Variance In Depression Scores Research Articles

Mediators of depression in adults with diabetes.

Several factors have been related to depression for people with diabetes, but mechanisms of depression in this population remain unclear. The purpose of this research was to test mastery and self-esteem as mediators of disease-related depression in people with diabetes. A sample of 180 adults ages 21 to 81 participated in the cross-sectional, correlational study. Mastery and self-esteem mediated the relationships between depression and two predictors, effects of diabetes complications and general social support. Feelings of self-esteem alone mediated the effect of regimen demands. The effect of diabetes on daily activities had a significant, direct (i.e., nonmediated) relationship to depressive symptoms. The entire model predicted 53% of variance in depression scores (p = .0001). These findings suggest nursing strategies for managing depression in patients with diabetes.

Parkinson's disease and depression: the relationship to disability and personality.

In a study of 104 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 61 control subjects with equal disability scores, PD patients had higher depression scores (P < 0.001) than control subjects. Functional disability was correlated with depression in PD and, in a regression analysis, explained 9% of the variance in depression (P < 0.001). Depression was not correlated with novelty seeking, a personality trait related to dopaminergic pleasure and reward systems. Harm avoidance, a trait related to central serotonergic systems, was, however, correlated with depression (P < 0.001) and explained 31% of the variance in depression scores. Results support the hypotheses that both physiologic and psychologic factors contribute to depression seen in these patients and that serotonergic function plays a more critical role than dopaminergic function.

Life regrets and current goals as predictors of psychological adjustment.

Life regrets and current goals were examined as predictors of psychological adjustment in a sample of 155 Ss who rated these constructs along 13 theoretically derived dimensions. Relative to regrets, goals were perceived as more impactful, important, controllable, achievable, socially supported, and desirable, and as occupying more time and energy. Hierarchical regression models indicated that regret ratings account for an additional 19.8% of the variance in life satisfaction and 11.9% of the variance in depression scores after removing the variance attributed to goal ratings. Furthermore, regrets contributed to the prediction of psychological adjustment after controlling for negative affectivity. A content analysis of respondents' regrets is presented and related to chronological age and gender. A goal-based reformulation of regrets is discussed

Correlates of depressive symptoms among battered women

It is important to examine the concomitants of depressive symptoms reported by battered women because of the high frequency and potentially vulnerability-enhancing effects of these symptoms within battering relationships. In the present study, 10 environmental and behavioral skills correlates of depressive symptoms were examined in 136 battered women. The results of the Simultaneous Multiple Regression suggested that 46% of the variance in depression scores could be accounted for by scores on measures of these 10 variables. Four variables were found to be uniquely and significantly associated with depressive symptoms: self-reinforcement, realistic assessment, number of losses, and a history of depression. These results suggest that battered women who realistically assess their battering relationship and who report poor self-reinforcement skills, losses, and histories of depression may be at particular risk for depression.

The Perceived Stress Scale: Factor structure and relation to depression symptoms in a psychiatric sample

The present study sought to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) when administered to psychiatric patients. We also examined predictive validity of the PSS by assessing the association between the Perceived Stress Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. A heterogeneous sample of 96 psychiatric patients (48 men, 48 women) completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Beck Depression Inventory. Factor analysis of the PSS established that the scale consisted of two factors. The first factor was comprised primarily of items reflecting adaptational symptoms. In contrast, the second factor consisted of items reflecting coping ability. Both factors had an adequate degree of internal consistency. Finally, a series of regression analyses predicting depression found that both factors accounted for unique variance in depression scores in women, but only the first factor accounted for unique variance in men. It is concluded that the PSS is a multidimensional and internally consistent measure of perceived stress.

Dysphoria and components of self-punitiveness: A re-analysis

The present study utilized alternative means of assessment to reexamine the extent to which various cognitive dimensions of self-punitiveness are related to depression. Previous research with the Attitudes Toward Self Scale (ATS) has found that the overgeneralization subscale is associated with depression but subscale measures of self-criticism and high self-standards are not related to depression. The extent to which these findings reflect the inherent features of the ATS and its subscales is not known. In the present study, the roles of self-criticism and high self-standards were re-assessed by having a sample of 102 subjects complete the ATS and its three subscales, the self-criticism subscale of Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), the high self-expectancies subscale of the Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Analyses that focused solely on the measures derived from the ATS closely replicated past results and confirmed that only the ATS overgeneralization subscale is related to depression. In contrast, other analyses involving the substitute measures of self-punitiveness for the corresponding ATS subscales showed that self-criticism, high self-standards, and overgeneralization were all correlated with depression. A hierarchical regression analysis performed with the substitute measures found that the interaction of all three measures accounted for unique variance in depression scores. It is concluded that self-punitiveness is indeed multidimensional and overgeneralization, self-criticism, and high self-standards are important cognitive correlates of depression. The results are discussed in terms of issues related to the assessment of individual differences in self-punitiveness.

Relation between differential emotions and depression in emotionally disturbed children and adolescents.

Differential emotions theory (Izard, 1972) provides a conceptual framework for the role of emotions in affective disorders. The present study investigated the relation of emotions to depression in a sample of child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients (N = 145). Findings indicate that shyness, anger, enjoyment, and shame explained 51.4% of the variance in depression scores. Furthermore, profiles of emotions experienced by youths with a depressive disorder differed significantly from emotion profiles of nondepressed youths on the following emotions: enjoyment, surprise, sadness, anger, shame, shyness, guilt, and self-directed hostility. Differential emotions also correctly classified 80.0% of depressed and nondepressed subjects into their respective groups.

Perfectionism and learned resourcefulness in depression and self-esteem

Recent research has shown that individual differences exist in self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially-prescribed perfectionism. The present study examined the extent to which various dimensions of perfectionism are related to levels of personal adjustment and whether individual differences in learned resourcefulness mediate the relation between perfectionism and adjustment. A sample of 103 subjects completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Rosenbaum's Self-Control Schedule, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Consistent with past research, it was found that the belief that others have perfectionistic standards for oneself (i.e. socially-prescribed perfectionism) was the perfectionism dimension most closely related to depression and low self-esteem. Moreover, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the interaction of greater socially-prescribed perfectionism and lower perceived self-control accounted for unique variance in depression scores. It was also found that self-oriented perfectionism was associated positively with self-control. The role of learned resourcefulness as a mediator of the link between perfectionism and adjustment is discussed.

Thinking styles and coping strategies of depressed women: an empirical investigation

Thinking styles and coping behaviour were assessed in 13 unipolar depressed female inpatients and 12 nondepressed female control Ss. Measures of cognitive distortion and the willingness to cope were significantly correlated with the diagnosis and severity of depression. Combined, these measures predicted 55% of the variance in depression scores. Depressed women had more negatively distorted thoughts, and reported less coping behaviour when they were upset. They were less willing to try potentially helpful coping activities and had lower expectations than nondepressed individuals that coping efforts would be helpful. The additive, independent contributions of cognitive and motivational factors suggest that both should be considered in the etiology and treatment of depression.