Variety Of Words Research Articles

Methods of translation of phraseological compounds

This article discusses the methods of translation of phraseological units, as well as finding and using alternative variants of words in the translation process, as well as providing content and form.

Decidability of Right One-Way Jumping Finite Automata

We continue our investigation [S. Beier, M. Holzer: Properties of right one-way jumping finite automata. In Proc. 20th DCFS, LNCS, 2018] on (right) one-way jumping finite automata (ROWJFAs), a variant of jumping automata, which is an automaton model for discontinuous information processing. Here we focus on decision problems for ROWJFAs. It turns out that most problems such as, e.g., emptiness, finiteness, universality, the word problem and variants thereof, closure under permutation, etc., are decidable. Moreover, we show that the containment of a language within the strict hierarchy of ROWJFA permutation closed languages induced by the number of accepting states as well as whether permutation closed regular or jumping finite automata languages can be accepted by ROWJFAs is decidable, too. On the other hand, we prove that for (linear) context-free languages the corresponding ROWJFA acceptance problem becomes undecidable. Moreover, we discuss also some complexity results for the considered decision problems.

THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF PHONOSTYLISTIC MEANS OF THE RUSSIAN AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

This article is devoted to the study of similar and peculiar features of phonostylistic means of the Russian and Uzbek languages. In particular, it places a special emphasis on the stylistic properties of the phonetic system of the languages in comparison. The phonostylistic system of one or another language is a combination of stylistic properties of sound (phonetic) units of a language. Sound (phonetic) language units serve as stylistic markers of pronunciation styles, or phonetic styles. The stylistic properties of the sound systems of two or more languages involve the identification of interlanguage corresponding means of expressing the stylistic coloring of a linguistic unit at a sound level. The uniqueness of segment and super-segment phonostylistic units in different-system languages is the key factor of differences in the phonostylistic units of the sound system of the compared languages. An inventory of phonetic means of expressing the stylistic coloring of linguistic units is manifested when pronouncing variants of words, phrases and expressions. Interlanguage phonostylistic correspondence is single-level, and its identification is possible if there is developed material for the structure of phonostylistic systems of each individual language being compared. Key tasks of phonostylistics are determined by identifying both stylistically unmarked and stylistically marked units of the expression plan at the phonostylistic level of languages and establishing correspondences between them; identifying the causes of the isomorphism and allomorphism of the stylistic resources of their sound system. According to the methodology of the research, it is based on using the basic methods of analysis and general principles of comparison for analysis of phonostylistic units in compared languages.

Sentiment Mining Model for Opinionated Afaan Oromo Texts

Opinions are personal judgment on entity. This is not only true for individuals but also true for organizations. Opinion mining is a type of natural language processing for tracking the mood of the public about a particular product. The process of sentiment mining involves categorizing an opinionated document into predefined categories such as positive, negative or neutral based on the sentiment terms that appear within the opinionated document. For this study text document corpus is prepared by the researcher encompassing different movies ‘reviews and Various techniques of text pre-processing including tokenization, normalization, stop word removal and stemming are used for this system(sentiment mining model for opinionated afaan Oromo texts). The experiment shows that the performance is on the average 0.849(84.9%) precision and 0.887(88.7%) recall. The challenging tasks in the study are handling synonymy and inability of the stemmer algorithm to all word variants, and ambiguity of words in the language. The performance the system can be increased if stemming algorithm is improved, standard test corpus is used, and thesaurus is used to handle polysemy and synonymy words in the language.

Rates of Maternal and Perinatal Mortality and Vertical Transmission in Pregnancies Complicated by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Co-V-2) Infection: A Systematic Review.

To ascertain the frequency of maternal and neonatal complications, as well as maternal disease severity, in pregnancies affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. MEDLINE, Ovid, ClinicalTrials.gov, MedRxiv, and Scopus were searched from their inception until April 29, 2020. The analysis was limited to reports with at least 10 pregnant patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection that reported on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Inclusion criteria were pregnant women with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A systematic search of the selected databases was performed by implementing a strategy that included the MeSH terms, key words, and word variants for "coronavirus," "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," and "pregnancy.r The primary outcomes were maternal admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), critical disease, and death. Secondary outcomes included rate of preterm birth, cesarean delivery, vertical transmission, and neonatal death. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages with number of cases and 95% CIs. Of the 99 articles identified, 13 included 538 pregnancies complicated by SARS-CoV-2 infection, with reported outcomes on 435 (80.9%) deliveries. Maternal ICU admission occurred in 3.0% of cases (8/263, 95% CI 1.6-5.9) and maternal critical disease in 1.4% (3/209, 95% CI 0.5-4.1). No maternal deaths were reported (0/348, 95% CI 0.0-1.1). The preterm birth rate was 20.1% (57/284, 95% CI 15.8-25.1), the cesarean delivery rate was 84.7% (332/392, 95% CI 80.8-87.9), the vertical transmission rate was 0.0% (0/310, 95% CI 0.0-1.2), and the neonatal death rate was 0.3% (1/313, 95% CI 0.1-1.8). With data from early in the pandemic, it is reassuring that there are low rates of maternal and neonatal mortality and vertical transmission with SARS-CoV-2. The preterm birth rate of 20% and the cesarean delivery rate exceeding 80% seems related to geographic practice patterns. PROSPERO, CRD42020181497.

Gradient behavior without gradient underlying representations: the case of French liaison

French liaison consonants are challenging for phonological theory because they pattern ambiguously between word-initial and word-final consonants. In recent works, these facts have been used to motivate different underlying representations for liaison consonants and non-liaison consonants. This paper argues that this move is not necessary. The gradient behavior of liaison consonants can indeed be derived through constraint interaction while maintaining that liaison consonants and non-liaison consonants have the same underlying representation. Two independently motivated hypotheses will play a key role in deriving this result: (i) word variants strive to be similar to their citation forms via output-output correspondence and (ii) concatenating two words (word 1 and word 2) has phonetic/phonological consequences on word 1's final segment and on word 2's initial segment. Together with the fact that liaison consonants are absent from the citation forms of liaison words, these hypotheses predict that liaison consonants will be less protected against changes than stable word-final consonants but more protected than word-initial consonants, thus explaining their gradient behavior. The analysis is illustrated with a detailed case study on Quebec French affrication combining corpus data and grammatical modeling.

STRUCTURAL TYPES OF ARMENIAN LANGUAGE VARIANT- UNITS IN THE TRANSLATION BOOKS OF THE BIBLE

The correlative study of variants’ form and meaning in the Bible books shows that some types of variants; word-variants, phonetic-variants, grammatical variants, that give some idea about present linguistic reality from the synchronic point. The marginal components of word variants are words which have different manifestations of the form. Phonetic variants have been formed through sound- interchange. Grammatical variants are formed by different declensional forms.
 The results of the investigation can serve as a means of comparison for both the interlinguistic and interlinguistic typological investigation. From the subject of the study, we can conclude that variant-units found in the Bible are a heritage from the prewritten period. They have been transferred to old Armenian with the lexical structure of prewritten Armenian and were reflected in the first Armenian translation manuscript- in the Bible.

Implemented Stemming Algorithms for Information Retrieval Applications

Now a day’s text documents are advancing over internet, e-mails and web pages. As the use of internet is exponentially growing, the need of massive data storage is increasing from time to time. Normally many of the documents contain morphological variables, so stemming which is a preprocessing technique gives a mapping of different morphological variants of words into their base word called the stem. Stemming process is used in information retrieval applications accordingly as a way to improve retrieval performance based on the assumption that terms with the same stem usually have similar meaning. To do stemming operation on bulky documents, we require normally more computation time and power, to cope up with the need to search for a particular word in the data. In this paper, various stemming algorithms are analyzed with the benefits and limitation of the recent stemming methods or approaches. Keywords : - Natural Language Processing Applications, Information Retrieval, Information Retrieval Applications (IRAs), Stemming Approaches DOI: 10.7176/IKM/10-3-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Modified LCM’S Approximation Algorithm for Solving Transportation Problems

Now a day’s text documents are advancing over internet, e-mails and web pages. As the use of internet is exponentially growing, the need of massive data storage is increasing from time to time. Normally many of the documents contain morphological variables, so stemming which is a preprocessing technique gives a mapping of different morphological variants of words into their base word called the stem. Stemming process is used in information retrieval applications accordingly as a way to improve retrieval performance based on the assumption that terms with the same stem usually have similar meaning. To do stemming operation on bulky documents, we require normally more computation time and power, to cope up with the need to search for a particular word in the data. In this paper, various stemming algorithms are analyzed with the benefits and limitation of the recent stemming methods or approaches. Keywords : - Natural Language Processing Applications, Information Retrieval, Information Retrieval Applications (IRAs), Stemming Approaches DOI: 10.7176/JIEA/10-3-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Implemented Stemming Algorithms for Information Retrieval Applications

Now a day’s text documents are advancing over internet, e-mails and web pages. As the use of internet is exponentially growing, the need of massive data storage is increasing from time to time. Normally many of the documents contain morphological variables, so stemming which is a preprocessing technique gives a mapping of different morphological variants of words into their base word called the stem. Stemming process is used in information retrieval applications accordingly as a way to improve retrieval performance based on the assumption that terms with the same stem usually have similar meaning. To do stemming operation on bulky documents, we require normally more computation time and power, to cope up with the need to search for a particular word in the data. In this paper, various stemming algorithms are analyzed with the benefits and limitation of the recent stemming methods or approaches. Keywords : - Natural Language Processing Applications, Information Retrieval, Information Retrieval Applications (IRAs), Stemming Approaches DOI: 10.7176/JIEA/10-3-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО ОПИСАНИЯ ДИАЛЕКТНО-ПРОСТОРЕЧНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ В ДИАЛЕКТНОМ СЛОВАРЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СЛОВА ЧЁ)

The problems of describing dialect and common parlance lexemes in a dialect dictionary are raised in the article. These problems are illustrated by the example of the word chyo. The aim of the study was to reflect the issues caused by the use of such words (and the word chyo too) in dialect speech in content, formal and functionalcommunicative aspects, in connection with general issues of lexicographic theory. The material for the study was the card file for the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, data from regional dictionaries. The identified problems form two main groups: 1) related to general methodological guidelines (justification for including the dialect and common parlance words in a dialect dictionary) and 2) related to the principles of describing such lexemes in a dictionary entry. Within the first group, particular questions are highlighted: 1) about the correctness of including dialect and common parlance words in a differential dialect dictionary due to their functional and stylistic attribution, 2) about the differentiation of speech variants of dialect and common parlance words. Within the second group, particular questions are highlighted: 1) on the spelling of dialect and common parlance words: a) on the spelling of header words, b) on the spelling of dialect and common parlance words in illustrative material, 2) on the lexico-grammatical attribution of dialect and common parlance words, 3) on the definition of semantics of dialect and common parlance words: a) on the definition of semantics of dialect and common parlance words in a specific context, b) on the definition of semantics of polysemantic dialect and common parlance words, 4) on the determination of the status and description of the combinations of dialect and common parlance words with other words, 5) on the reflection of the functional and communicative status of dialect and common parlance words in a dictionary. It is concluded that the raised problems determine approaches to the lexicographic description of dialect and common parlance vocabulary in dialect dictionaries. Dialect lexicographers should work taking into account active processes in live spoken speech and language, and rely on the modern theory of discourse. The problems lexicographers face require special training in virtually all areas of modern linguistic and lexicographic theory. Lexicographers have a high responsibility in making a decision that can lead to the overcoming of problems that have arisen when writing a dictionary entry, as well as to the emergence of new ones.

Верлен в подстрочниках и Верлен в переводе: творческая лаборатория Федора Сологуба

This article examines the development of the translation manner of Fyodor Sologub. The study of the poet’s archive makes it possible to highlight a number of preparatory materials for Sologub’s translations from Paul Verlaine, in particular, interlinear translations. Sologub’s experiments with interlinear translations, which in his case represent a hybrid genre (interlinear translations that include a large number of different dictionary variants of words) are of great importance for the theory, history, and practice of literary translation. Using specific examples, the essay demonstrates that Sologub worked not just with the original text, traditional interlinear translation, and written out words. He employed his “expanded” interlinear translation where he could freely navigate, choose and rearrange words, try their “sound” while seeking to keep their meaning. The authors argue that Sologub’s translating method consisted in selecting Russian words on the basis of the interlinear translation that not only conveyed the original but also made it possible to create a new lexical, grammatical, metric, phonetic, and emotional unity close to the translator’s worldview mindset and aesthetic views.

CREGEX: A Biomedical Text Classifier Based on Automatically Generated Regular Expressions

High accuracy text classifiers are used nowadays in organizing large amounts of biomedical information and supporting clinical decision-making processes. In medical informatics, regular expression-based classifiers have emerged as an alternative to traditional, discriminative classification algorithms due to their ability to model sequential patterns. This article presents CREGEX (Classifier Regular Expression), a biomedical text classifier based on an automatically generated regular-expressions-based feature space. We conceived an algorithm for automatically constructing an informative and discriminative regular-expressions-based feature space, suitable for binary and multiclass discrimination problems. Regular expressions are automatically generated from training texts using a coarse-to-fine text aligning method, which trades off the lexical variants of words, in terms of gender and grammatical number, and the generation of a feature space containing a large number of noisy features. CREGEX carries out feature selection by filtering keywords and also computes a confidence metric to classify test texts. Three de-identified datasets in Spanish, with information on smoking habits, obesity, and obesity types, were used here to assess the performance of CREGEX. For comparison, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naïve Bayes (NB) supervised classifiers were also trained with consecutive sequences of tokens (n-grams) as features. Results show that, in all the datasets used for evaluation, CREGEX not only outperformed both the SVM and NB classifiers in terms of accuracy and F-measure (p-value<; 0.05) but also used a fewer amount of training examples to achieve the same performance. Such a superior performance is attributed to the regular expressions' ability to represent complex text patterns.

P300 indicates context-dependent change in speech quality beyond phonological change

Objective. Non-invasive physiological methods like electroencephalography (EEG) are increasingly employed to assess human information processing during exposure to multimedia signals. In the quality engineering field, previous research has promoted the utility of the P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) component for indicating variation in quality perception. The present study provides a starting point to test whether the P300 and its two subcomponents, P3a and P3b, are truly reflective of changes in the perceived quality of transmitted speech signals given the presence of other, quality-unrelated changes in acoustic stimulation. Approach. High-quality and degraded variants of spoken words were presented in a two-feature oddball task, which required participants to actively respond to rarely occurring ‘target’ stimuli within a series of frequent ‘standard’ stimuli, thereby eliciting ERP waveforms. Target presentations involved either single quality changes or concurrent double changes in quality and the initial phoneme. Main results. In case additional phonological change was present, only varying quality of standard stimuli caused significant modulations in P3a and P3b characteristics (N = 32). Thus, the formation of different short-term quality references exerted a persisting influence on the auditory processing of transmitted speech. Significance. The obtained results elucidate the importance of contextual and content-related influencing factors for proving the validity of the P300 as a psychophysiological indicator of speech quality change. Associated questions regarding the transfer of ERP-based quality assessment into more practically relevant measurement contexts are discussed.

The development of abstract representations of tone sandhi.

Phonological processes result in surface variants of the same words across phonological contexts, posing potential word learning challenges for children. Mandarin tone sandhi is a tonal process changing Tone 3 (T3) in different tonal and syntactic contexts, resulting in allophonic variants of T3 in connected speech. Previous studies found that Mandarin-learning 3-year-olds were able to productively apply tone sandhi processes in novel compounds, correctly using the allophonic variants of T3 in appropriate tone sandhi contexts (Tang et al., 2018, 2019). However, it remains unclear how these variants are represented in children's mental lexicon. This study, therefore, examined Mandarin-learning children's perceptual representation of allophonic variants of T3. Ninety-four 3- to 5-year-olds and 29 adults were tested. Sensitivity to allophonic mispronunciations of T3 syllables in novel tone sandhi compounds was measured using a visual fixation procedure. The results showed that children, like adults, treated tone sandhi mispronunciations as target-like. Thus, in recognizing novel tone sandhi words, Mandarin-speaking children exhibit flexibility in accommodating the allophonic variants of T3, suggesting that they have developed an abstract T3 category in their mental lexicon. The findings reveal the effect of phonological processes in shaping children's phonological representations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Rhythms of Arabic words and Fibonacci words

As part of a research project in computer science on the realization of a cryptographic system using Arabic poems as secret keys (Azizi, 2012), we defined the formal structure of the rhythms of Arabic words. These rhythms, as they were studied by Al Khalil Al Farahidi (▪), are the sequences of movement and silence, which take into account only the pronounced letters. The metric prosody of the Arabic language was designed by its founders in a fundamentally quantitative way. We will demonstrate in this paper that the rhythms of Arabic words are variants of Fibonacci words.

The incidence of wound infection and dehiscence following childbirth-related perineal trauma: A systematic review of the evidence

ObjectivesApproximately 85% of vaginal births are affected by childbirth related perineal trauma, either spontaneously or as a result of an episiotomy. Perineal infection in the postnatal period is associated with wound dehiscence, granulation tissue formation, dyspareunia and pelvic floor dysfunction. Despite leading to long-term physical and psychological problems, the incidence of infection continues to remain unclear. This review is designed to determine the incidence of childbirth related perineal wound infection and dehiscence. Study designA systematic review to determine the incidence of wound infection and dehiscence associated with childbirth-related perineal trauma. Medline, Embase and Cinahl databases were searched from inception to September 2018 using MeSH, textwords and appropriate word variants to ensure capturing all relevant studies. No restrictions were placed on birth mode, degree of trauma, parity, country or language. Results23 studies were included (11 cohort, 2 case control and 10 reporting incidence). Reported incidence of childbirth-related perineal trauma wound infection ranged from 0.1%–23.6% and wound dehiscence from 0.21%–24.6%. Quality assessment of included studies exposed inadequacies in several methodological areas. There was great clinical heterogeneity amongst the studies, particularly regarding perineal wound infection definition and confirmation, making effective synthesis of the data almost impossible. ConclusionDespite the known high occurrence of perineal trauma during childbirth and associated long-term morbidities, this review clearly demonstrates the true incidence of infection remains largely unknown. This can be attributed to multiple factors including lack of high level evidence around understanding ‘normal’ perineal wound healing, absence of a core outcome set for childbirth-related perineal trauma and that women present to a variety of healthcare settings for treatment. It is vital that a validated childbirth-related perineal trauma diagnostic tool and core outcome set are developed for use in future studies to facilitate improved diagnosis and treatment and reduce long term morbidities of women affected by childbirth-related perineal trauma wound infection and dehiscence.

Die Schreibsprache der Briefe von Wilhelm von Berg (1401–1428)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to discover the language preferences of a letter writer for Wilhelm von Berg (1401–1428) in 15th century Westphalia. Various written languages such as Ripuarian, Westphalian and Eastphalian were already established in the region and it is known that writers sometimes mixed one language variation with the other. The study also considers other questions: i) Did writers maintain their prior-developed writing habits? ii) Did they learn the written language practiced at a new location when changing their place of work? The research uses a collection of correspondences between Wilhelm and his siblings, most of which are published here for the first time. They cover his frequent moves from within North-Western Germany when he either wrote letters himself or had them written for him. The study starts with distinguishing the handwritings of his letters, and then moves to an analysis of language variations used through a comparison of specific words. Results show that changing location for one writer (probably Wilhelm himself) did not greatly influence his language use, but that he took on new variants of certain words in his letters.

Token-based spelling variant detection in Middle Low German texts

In this paper we present a pipeline for the detection of spelling variants, i.e., different spellings that represent the same word, in non-standard texts. For example, in Middle Low German texts in and ihn (among others) are potential spellings of a single word, the personal pronoun ‘him’. Spelling variation is usually addressed by normalization, in which non-standard variants are mapped to a corresponding standard variant, e.g. the Modern German word ihn in the case of in. However, the approach to spelling variant detection presented here does not need such a reference to a standard variant and can therefore be applied to data for which a standard variant is missing. The pipeline we present first generates spelling variants for a given word using rewrite rules and surface similarity. Afterwards, the generated types are filtered. We present a new filter that works on the token level, i.e., taking the context of a word into account. Through this mechanism ambiguities on the type level can be resolved. For instance, the Middle Low German word in can not only be the personal pronoun ‘him’, but also the preposition ‘in’, and each of these has different variants. The detected spelling variants can be used in two settings for Digital Humanities research: On the one hand, they can be used to facilitate searching in non-standard texts. On the other hand, they can be used to improve the performance of natural language processing tools on the data by reducing the number of unknown words. To evaluate the utility of the pipeline in both applications, we present two evaluation settings and evaluate the pipeline on Middle Low German texts. We were able to improve the F1 score compared with previous work from $$0.39$$ to $$0.52$$ for the search setting and from $$0.23$$ to $$0.30$$ when detecting spelling variants of unknown words.

Vitrification and conventional freezing methods in sperm cryopreservation: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveThe objective is to systematically review and synthesize the literature on the efficacy with two different cryopreservation methods used for human spermatozoa and evaluate whether vitrification protocol and quality of sperm influence effect estimates. DesignThe following electronic databases were searched up to September 2017: Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science. The search strategy used the following the relevant medical subject heading (MeSH) terms, keywords, and word variants for: sperm parameters, conventional freezing, and vitrification. Queries were limited to those involving humans. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that published in English languages were considered eligible. Studies and references were included if they reported total motility, progressive motility, morphology, or DNA fragmentation index (DFI) for vitrified or conventional cryopreserved human spermatozoa. Patients recruited in RCTs considering sperm vitrification as one of the experimental arms and conventional freezing (including slow freezing or vapor fast freezing) sperm control as the other. Studies that had high risks of allocation concealment were excluded when performing sensitivity analysis. We specified 2 subgroup variables, including vitrification protocol and quality of spermatozoa cryopreserved, to investigate sources of heterogeneity. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects (I2 > 50%) or fixed effects (I2 < 50%) model to calculate weighted mean differences (MD) and 95% CI. Result(s)The search yielded a total of 2428 articles and 13 RCTs were included for analysis. They involved 486 vitrified and 486 conventional cryopreserved sperm samples. Four sperm parameters were reported as mean differences and based on adjusted estimates in all included studies. Meta-analysis of these studies showed significantly higher total motility [weighted mean differences (WMD) 6.98; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.94; 11.02; P < 0.0001] and progressive motility [WMD 4.59; 95% CI 0.78; 8.39; P = 0.02] of past-thawed sperm following vitrification compared with conventional freezing methods. However, DNA fragmentation index (DFI) [WMD -1.18; 95% CI -2.81; 0.45; P = 0.16] and morphology [WMD 0.11; 95% CI -0.42; 0.63; P = 0.69] of past-thawed sperm are similar between two freezing groups. Subgroup analysis shown that the vitrification protocol and quality of spermatozoa are potential risk factors for the efficacy of vitrification. Higher past-thawed sperm parameters following the cryoprotectants-free (CPAs-free) vitrification were observed, as well as a lower past-thawed sperm parameters with the cryoprotectants-presence (CPAs-presence) vitrification, which could reflect the CPAs related cytotoxicity. Meanwhile, vitrification had higher ability in preservation of high quality of spermatozoa compared with vitrification of low quality spermatozoa. Conclusion(s)According to the results of present meta-analysis, vitrification is superior to conventional freezing methods in preservation of spermatozoa, regarding total and progressive motility. However, the efficacy of vitrification is influence by using different vitrification protocol and cryopreservation of different quality spermatozoa. It is must emphasized that the results of present meta-analysis is limited by the small number of studies of variable vitrification protocol. Further well conducted studies are required to confirm the efficacy of vitrification in cryopreservation of spermatozoa, in addition, allow the examination of the two cryopreservation methods in terms of pregnancy achievement and determination of the role of clinical variable on efficacy of vitrification.