is a synthesis of multi-parameter characteristics of an internal combustion engine, analytical expressions for energy storage and conversion systems. The presented complex model makes it possible to determine the electrical, energy and environmental indicators of autonomous power plants when the power of the electrical load changes. The article provides an example of the nature of the results obtained in computer modeling.

THE EFFECT OF ADDITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM CEREH LEAVES TO PERTALITE FUEL ON EMISSIONS OF WASTE GAS

Minyak atsiri merupakan senyawa yang mudah menguap pada suhu kamar yang berasal dari tanaman aromatik (seperti akar wangi, cengkeh, sereh wangi, pala, kenanga, kayu manis) karena kandungan dari minyak atsiri tersebut mempunyai banyak manfaat antara lain yaitu untuk meningkatkan performa mesin, membersihkan injector bahan bakar, mengurangi endapan senyawa organik pada ruang bakar, serta dapat menghemat konsumsi bahan bakar dan menurunkan emisi gas buang. Tujuan pada penelitian ini untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh penambahan minyak atsiri pada bahan bakar pertalite untuk mengurangi nilai konsentrasi kadar CO dan HC serta meningkatkan kadar CO2 pada kendaraan bermotor. Pengujian ini dilakukan dengan menambahkan takaran pencampuran minyak atsiri sebanyak 6 ml, 12 ml, dan 18 ml pada bahan bakar pertalite dengan variasi putaran mesin 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, dan 3000 rpm. Berdasarkan dari hasil pengujian didapat bahwa beberapa penurunan nilai konsentrasi emisi kadar CO yang cukup signifikan terjadi pada putaran mesin 2000 rpm – 3000 rpm. Pada takaran minyak atsiri 12 ml yaitu turun sebanyak 0,30% dari 1,02% menjadi 0,72% pada putaran mesin 3000 rpm. Sedangkan konsentrasi emisi kadar HC dari putaran mesin 1500 rpm – 3000 rpm mengalami penurunan yang cukup signifikan, pada putaran mesin 3000 rpm untuk prosentase minyak atsiri 12 ml turun sebanyak 30 ppm dari 185 ppm menjadi 155 ppm.

Penggunaan Catalytic Converter dari Bahan Kuningan dengan Ketebalan 0,2 mm Terhadap Emisi Gas Buang Kendaraan Pada Motor 2 Tak

In reducing the remaining harmful exhaust emissions of motorcycles, one of them is by improving the quality of fuel and vehicle technology so that the combustion becomes better and more optimal, then the second way is to process exhaust gas through an exhaust emission controller. Catalytic Converter is a device that is installed in the exhaust channel of vehicle which has function to reduce the residual emissions from motorized combustion gases. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using a catalytic converter made of brass with a thickness of 0.2 mm to reduce levels of CO and HC in motorized vehicles. Tests were carried out by using a gas analyzer to determine the value of CO and HC concentrations. The exhaust emission test is carried out in two stages, the exhaust emission test with a standard exhaust and exhaust gas emission test with a catalytic converter with the variations of engine speed of 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4000 rpm. From the research results, it was found that the effect of using a catalytic converter made of brass with a thickness of 0.2 mm with a fin model the most effective decreased on exhaust emission levels was at 1500 rpm, the CO value decreased by 1.82% from 3.96% to 2.14%. and HC value fell 4,412 ppm from 9,999 ppm down to 5,587 ppm.

Experimental investigation and prediction of performance and emission responses of a CI engine fuelled with different metal-oxide based nanoparticles–diesel blends using different machine learning algorithms

Deep learning (DL), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Kernel Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) have been applied to numerous fields owing to their high-accuracy and ability to analyze the non-linear problems. In this study, these machine learning algorithms (MLAs) are used to predict emission and performance characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with various metal-oxide based nanoparticles (Al2O3, CuO, and TiO2) at a mass fractions of 200 ppm. Assessed parameters in the study are carbon dioxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). To evaluate the success of algorithms, four metrics (R2, RMSE, rRMSE, and MBE) are discussed in detail. Tests performed at varying engine speeds from 1500 rpm to 3400 rpm with the intervals of 100 rpm. The addition of nanoparticles simultaneously reduced CO and NOx emissions because they ensured more complete combustion thanks to their inherent oxygen, the higher surface to volume ratio, superior thermal conductivities and their catalytic activity role. Further, the nano-sized particles ensured an accelerated heat transfer from the combustion chamber. In comparison with that of neat diesel fuel, the reduction in NOx is found to be 3.28, 7.53, and 10.05%, and the reduction in CO is found to be 8.3, 11.6, and 15.5% for TiO2, Al2O3, and CuO test fuels, respectively. Moreover, the presence of nanoparticles in test fuels has improved engine performance. As compared with those of neat diesel fuel, the doping of nanoparticles drops the BSFC value by 5.54, 7.89, and 9.96% for TiO2, CuO, and Al2O3, respectively, and enhanced BTE value to be 6.15, 8.87, and 11.23% for TiO2, CuO, and Al2O3, respectively. On the other hand, it can be said that all algorithms presented very satisfying results in the prediction of CI engine responses. All R2 has changed between 0.901 and 0.994, and DL has given the highest R2 value for each engine response. In terms of rRMSE, all results (except for one result in k-NN) are categorized as “excellent” according to the classification in the literature. Considering all metrics together, DL is giving the best results in the prediction of engine responses for the dataset used in this paper. Then it is closely followed by ANN, SVM, and k-NN algorithms, respectively. In conclusion, this paper is proving that the nanoparticle addition for ICEs is significantly dropping the exhaust pollutants, and improving the engine performance, and further the results can be successfully predicted with the machine learning algorithms.

Application of Reference Voltage Control Method of the Generator Using a Neural Network in Variable Speed Synchronous Generation System of DC Distribution for Ships

In the case of DC power distribution-based variable speed engine synchronous generators, if the output reference voltage is kept constant regardless of the generator engine operating speed, it may cause damage to the internal device and windings of the generator due to over-flux or over-excitation. The purpose of this study is to adjust the generator reference voltage according to the engine speed change in the DC distribution system with the variable speed engine synchronous generator. A method of controlling the generator reference voltage according to the speed was applied by adjusting the value of the variable resistance input to the external terminal of the automatic voltage regulator using a neural network controller. The learning data of the neural network was measured through an experiment, and the input pattern was set as the rotational speed of the generator engine, and the output pattern was set as the input current of the potentiometer. Using the measured input/output pattern of the neural network, the error backpropagation learning algorithm was applied to derive the optimum connection weight to be applied to the controller. For the test, the variable speed operation range of the generator engine was set to 1100–1800 rpm, and the input current value of the potentiometer according to the speed increase or decrease within the operation range and the output of the voltage output from the actual generator were checked. As a result of neural network control, it was possible to confirm the result that the input current value of the potentiometer accurately reached the target value 4–20 mA at the point where the initial speed change occurred. It was confirmed that the reference voltage was also normally output in the target range of 250–440 V.

Quantitative Assessment of Potassium Hydroxide Concentration in Oxyhydrogen Cell for Optimal Gasoline Fuel Engine Performance and Emissions

Abstract Oxyhydrogen gas (Brown gas (HHO)) can be an innovative venue for cleaner energy in the auto industry. The effect of potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration in an electrolyte solution of HHO fuel cell on GK200 Honda single-cylinder engine performance parameters and emissions has been investigated. A 1 L/min blend of HHO is fed to the engine as a secondary fuel and a constant electrical load, and variable engine speed (1300–2300) tests were carried out to quantify the foremost concentration of KOH in the fuel cell electrolyte that has a constructive impact on both engine performance parameters and emissions. Several concentrations of KOH were considered (1 g/l, 1.5 g/l, 2 g/l, 5 g/l, and 6.5 g/l). Results reveal that all KOH concentrations considered have a positive impact on engine performance parameters and the best concentration range for KOH in distilled water is within the range 1–2 g/l. The average percentage enhancement in engine brake power was 22.3% and 20.5% reduction in specific fuel consumption whereas the average reduction in carbon oxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were almost 80% and 50% reduction in NOx and HC emissions. Most of the literature concerned with HHO as a fuel blend set 5 g/l KOH concentration for fuel cell electrolyte whereas the results of this research reveal that lower concentrations within the range of 1–2 g/l reduce the energy consumed by the fuel cell in addition to higher impact on the engine performance parameters and enhance the overall system efficiency.

Experimental Study on Performance and Emission Characteristic of Diesel Engine using Sunflower oil Biodiesel Blends

Biodiesel fuel is a liquid biofuel produced by chemical process form new and used phytogenic oils, animal fats. Biodiesel fuels can be utilization alone or mixing with the pure diesel at different proportion. In the present work a diesel engine type (FIAT) , four cylinder, variable speed, direct injection was operated by sunflower oil methyl ester , biodiesel at different blend ratio . five different ratio of biodiesel blends 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by volume is used in this study and compared with using of pure diesel at variable loads and variable engine speed. The effect of biodiesel additive to pure diesel on the performance and emission characteristics. Adjust the engine speed at 1100 rpm by means of the engine tachometer and digital tachometer, and reduce the load gradually until the engine speed increased to 1900 rpm automatically by increments of 200 rpm. The BSFC for B20 It seems less than the other ratio of biodiesel blends, and the BTE of biodiesel blends is lower than the pure diesel but the B20 having high BTE in comparison with the other biodiesel- diesel mixtures. the UHC and CO emission for B20 is less than the biodiesel blends and pure diesel, but the NOX emission for B20 is lower than the other biodiesel blends and higher than pure diesel. The present work shows the B20 relatively is a better performance and combustion characteristic than that biodiesel blends ratio.

Experimental Study on the Performance of an SI Engine Fueled by Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil–Gasoline Blends

Pyrolyzed waste plastic-based green fuel has been reported to be used as an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Some of the main challenges for implementing this in current automotive technology include evaluating engine performance, emission, noise vibration harshness (NVH), and knock characteristics of this fuel. This study focuses on the engine performance of poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET)-based waste plastic oil (WPO) at varying engine speed conditions. The pyrolysis of mixed-waste plastic was carried out at 300 °C in a fixed-bed reactor. Physicochemical properties such as viscosity, density, calorific value, sulfur, and research octane number (RON) of the plastic fuel and its blends with gasoline were analyzed using ASTM standard test methods. The WPO was blended with two different types of gasoline (RON88 and RON90) at 10, 20, and 30%, and was tested in a spark-ignition (SI) engine. The experimental results showed that different WPO–gasoline blends can be used in an SI engine without any engine modifications, and the performance indicators for different blends were found to be close to that of pure gasoline. The brake power and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were found to be 4.1 kW and 0.309 kg/kW h, respectively. The 10% WPO and 90% RON90 blend produced optimal engine performance at 3500 rpm.

Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 Journal > Journal > Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 > Page 6 PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE-ETHANOL BLENDS ON PFI-SI ENGINE Authors: D.Vinay Kumar ,G.Samhita Priyadarsini,V.Jagadeesh Babu,Y.Sai Varun Teja, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00051 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Alcohol based fuels can be produced from renewable energy sources and

Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 Journal > Journal > Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 > Page 6 PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE-ETHANOL BLENDS ON PFI-SI ENGINE Authors: D.Vinay Kumar ,G.Samhita Priyadarsini,V.Jagadeesh Babu,Y.Sai Varun Teja, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00051 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Alcohol based fuels can be produced from renewable energy sources and

Diagnosis of hydrous ethanol combustion in a spark-ignition engine

By evaluating combustion duration and flame development, it is possible to evaluate the effects of utilizing a new type of fuel. This allows for optimization of the operational parameters such as the ignition timing, air–fuel ratio, and throttle opening with respect to efficiency, knock, emissions, and performance. In this work, the combustion of a Brazilian hydrous ethanol fuel was evaluated in a commercial flexfuel engine. Investigations were conducted by performing a heat release analysis of the experimental data and providing combustion characteristics. The experimental design comprised of variations in engine speed, load, ignition timing, and air–fuel ratio under lean condition. The results indicated the relationship between the engine parameters and combustion characteristics under a wide range of operational conditions, and identified the relationship between the physical characteristics of the fuels and their combustion in the commercial engine. For high engine speed, lean combustion presented a similar duration to the stoichiometric combustion duration. When comparing the combustion characteristics obtained for the hydrous ethanol with gasoline combustion, the main differences noted were reduced sensitivity to detonation and a shorter duration of combustion, although the temperature at the start of combustion was lower for ethanol. In addition to shorter combustion duration, ethanol presented a lower value for the Wiebe exponent. The results obtained from the combustion duration values and Wiebe function parameters enable the composition of a set of data required for a simplified combustion simulation.

Pengaruh Catalytic Converter Dari Bahan Kuningan Dengan Ketebalan 0,3 mm Terhadap Emisi Gas Buang Kendaraan Pada Motor Honda Supra 2015

There are two methods to reduce exhaust emissions in a motorized vehicle, namely by improving fuel and motorbike technology in such a way that better combustion occurs and produces lower emissions and by the addition of exhaust emission control devices or devices. Catalytic Converter is a device used as an exhaust gas emission control that is placed after the exhaust manifold on a motor vehicle exhaust system. The purpose of this study was to determine how the influence of the use of catalytic converters of brass material to reduce CO and HC gas levels in motor vehicles. Tests carried out using a gas analyzer to determine the value of CO and HC concentrations. Exhaust gas testing is carried out in two stages, namely exhaust emission test with standard exhaust and exhaust emission test with catalytic converter with variations of engine speed 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4000 rpm. From the results of the study it was found that the influence of the use of catalytic converters of brass with a thickness of 0.3 mm with the fin model experienced a decrease in the level of exhaust gas emissions most effectively at 1500 rpm engine speed ie CO value decreased 1.82% from 3.96% to 2.14% and HC values ​​decreased by 4,412 ppm from 9,999 ppm down to 5,587 ppm. So motor vehicles using a catalytic converter made of brass with a thickness of 0.3 mm will be able to reduce CO exhaust emissions by 2.14% and HC by 3.96%

Pengaruh Penggunaan Coolant 30/70 Pre-Mixed Dan Coolant Predilute 33% Pada Sistem Pendingin Terhadap Temperatur Engine Toyota Avanza Tipe-E 1300 CC M/T

Cooling system has an important role in motor vehicles, because its function is to maintain the working temperature of the engine, so that the temperature does not exceed the threshold (over heating), due to the frequent causes of excessive heat due to the use of cooling water in the radiator. The research method used is an experimental method, where the aim is to determine the effect of coolant on engine temperature from the use of several types of coolant additives. The cooling water used is coolant 30/70 pre-mixed and coolant predilute 33%. This test is carried out at rounds of [600, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000] RPM. The object of this research is the Toyota Avanza Type E 1300 CC M/T. From the results of research on engine temperature data with the use of coolant 30/70 Pre-mixed at various variations of engine speed obtained an average temperature of 94.13 OC. While the use of coolant predilute 33%, the average temperature in testing reaches 94.4 OC. Based on the description of the results of the test data that has been done, it was concluded that the use of coolant 30/70 pre-mixed and coolant predilute 33% has the same effect on the temperature of the Toyota Avanza Type-E 1300 CC M/T engine.

Impact of using Iraqi biofuel–kerosene blends on coarse and fine particulate matter emitted from compression ignition engines

Nano and fine particles have caused serious health problems. Despite the continuous decline of their concentrations, the remaining amounts are still considered a problem in compression ignition engines. This study describes the impact of using biokerosene fuel instead of Iraqi diesel, which is characterised by high sulphur content, on the concentrations of various particulate matter (PM) sizes emitted from engines.A TD 313 Fiat diesel rig (a 4-stroke, 4-cylinder, water-cooled and direct injection engine) was used in the experimental tests. In addition to biofuel (produced from sunflower vegetable oil through a transformation process), Iraqi diesel and kerosene were also used. Four blends were produced, namely, diesel mixed with 10% and 20% volume fractions of biodiesel (denoted as BD 10 and BD 20, respectively) and kerosene added with 10% and 20% biofuel (labelled as KB10 and KB20, respectively).Fuelling the engine with biokerosene significantly reduced PM1.0 by up to 12.3%, 36.65%, 60.92% and 81% and PM2.5 by up to 21.29%, 25%, 41.43% and 51.85% for BD10, BD20, KD10 and KD20, respectively, compared with diesel at varying engine speed. Changing engine load at a constant speed reduced PM10 by up to 12.9%, 21%, 31.6% and 42.7% and total suspended particles by up to 5%, 12%, 21.5% and 25.5% for BD10, BD20, KD10 and KD20, respectively, compared with diesel.The concentrations of all PM sizes were reduced when engine was running at medium speed and load. By contrast, concentrations increased when engine was running at low and high loads and speeds. Results demonstrated that biokerosene is better than biodiesel–diesel blends in reducing PM emissions.

Dynamic simulation and performance prediction of free displacer Stirling engines

ABSTRACTIn this study, a Stirling engine with a free-displacer and a kinematically controlled power piston was proposed and analyzed from thermodynamic and dynamic points of view. The analysis intended to reveal the dynamic behaviors of moving components of the engine as well as predicting global thermal performance of it. A dynamic-thermodynamic mathematical model of the engine involving the isothermal gas pressure equation and motion equations of the displacer, power piston and crankshaft was developed. For the solution of the dynamic-thermodynamic model equations, and simulation of the engine’s running, a computer program was prepared in FORTRAN language. By considering a hot-end temperature of 1,000 K and a cold-end temperature of 350 K, dimensions of mechanic, volumetric and thermal components of the engine were quantified interactively. Variations of engine speed, engine power, displacer stroke, and engine torque were examined with respect to the spring constant, displacer mass, displacer damping constant and external load and, results were graphically presented. In comparison with engines having free-piston and kinematically driven displacer, the thermodynamic performance of the free-displacer engine was found to be lower. The engine was found to be able to work at constant speed and power. The values of the displacer mass and spring constant were optimized as 1,500 g and 1,30,000 N/s, respectively and the global speed of the engine was determined to be 47.75 Hz for these values. The effective and the indicated work of the engine were determined to be 113 and 126 J, respectively.

Reduction of the Gaseous Emissions in the Marine Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel Mixtures

Taking into consideration the quality of air, it is necessary to ensure a continued reduction of the gaseous emissions that are produced by the maritime transport. The most effective solution of this serious worldwide problem is application of a suitable fuel mixture, which contains a bio-component, i.e. the biofuel. The presented scientific study is focused on influence of the biofuels on production of the gaseous emissions in the case of a diesel auxiliary engine, which is used in the ship transport. There were created various fuel mixtures with different content of the bio-component in order to investigate their emission characteristics. The individual experimental measurements were performed at the different engine loading levels and using a variable engine speed spectrum. The obtained results demonstrated a significant influence of the fuel mixtures on the whole combustion process, on the heat release process, on the pressure time behaviour as well as on the engine emission characteristics.

Effect of Ethanol and Gasoline Blending on the Performance of a Stationary Small Single Cylinder Engine

To reduce dependency on fossil fuel, alternative fuel may be considered either to replace fossil fuel or to improve the characteristics of fossil fuel. Ethanol is one of the alternative fuels that has been used as an additive to gasoline fossil fuel in many countries, particularly for spark ignition engine system. This research aims to investigate the effect of ethanol and gasoline blending on the performance of a non-road small single cylinder engine. Ethanol–gasoline blends of different concentrations are considered in this paper, to experimentally compare their performances, under varying engine speed but constant engine load. The experimental results showed that the addition of ethanol to gasoline has improved the overall engine performance. High ethanol–gasoline fuel blend (E40) is suitable for low engine speed, while low ethanol–gasoline fuel blend (E10) can replace the neat gasoline without modification as their performance is very identical.

Analisis Aliran Daya dan Stabilitas Sistem Tenaga Listrik Sistem Multi Mesin dengan ETAP

Study of the stability of the power system as an important and complex problem in the operation of a power system that is safe from the power system when there are small or large disruptions in the connected power system. This discussion studies load flow and stability analysis while a multi-machine power system with ETAP software.Single diagram system multi-engine system 9-bus system configured in ETAP. For each multi-machine power system power flow and power flow analysis have been provided a complete tool in ETAP.The results of the load flow data are presented for each case. For the transient stability analysis, the system is simulated with three phase disturbance to earth and single phase interference in ETAP. The combination of AVR, Governor, and PSS maintains synchronization during all types of errors. Variations in rotor angle, bus voltage, and engine speed were studied in each case study. Simulation results are shown through graphical analysis. In the ETAP simulation study explains that the application of PSS can substantially improve the transient stability of the power system.

Effect of TRIPMEXX Additives on Engine Performance of a 1.6L Multi-Cylinder Gasoline Engine

This study discusses the findings of the project data obtained from the experimental work. It was based on the analysis of experimental output responses obtained which were Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), power and engine torque. A 1.6L multi-cylinder gasoline engine was used to investigate the effect of TRIPMEXX on the fuel economy. The experiment was performed at variations of engine speed (1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 rpm) with a constant engine load of 40 Nm. From the results obtained, it showed that brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), power and engine torque for TRIPMEXX were better than gasoline fuel without TRIPMEXX fuel additive. Combustion efficiency of gasoline engine has improved with the use of TRIPMEXX fuel additives. Overall, Fuel Economy, Power and Engine Torque for 1 ml + 10L RON95 fuel sample showed the best results for all measured parameters at all engine test conditions.

Characteristics of Vibration Propagation on Passenger Car Monocoque Body Structure at Static Small Turbocharged Diesel Engine Speed Variation

The use of diesel engines in small passenger cars began to be common by vehicle manufacturers. The direct contact with humans with all the consecquencies is one of the important things to be considered in the vehicle design aspect of vibration. This research of the vibration propagation characteristics on passenger car structure has been done. Eventhough is not so many been done, especially on monocoque body structures types, in the world of the automotive industry, This research was conducted by tracking the measuring point which is considered to have a relatively large vibration response compared to other points on the body. Retrieval of vibration data in the form of RMS velocity amplitudes and of the frequency spectrum data at the measuring point. The RMS velocity amplitude data is obtained and then refered to the IRD Severity Chart vibration standard to determine the vibration severity level, as well as the transfer path analysis is performed to determine the vibration reduction that occurs in the vehicle structure. Spectrum analysis is also carried out to see what excitations that provide vibrational responses to the vehicle body structure. From the measurement and analysis results, the characteristics of vibration propagation on the monocoque body structure are determined, which the vibration response of the monocoque body structure as a whole can be concluded.

Variable-Speed Engines on Wind Farm Support Vessels

We examine the fuel savings of Edda Passat, a newly constructed wind farm support vessel that utilizes a common direct current (DC) grid. This enables its diesel engines to operate at variable speeds by using frequency converter technology. A detailed investigation of these benefits has been performed based on real-life measurements from three months of operations in the Race Bank wind farm off the east coast of England. The calculated fuel savings of Edda Passat achieved via its variable-speed engines are 21% lower compared to using a conventional alternating current (AC) grid with a fixed frequency. This paper will explain the technology, measurements, and results in detail.