Variant Forms Research Articles

The Restoration of zpγw in the Legends on the Western Turkic Coins: Also on Magha Shad’s Pedigree

The Sogdian word zpγw in the legends on the Western Turkic coins is not the variant spelling form of cpγw (Jabghu), and its reading should be revised to zwγw/ žwγw, the Chinese transcription of which may be Shegui 射匱, and the etymology of which is related to Sogdian žwγ-/žγw/jwγ-/jγw/δrγw, which means “hard, cruel, harsh, severe”. There are two kinds of žwγw coin, each casted by Shegui, grandson of Tardu, son of Dulu, and by Yipi Shegui, grandson of Dielishi. They had different tamgas deriving from different branches within the Tardu line. The tamga of the second kind of žwγw coin i.e. Yipi Shegui coin belonged to the Magha Shad line, and the other tamga that appeared along with it came from the Hephthalite, indicating that the line was closely related to Hephthalite-Tokharistan. From the perspective of the relationship between basic tamga and derived tamga, the possibility that Magha Shad came from the Dulu line can be ruled out, and Magha Shad might be the grandson of Tardu and son of Ton Shad instead. The joint appearance of the two tamgas on the Yipi Shegui coin suggest a marriage relationship between the Magha Shad line and the Hephthalite, which might be a continuation of the earlier tradition of marriage relationship between Tardu and Hephthalite.

Undergraduate-level biology students' application of central dogma to understand COVID mRNA vaccines.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has underscored the importance of mRNA vaccines. The mechanism for how such vaccines work is related to the core biology topic of the central dogma, which students often misunderstand despite its importance. Therefore, we wanted to know whether students can apply their biology knowledge of central dogma to the real-world issue of how mRNA COVID vaccines work. Accordingly, we asked college biology students of different expertise levels how the COVID vaccine worked. Later, we cued them by telling them the vaccine contains mRNA and asked them what the mRNA does. We used thematic analysis to find common ideas in their responses. In the uncued condition, fewer than half of the students used central dogma-related ideas to explain what was in the vaccine or how the vaccine worked. Inaccurate ideas were present among all groups of biology students, particularly entering biology majors and non-biology majors, including the idea that the COVID vaccines contain a weakened, dead, or variant form of the COVID virus. After students were cued, many more students in all expertise groups expressed central dogma-related themes, showing that students could apply the knowledge of central dogma if prompted. Advanced biology majors were much more likely to state that the vaccines code for a viral protein, indicating their advanced application of central dogma concepts. These results highlight inaccurate ideas common among students and show changes in the ability to apply knowledge with student expertise level, which could inform future interventions to support student learning about vaccines and central dogma.

Incorporating sufficient physical information into artificial neural networks: A guaranteed improvement via physics-based Rao-Blackwellization

The concept of Rao-Blackwellization is employed to improve predictions of artificial neural networks by physical information. The error norm and the proof of improvement are transferred from the original statistical concept to a deterministic one, using sufficient information on physics-based conditions. The proposed strategy is applied to material modeling and illustrated by examples of the identification of a yield function, the identification of driving forces for quasi-brittle damage and rubber experiments. Sufficient physical information is employed, e.g., in the form of invariants, parameters of a minimization problem, isotropy and differentiability. It is proven how intuitive accretion of information can yield improvement if it is physically sufficient, but also how insufficient or superfluous information can cause impairment. Opportunities for the improvement of artificial neural networks are explored in terms of the training data set, the networks’ structure and output filters. Even crude initial predictions are remarkably improved by reducing noise, overfitting and data requirements.

Understanding Developmental Cell Death Using Drosophila as a Model System.

Cell death plays an essential function in organismal development, wellbeing, and ageing. Many types of cell deaths have been described in the past 30 years. Among these, apoptosis remains the most conserved type of cell death in metazoans and the most common mechanism for deleting unwanted cells. Other types of cell deaths that often play roles in specific contexts or upon pathological insults can be classed under variant forms of cell death and programmed necrosis. Studies in Drosophila have contributed significantly to the understanding and regulation of apoptosis pathways. In addition to this, Drosophila has also served as an essential model to study the genetic basis of autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD) and other relatively rare types of context-dependent cell deaths. Here, we summarise what is known about apoptosis, ADCD, and other context-specific variant cell death pathways in Drosophila, with a focus on developmental cell death.

A new approach to integrals of discretizations by polarization

Recently, a family of unconventional integrators for ODEs with polynomial vector fields was proposed, based on the polarization of vector fields. The simplest instance is the by now famous Kahan discretization for quadratic vector fields. All these integrators seem to possess remarkable conservation properties. In particular, it has been proved that, when the underlying ODE is Hamiltonian, its polarization discretization possesses an integral of motion and an invariant volume form. In this note, we propose a new algebraic approach to derivation of the integrals of motion for polarization discretizations.

Propagation and domains of the invariant ion-acoustic solitons in the plasmas

Observational pieces of evidence of space probes Voyagers and IBEX to study the Sun’s heliosphere, the outer Solar system, and interstellar space beyond the Sun’s heliosphere indicate that perturbations in some regions may occur in situations out of the pure thermal equilibrium, e.g., in the outer heliosphere regions, the inner heliosheath regions, and in heliopause regions. The data analysis extracted from these probes also shows that the transitions between the near/far-equilibrium states may happen in some areas, e.g., the slow solar wind e-\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathrm {e^{-}}$$\\end{document} (Ulysses) plasmas and the fast solar wind He+\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathrm {He^{+}}$$\\end{document} plasmas. The modern formalism of the kappa distributions explains the distinction between the near/far-equilibrium states under the value of the kappa index, as an intensive thermodynamic parameter. For providing more clarity to this formalism, an invariant kappa index as the zero dimensionality spectral index κ0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa _{0}$$\\end{document} is determined to consider the physical and thermodynamic feature of the kappa index in space plasmas, where it is independent of the dimensionality, the degrees of freedom, or the numbers of particles. Recently, this idea has extended for studying the invariant ion-acoustic waves (IAWs) in the astrophysical plasmas. Then, we discussed the pure thermodynamic features of the background particles. By utilizing κ0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\kappa _{0}$$\\end{document}, we found the distinction of the involved IAWs diagrams in the near/far-equilibrium states and also the transition from far-equilibrium states to the near-equilibrium states in the vicinity of a critical spectral/polytropic index. This paper extends the invariant formalism of the ion waves to the propagation features and structure of the nonlinear perturbations in the outer Solar system and interstellar space beyond the Sun’s heliosphere relevant to the mentioned observational evidences. We study the propagation and allowed domains of the invariant ion-acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) by considering the advanced aspects of the kappa distribution formalism. The central parameters of our formalism for analysis of the allowed domains of the solitary waves and shocks are the polytropic (adiabatic) index associated with the kappa distributed electrons, γe\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\gamma _{e}$$\\end{document}, and a well-defined and extended Mach number Mγe\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\mathcal {M}}_{\\gamma _{e}}$$\\end{document} (the fractional wave speed to the generalized ion-sound speed). We have used Sagdeev’s methodology for deriving the energy-integral equation of the IASWs, which describes the formation of the possible potential wells (pseudo-potentials) for trapping the arbitrary amplitude solitons (pseudo-particles). The analysis of the Mach number domains is developed by extracting (ϕ,Mγe)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(\\phi ,{\\mathcal {M}}_{\\gamma _{e}})$$\\end{document} domains for the possibility of the solitary wave solutions in the plasma. We also show variation of the relevant (γe,Mγe)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(\\gamma _{e},{\\mathcal {M}}_{\\gamma _{e}})$$\\end{document} domains. The formalism of the energy-integral equation and the domains of invariant IASWs has illustrated in two cases. At first, we show the general aspects of the problem by considering Ti≪Te\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$T_{i} \\ll T_{e}$$\\end{document} (the cold ion plasma limit), and then we extend it to a warm plasma with finite-temperature ions.

Invariant symplectic forms on number fields

Invariant symplectic forms on number fields

Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the short form of grit scale in Korean adolescents.

This study aimed to identify the factor structure of the Korean version of the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) and examine its cross-sectional and longitudinal measurement invariance (MI). Data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018 were analyzed, which included two cohorts, comprising 2,327 and 2,325 fourth-year elementary and first-year middle school students, respectively. It was found that the two-factor model fit the data well for the elementary and middle school samples. The results of the cross-sectional MI tests across genders indicated that the full threshold and loading invariance were also supported for the elementary school sample, and the partial threshold and loading invariance were supported for the middle school sample. The analyses of the longitudinal MI revealed that the partial threshold and loading invariance were supported for both samples. The reliability analysis revealed satisfactory McDonald's Omega values for both samples at each time point and moderate stability coefficients over time. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the Korean version of the Grit-S demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties and exhibited MI across gender and time in Korean adolescents.

Homogeneous Sasakian and 3-Sasakian structures from the spinorial viewpoint

We give a spinorial construction of Sasakian and 3-Sasakian structures in arbitrary dimension, generalizing previously known results in dimensions 5 and 7. Furthermore, we obtain a complete description of the space of invariant spinors on a homogeneous 3-Sasakian space, and show that it is spanned by the Clifford products of invariant differential forms with a certain invariant Killing spinor. Finally, we give a basis for the space of invariant Riemannian Killing spinors on a homogeneous 3-Sasakian space, and determine which of these induce the homogeneous 3-Sasakian structure.

Observation of the decay J/ψ→e+e−η(1405) with η(1405)→π0f0(980)

Using a data sample of (10087±44)×106 J/ψ events collected by the BESIII detector in 2009, 2012, 2018 and 2019, the electromagnetic Dalitz process J/ψ→e+e−η(1405) is observed via the decay η(1405)→π0f0(980), f0(980)→π+π−, with a significance of about 9.8σ. The branching fraction of this decay is measured to be B(J/ψ→e+e−η(1405)→e+e−π0f0(980)→e+e−π0π+π−)=(2.04±0.20(stat)±0.08(syst))×10−7. The branching fraction ratio B(J/ψ→e+e−η(1405))/B(J/ψ→γη(1405)) is determined to be (1.36±0.17(stat)±0.06(syst))×10−2. Furthermore, an e+e− invariant mass dependent transition form factor of J/ψ→e+e−η(1405) is presented for the first time. The obtained result provides input for different theoretical models and is valuable for the improved understanding the intrinsic structure of the η(1405) meson. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Conservation and stability in a discontinuous Galerkin method for the vector invariant spherical shallow water equations

We develop a novel and efficient discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method (DG-SEM) for the spherical rotating shallow water equations in vector invariant form. We prove that the DG-SEM is energy stable, and discretely conserves mass, absolute vorticity, and linear geostrophic balance on general curvlinear meshes. These theoretical results are possible due to our novel entropy stable numerical DG fluxes for the shallow water equations in vector invariant form. We experimentally verify these results on a cubed sphere mesh. Additionally, we show that our method is robust, that is it can be run stably without any dissipation. The entropy stable fluxes are sufficient to control the grid scale noise generated by geostrophic turbulence without the need for artificial stabilisation.

A comparative evaluation of the analytical performances of premier resolution-high-performance liquid chromatography (PR-HPLC) with capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) assays for the detection of hemoglobin variants and the quantitation of HbA0, A2, E, and F.

Hemoglobinopathies, including thalassemia and hemoglobin (Hb) variants, are common hematological disorders in tropical countries. Accurate and precise separation of hemoglobin types and reliable quantitation are necessary for differential diagnosis of these disorders. We have evaluated the analytical performances of premier resolution-high-performance liquid chromatography (PR-HPLC; Trinity Biotech, Co. Wicklow, Ireland) to assist in the presumptive diagnosis of thalassemia and Hb variants commonly found in Southeast Asian countries. HbA0, HbA2, HbE, and HbF levels were separated and quantified in 120 blood samples from unrelated adult subjects and compared with those analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE; CAPILLARYS™ 2, Sebia, Norcross, GA, US). The Hb analysis patterns of Hb variants obtained from the PR-HPLC system were also compared to those obtained from HPLC (VARIANT II, β-thalassemia Short Program, Bio-Rad, Laboratories, Hercules, CA, US) and CZE systems. The PR-HPLC had excellent precision with a coefficient of variation (CV) for HbA2 quantitation of 3.8 % within-run and 5.2 % between-run. The levels of HbA2/E quantified by the PR-HPLC system correlated well with those of the CZE system (r=0.997). In addition, thalassemia interpretation results obtained from the PR-HPLC and the CZE showed 100 % agreement. Moreover, chromatograms of the PR-HPLC were also comparable to those of VII-HPLC and CAP2-CZE electropherograms. The PR-HPLC system would be applicable to diagnose common forms of thalassemia and Hb variants in Southeast Asia.

Effect of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease on Middle Ear Function: A Case-Control Study.

To identify the effect of acid reflux on the middle ear function in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) with no pre-existing otologic complaints. Patients presenting with complaints suggestive of LPRD were identified and Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) and Reflux Finding Score (RFS) were calculated. 73 individuals with RSI ≥ 13 and RFS ≥ 7 was diagnosed with LPRD and chosen as cases. An equal number of healthy controls who had no symptoms of LPRD, matched for age and sex were chosen. Pure tone audiometry (PTA) and Impedance Audiometry were done in both the groups to assess middle ear function and the findings were compared. PTA values indicated hearing impairment among 61.64% of cases as compared to 17.81% controls (p value < 0.001). Result of Impedance Audiometry also revealed that 54.8% cases of LPRD had deranged middle ear function compared to 6.85% of controls (p value < 0.001). Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease can have silent manifestations in the ear in the form of altered middle ear function. This can lead to a wide spectrum of dysfunctions in the form of serous otitis media, retraction pockets and squamosal variant of chronic otitis media, which has its own set of complications. Hence, early management of LPRD can reduce possibility of middle ear disease.

Extended kinematical 3D gravity theories

In this work, we classify all extended and generalized kinematical Lie algebras that can be obtained by expanding the so\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathfrak{so} $$\\end{document} (2, 2) algebra. We show that the Lie algebra expansion method based on semigroups reproduces not only the original kinematical algebras but also a family of non- and ultra-relativistic algebras. Remarkably, the extended kinematical algebras obtained as sequential expansions of the AdS algebra are characterized by a non-degenerate bilinear invariant form, ensuring the construction of a well-defined Chern-Simons gravity action in three spacetime dimensions. Contrary to the contraction process, the degeneracy of the non-Lorentzian theories is avoided without extending the relativistic algebra but considering a bigger semigroup. Using the properties of the expansion procedure, we show that our construction also applies at the level of the Chern-Simons action.

Sisvan food intake markers from six to 23 months: critical analysis and validation.

To explore the internal structure and analyze evidence of measurement invariance of the Sisvan form of food intake markers of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sisvan) for children aged six to 23 months. Sisvan microdata from 2015 to 2019 were used. After analyzing sample adequacy, exploratory factor analysis was carried out considering factor loadings (≥ 0.30 and < 0.85), communality (> 0.20), model fit indices - Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) > 0.90, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) < 0.08. A critical analysis of the form items was performed to adjust the parameters. Measurement stability was investigated between age groups, macro-regions and longitudinally by multi-group confirmatory factor analysis in configural, metric, and scalar invariance models. Configural invariance was accepted if RMSEA < 0.08 and TLI and comparative fit index (CFI) > 0.90. Metric and scalar invariances were accepted if ΔRMSEA < 0.015 and ΔCFI < 0.01, compared to the previous model. After critical analysis, items were grouped (vegetables and leafy greens; meat or eggs and liver) and excluded (salty food; porridge with milk; rice, potatoes, yams, cassava, flour, or pasta). The exploratory model comprised three factors: healthy complementary feeding (fruit; vegetables; orange or dark green leafy vegetables or fruits; meat, offal, or egg; beans), ultra-processed (yogurt; hamburger and/or sausages; sweetened drinks; instant noodles, packet snacks, or salty cookies; sandwich cookies, sweets, or treats), and milk feeding (breast milk; other milk), with satisfactory factor loadings, communalities and fit (TLI: 0.918, RMSEA: 0.071). The reformulated instrument was stable in the invariance models tested. With the incorporation of the modifications to the Sisvan form, the food intake markers subsidize a more adequate interpretation of the feeding situation of children aged six to 23 months.

Жанрологія в національному мовознавстві: наукова школа Флорія Бацевича

The article summarizes the ideas of linguistic genreology in the context of the philological interpretation of the genre's nature. It is determined that the linguistic objectivity of its analysis is based on the ideas of communicative studies. In Ukrainian linguistics, they are systematically represented in the researches of the scientific school of F. Batsevych. The thesis is argued that his ideas that are related to the linguistic interpretation of the genre, its characteristics and communicative dominants, take into account, first of all, different forms and formats of intentions. The author's comment is given on their verbalization in dynamically changing variants as peculiar patterns of communicative situations, typed structure fixed by cultural tradition, as well as the fact that they acquire individual characteristics in the process of communication. It also defined that F. Batsevych emphasizes on the tactics of implementing of communicative strategies, which are interpreted as separate genres in micro-contexts. It is summarized that the research ideas of F. Batsevych in Ukrainian linguistics have developed into a consistent tradition, realized in the works of his colleagues. It allows us to talk about the formation and active functioning of an authoritative scientific school of linguistic genreology. It was determined that the concept of linguistic genreology, formed and systematically implemented by F. Batsevych in the author's texts and researches of his followers, generalizes the communicative dominants of the genre, which are based on extralinguistic parameters: social conditioning, typicality of the communicative situation, formal features, functionality, stability and variability. It is argued that F. Batsevych's linguistic ideas of genre analysis are meaningfully correlated with the objectivity of media genreology (in the context of functional parallelism with linguistic genreology). It was determined that its prospects lie in the implementation of methodological syncretism of the analysis of language in the dynamics of social communication and its functions in the media, in the emergence of invariant forms and methods of verbal mass interaction, in the motivated renewal of its stylistics and genre system. And this, in turn, determines the vectors that leadto the perspective of the ideas of neolinguistic research.

Using Google Forms as an Online Learning Assessment Tool for Non-EFL Students

This research investigates the use of Google Forms as an online learning assessmenttool for non-EFL students at Institute Technology Business AAS Indonesia and toknow the strengths and limitations of Google Forms in assessing English students’learning. This is descriptive qualitative research. The method of collecting data in thisresearch used observation. The analysis shows that Google Forms is a practical,effective, and easy learning assessment tool for English lecturers in mid-term testsand final tests in English courses. We can use Google Forms by first logging into aGoogle account, making a learning assessment title, setting the initial learningassessment, deciding on question type, making questions, making answer keys anddefault scores, copying a URL link test, sharing, scoring, and analyzing the result. Wecan set a time limit for taking questions/quizzes on Google Forms so students canwork on test questions on time. Google Forms offers benefits that help us to createEnglish tests. It is free to use, easy to use, integrated with Google Sheets, can beeasily used and shared, and data presentation from respondents can be presented invarious forms, open source, saving cost, saving time and energy, storing datasecurely, integrated add-ons, having short URLs, having many choices of quiz menus,having auto-summary and real-time survey results. However, Google Forms haslimitations including limited design and font choices, limited export options only toGoogle Sheets and PDF, no email notifications, no editing/modification history, andGoogle Forms cannot be used in online discussion forums. However, the pros anddownsides of using Google Forms as an online assessment tool were not discussedin depth by the researchers. In this scenario, the researcher intends to carry out astudy on Google Forms by enrolling in the teaching site's 'English 2' course.Keywords: assessment tool, Google Form, online learning assessment

The Different Biologically Active Forms of Alpha-Fetoprotein as Functional Biomarkers in Pregnancy, Disease and Cancer: A Review and Update

Human alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) has been known to manifest in multiple structural forms as previously reported in the biomedical literature. Such structural forms of HAFP have included isoforms, epitopes, carbohydrate and pH heterogenetic forms, and structural variants. However, within the last decade, studies have reported variant forms of HAFP not necessarily of a structural nature as reported in the literature. These newer forms of HAFP are largely functional forms in contrast to structural variants. Such functional forms are a result of slightly denatured intermediates (molten globule forms), conformational variants, misfolded proteins, conformationally transformed HAFP molecules, non-secreted forms, and synthetic peptide segments/sequences derived from the HAFP polypeptide. These latter bioactive functional forms of HAFP have been discussed in the present report. Such recently described forms of the oncofetal protein are deemed of importance since they can be utilized as functional bioactive markers during pregnancy, perinatal, perineurium and juvenile stages, in addition to benign and/or malignant tumor growths in adults.

Evaluating the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Academic Competence Evaluation Scales-Short Form.

The Academic Competence Evaluation Scales-Short Form (ACES-SF) is a brief measure of students' academic skills and academic enablers that is completed by K-12 teachers for screening and intervention planning purposes. This study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the ACES-SF using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis to support cross-group comparisons of students' academic competence across grade level, gender, and race/ethnicity. The sample included 512 certified K-8 teachers from across the United States who provided demographic information and ACES-SF ratings for 1,024 students (50% female). Results indicated good fit of a seven-factor structure and full scalar invariance across gender, grade level, and race/ethnicity. Implications and future directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Untangling hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) variant and other HCL-like disorders: Diagnosis and treatment.

The variant form of hairy cell leukaemia (HCL-V) is a rare disease very different from hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), which is a very well-defined entity. The 5th WHO edition (Leukemia, 36, 2022 and 1720) classification (WHO-HAEM5) introduced splenic lymphomas/leukaemias including four different entities: (1) HCL, (2) splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) with circulating villous cells in the peripheral blood, (3) splenic lymphoma with prominent nucleolus (SLPN), which replaced HCL-V and CD5 negative B-prolymphocytic leukaemia (B-PLL), and (4) splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma (SDRPL). All these entities have to be distinguished because of a different clinical course and the need for a different treatment. The diagnosis can be challenging because of complex cases and overlap and/or grey zones between all the entities and needs integrating clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular data. We review the diagnostic criteria including clinical, immunophenotypic and molecular characteristics of patients with HCL-V and other HCL-like disorders including HCL, SDRPL, SMZL, B-PLL and the Japanese form of HCL. We also discuss the different criteria allowing us to separate these different entities and we will update the recent therapeutic options that have emerged, in particular the advances with chemoimmunotherapy and/or targeted therapies.