Growth Variables Research Articles

How do Economic Growth, Population Growth, and Urbanization Affect Ecological Footprint in Indonesia

This paper explores the intricate relationship between economic growth, population growth, and urbanization on Indonesia's ecological footprint from 1961 to 2022. Using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), our econometric analysis has identified the causal path. The results of the Granger Causality Tests indicate a causal relationship from the ecological footprint variable to the economic growth variable, the population growth variable to the ecological footprint variable, and urbanization to economic growth and population growth. In the long run, economic growth has a positive and significant impact on the ecological footprint. In the short run, economic growth, population growth, and urbanization all significantly affect the ecological footprint, highlighting the need for immediate action to address these issues.

Emergence and initial growth of Celosia argentea L. cultivated under irrigation with brackish water

Emergence and initial growth of Celosia argentea L. cultivated under irrigation with brackish water

Crescimento da linhaça oleaginosa descrito por modelo não linear logístico

ABSTRACT Knowledge on plant-atmosphere interactions is essential to understand the growth and development of agricultural crops. Thus, fitting growth curves is an important methodology to model plant growth and phenological stages. The study aimed to describe the growth of four oilseed flax materials cultivated in six agricultural years and with different sowing dates through the nonlinear logistic model. Nine experiments were carried out in Curitibanos, SC, Brazil, between 2014 and 2020, considering different sowing dates. Throughout the crop cycle, the number of leaves, number of secondary stems, plant height and total dry mass were measured. Nonlinear logistic model was fitted to the data, with the growth variables as the dependent variables and the accumulated thermal sum as the independent variable. Model fit and parameter estimation were obtained by ordinary least method, using a Gauss-Newton algorithm. The goodness of fit was measured by intrinsic and parametric nonlinearity, adjusted coefficient of determination, random standard error, standard deviation of fit, Akaike information criterion, and Bayesian information criterion. The performance of the nonlinear logistic model differed between the varieties and cultivars studied, in different years and sowing times. However, the use of the nonlinear logistic model improves inferences about the growth of oilseed flax, and the estimates of its parameters and critical points allow a biological and practical interpretation to assist in crop planning. Furthermore, the study suggests that the oilseed flax cycle is directly related to genotype × environment interactions, and when sown at later times, the materials tend to shorten their cycle.

Accelerating the growth of the phalaenopsis amabilis orchid by engineering a gutter system cultivation

The aim of this research is to obtain a method to accelerate vegetative growth through the provision of nutrient solutions using a planting media immersion system (tach system). This research was conducted in the Greenhouse from July to October 2023. This research uses a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor is the frequency of immersion (F) with 3 levels, and the second factor of chicken manure concentrate (C) consists of 2 concentrations. The results showed that the treatment of soaking frequency and nutrient concentration had a significant interaction effect. The results of the regression test showed a linear interaction pattern for all growth variables, except leaf area. The more often you soak the planting medium, the better the growth of the Phalaenopsis amabilis. This shows that plant media soaked in nutrient solution cannot absorb dissolved nutrients for a long time. Based on these results, it was concluded that the more frequent immersion of the planting medium in nutrient solution had a positive effect on the growth of orchid plants. However, this research also shows that although statistically the effect of different treatments is significant on the growth variable, it is not visually obvious.

The Influence of Economic Growth and General Allocation Funds on the Capital Expenditure Budget in West Sumatra 2007-2020

Economic growth in Indonesia is uneven so the impact on the capital expenditure budget is also uneven. Regions with high economic growth tend to have higher capital expenditure budgets. The sampling method in this research uses criteria regarding the Influence of Economic Growth and General Allocation Funds on the Capital Expenditure Budget in West Sumatra for 2007-2020 based on data contained in the West Sumatra Central Statistics Agency. The type of data used in this research is secondary data. Based on the regression results, it is known that the economic growth variable has a t-statistic value of 1.423780 and a probability value of 0.18230.05, so it can be concluded that the Economic Growth variable has a positive and insignificant relationship with the capital expenditure budget variable which is rejected. The general allocation fund variable has a t-statistic value of 0.526561 and a probability value of 0.60900.05, so it can be concluded that the general allocation fund variable has a positive and insignificant relationship with the capital expenditure budget variable. Therefore it was rejected. The F-statistic value is 1.443562 with a probability of 0.277519 α 0.05%, meaning that the variables of economic growth and general allocation funds simultaneously do not have a significant relationship with the capital expenditure budget variable. Regarding the influence of economic growth and general allocation funds on the West Sumatra capital expenditure budget, there are several suggestions as follows: To encourage economic growth, the West Sumatra Regional Government must work harder. This can be done in various ways, including increasing investment, encouraging the growth of MSMEs, and improving the quality of human resources. Then, better capital expenditure budget planning is needed by the West Sumatra Regional Government.

BANK CREDIT GROWTH IN INDONESIA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS REGULATIONS

Credit growth related to production, consumption, investment, exports, and imports is considered crucial for economic growth. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the economies of countries in the world, as seen from a significant decline in credit growth. This study examines the effects of Economic Growth, Exchange Rate, Inflation, BI Rate, Third Party Funds (TPF), and Non-Performing Loans (NPL) on Banking Credit Growth in Indonesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period and regulations issued during that period. Analysis using multiple linear regression method using EViews 10 software with data type in the form of time series. The results of this study showed that only TPF growth had a significant effect. Simultaneously, the variables of Economic Growth, Exchange Rate, Inflation, BI Rate, NPL and Deposit Growth have a significant effect. The most dominantinfluencing variable is deposit growth.

Effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Therapy on Self-Efficacy and Posttraumatic Growth in Women with Breast Cancer

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on self-efficacy and posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer. Methods: This quasi-experimental study (pre-test - post-test with control group) involved 30 women with breast cancer in Sari (2021) who were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of 15 participants each, an experimental group and a control group. The measurement instruments used were the General Self-Efficacy Scale by Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1979) and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory by Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996), completed by the participants. Subsequently, participants in the experimental group attended 10 sessions of 60-minute emotion-focused therapy over a period of ten weeks. However, no therapy sessions were conducted for the control group. Ultimately, data analysis was performed using the covariance analysis method. Findings: The analysis revealed that after the intervention, there was a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in both variables of self-efficacy and posttraumatic growth (p ≤ .05). Significant differences were observed in the components of self-efficacy (general self-preparedness and social self-efficacy) and three components of posttraumatic growth (relating to others, personal strength, and appreciation of life) between the women in the experimental and control groups (p ≤ .05); however, no significant differences were observed in the components of new possibilities and spiritual change. Conclusion: The use of emotion-focused therapy is an appropriate intervention to enhance self-efficacy and posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer, which can be beneficial for improving psychological well-being and better coping with the disease and treatment.

Environmental Conservation Costs and Sustainable Business Growth in Listed Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria

This study examined the relationship between the costs of environmental conservation and sustainable business growth of publicly traded Nigerian oil and gas companies. The study’s major objectives were to determine how the independent variables of environmental conservation represented by community development cost, pollution cost and environmental remediation cost affected the dependent variables of sustainable business growth represented by return on asset and gross margin return on investment. Data for the study came from financial statements and annual reports covering the years 2011–2022, and it employed an ex post facto research design. Regression analysis in E-View 10.0 was used to test the hypotheses. According to the empirical data analysis, there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between community development costs, and gross margin returns on investment (0.526033 and 0.000918), which implies that there is a significant relationship between the gross margin return on investment and sustainable business growth. Similarly, 2.652824 and 0.000000 indicate a favorable and statistically significant relationship between pollution cost and GMRI. However, -0.233125 and 0.000000 demonstrate a negative and statistically significant relationship between environmental remediation costs and GMRI. A total of three independent factors accounts for 53% of the variance in the dependent variable, according to the R-squared value of 0.534613. According to the study’s conclusions, there is a positive correlation between the costs of environmental conservation and the sustainable growth of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. The study also suggests that oil and gas companies should maintain a friendly environment for this will reduce the amount spent in repairing the damaged that their activities had caused on the environment. The goal of this initiative is to boost the efficiency of community development groups by providing incentives for their work on the created friendly environment.

Whole-plant and leaf determinants of growth rates in progenies of Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae).

Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) is a fruit tree with broad phytogeographic domain and suitable for different silvicultural systems in the tropics. The knowledge associated with the relative growth rate of species such as G. americana, provides important guidelines for the effective establishment and survival of seedlings after planting in the field. In this study we investigated differences in growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of seedlings originating from different mother plants of G. americana in southern Bahia, Brazil. For this, we evaluated fifteen variables associated with carbon balance at the whole plant and leaf scales of twelve G. americana progenies. All seedlings grew over a period of 198 days under similar microclimatic conditions with approximately 65% full sun. Our results showed significant differences in the relative growth rates (RGR), with the highest and lowest mean values being 29.0 and 38.0 mg g-1 day-1, respectively. Differences in RGR between G. americana progenies were highly related to differences in biomass allocation at both whole plant and leaf scales. From a practical point of view, we demonstrate that the selection of mother plants to produce seedlings with higher growth rates, and consequently greater establishment capacity in field plantings, can be made from evaluations of growth and biomass allocation variables at the whole plant scale.

Produção e qualidade de pak choi cultivado em diferentes sistemas hidropônicos e condutividades elétricas

ABSTRACT Pak choi is a leafy vegetable rich in important bioactives for human health. As this vegetable is cultivated predominantly in Europe and Asia, there is little information about it in the Brazilian literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and quality of pak choi cultivated in hydroponic systems using nutrient solutions of different electrical conductivities. An experiment was set up following a randomized block design, in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, with two hydroponic systems (NFT and Semi-hydroponic) and five levels of electrical conductivity (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 dS m-1). The plants were harvested 35 days after transplanting and evaluated for the following variables: plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot fresh and dry mass, leaf succulence, specific leaf area, petiole firmness, juice pH and soluble solids. Growth and quality variables were affected by the interaction between EC levels and hydroponic systems. The semi-hydroponic system promoted the greatest development of pak choi plants and greater tolerance to salinity. Plants cultivated in the NFT system had a lower nutritional requirement to reach maximum growth. Increase in nutrient solution EC did not affect the visual quality of pak choi, but reduced the physicochemical quality of its leaves.

Redução do crescimento de begônia envasada via tratamento com etanol

Abstract The application of plant growth regulators is a viable tool to produce potted plants, but its use is limited due to the risk of toxicity. Alternative treatment with ethanol has shown potential in restricting growth, but its morphological effects on ornamental plants are not yet well-explored. This study evaluated the application of different concentrations of ethanol (0, 2%, 4% and 6%) on the growth of potted Dragon Wing Begonia, a hybrid of great ornamental potential that presents vigorous growth, seeking to select the best concentration to reduce plant height. The experiment was conducted in a 2x4 factorial scheme, with two varieties, ‘Red’ and ‘Pink’, and four concentration levels of ethanol treatment. Plant growth and development aspects were evaluated. Ethanol showed great potential to reduce plant size, as it linearly restricted all growth variables (height, diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot, and root dry mass) and flowering variables (dry mass and number of flowers and buds). The highest concentration (6%) caused phytotoxic symptoms and senescence in plants. On the other hand, treatments with concentrations of 2% and 4% resulted in compact plants with great market quality. In conclusion, ethanol treatment can be a viable alternative to reduce the growth of potted ornamental plants.

Optimization of nutrient formulation and medium flow using automatic nutrient film technique hydroponics system on mizuna (Brassica rapa Nipponisica) cultivation

Mizuna, or Japanese mustard greens, is a highly popular plant in Indonesia, with wide market availability and high economic price, among other green vegetables. Mizuna cultivation using an automatic nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system will produce better quality and quantity and efficient use of fertilizers and electricity. This study aimed to find the best concentration of nutrients to support the growth of mizuna and determine the flow time of hydroponic media suitable for mizuna cultivation. The study was designed using RCBD with two treatment factors, namely nutrient formulation (four nutrient formulations and water as control) and medium flow time (three levels of switch-off time i.e 15, 45, and 60 min). Growth observation data were analyzed using variance (ANOVA), then the multiple comparison test was continued with the Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at α level 5%. Different nutrient sources in this study did not significantly affect the growth variables of mizuna, but mizuna grown in a nutrient medium did significantly show better growth than control. This study found that all of the flow time treatments (15, 45, and 60 minutes off) also gave statistically similar results on the growth of mizuna in the NFT hydroponic system.

The Utility of “Industry 4.0” for Economic Development and Industrial Structure Change in Germany

Abstract Germany’s “Industry 4.0” strategy is a technological revolution that accelerates full penetration into industrial fields such as manufacturing, mainly based on the Internet of Things and the rapidly developing new generation of Internet technology as a carrier. This paper examines the implementation of Germany’s “Industry 4.0” strategy, focusing on R&D expenditures, capacity utilization rates, and CNC rates of key processes in the manufacturing industry. It also lays the groundwork for Germany’s economic development and the effects of industrial restructuring. We construct a regression model to analyze the impact of “Industry 4.0” on the German economy, using economic growth as a measure of economic development. We use the automobile industry as a representative to study the industrial restructuring and upgrading of Germany under the “Industry 4.0” strategy. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between the estimated coefficients of economic growth variables in each year from 2020 to 2022 and the industry’s value-added, passing the significance test at the 0.05 level. In the industrial restructuring, Germany’s automobile industry has realized the transformation from traditional manufacturing mode to intelligent manufacturing mode, and the 1387.2 billion euros of Volkswagen’s R&D investment also shows that Germany is still pursuing the technological upgrading of the industry.

Optimization of salicylic acid concentrations for increasing antioxidant enzymes and bioactive compounds of Agastache rugosa in a plant factory.

Salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role as a hormone in plants and belongs to the group of phenolic compounds. Our objective was to determine the optimal concentration of SA for enhancing the production of bioactive compounds in Agastache rugosa plants while maintaining optimal plant growth. The plants underwent SA soaking treatments at different concentrations (i.e., 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 μmol mol-1) for 10 min at 7 days after they were transplanted. We observed that elevated levels of SA at 800 and 1600 μmol mol-1 induced oxidative stress, leading to a significant reduction across many plant growth variables, including leaf length, width, number, area, shoot fresh weight (FW), stem FW and length, and whole plant dry weights (DW) compared with that in the control plants. Additionally, the treatment with 1600 μmol mol-1 SA resulted in the lowest values of flower branch number, FW and DW of flowers, and DW of leaf, stem, and root. Conversely, applying 400 μmol mol-1 SA resulted in the greatest increase of chlorophyll (Chl) a and b, total Chl, total flavonoid, total carotenoid, and SPAD values. The photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance decreased with increased SA concentrations (i.e., 800 and 1600 μmol mol-1). Furthermore, the higher SA treatments (i.e., 400, 800, and 1600 μmol mol-1) enhanced the phenolic contents, and almost all SA treatments increased the antioxidant capacity. The rosmarinic acid content peaked under 200 μmol mol-1 SA treatment. However, under 400 μmol mol-1 SA, tilianin and acacetin contents reached their highest levels. These findings demonstrate that immersing the roots in 200 and 400 μmol mol-1 SA enhances the production of bioactive compounds in hydroponically cultivated A. rugosa without compromising plant growth. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the impact of SA on A. rugosa and its potential implications for medicinal plant cultivation and phytochemical production.

The Effect of Blue Economy Factors onEconomic Growth in Asia

This research aims to analysethe effect of factors blue economy on economic growth in Asia. This research uses a combination of data cross section 30 Asian countries and data time series 2009 to 2019. The selected models are Feasible Generalized LeastSquare (FGLS). The research results show that the growth of capture fisheries, aquaculture, ports, investment and the workforce has a significant effect on economic growth. Aquaculture, ports, investment and the workforce have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Meanwhile, the capture fisheries growth variable has a negative and significant effect on economic growth.

ANALYSIS OF TAX AVOIDANCE IN FINANCIAL STATEMENT FROM SHARIA ACCOUNTING PERSPECTIVE

Tax evasion for companies in Indonesia is not a violation of the law where there are no civil sanctions. However, such activities are not justified in Islam. In Islam, an accounting system using Islamic sharia is a recording system that aims to get profits without any party feeling disadvantaged. The purpose of this study is to analyze tax scanning on financial statements from the perspective of Islamic accounting. The research method used in this study uses the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) with panel data from 2020-2022; the sample used is 10 company stocks included in the Jakarta Islamic Index. The results of FEM statistics showed that the company's profit variable, namely ROA, significantly negatively affected tax avoidance, and the company's sales growth variable significantly positively affected tax avoidance with a confidence level of 95 percent. Then the practice of tax avoidance in the perspective of Islamic accounting where the activity is not allowed because it will cause losses to other parties.

Timing of menarche and pubertal growth patterns using the QEPS growth model.

To explore the timing of menarche, postmenarcheal growth, and to investigate the impact of various variables on menarcheal age and postmenarcheal and pubertal growth. This longitudinal community population-based study analyzed pubertal growth and menarcheal age in 793 healthy term-born Swedish girls, a subset of the GrowUp1990Gothenburg cohort. The timing of menarche and postmenarcheal growth was related to variables from the Quadratic-Exponential-Pubertal-Stop (QEPS) growth model, birth characteristics, and parental height. Multivariable models were constructed for clinical milestones; at birth, age 7 years, pubertal growth onset, and midpuberty. Menarche aligned with 71.6% (18.8) of the QEPS model's specific pubertal growth function, at a mean age of 13.0 (1.3) years, ranging from 8.2 to 17.2 years. Postmenarcheal growth averaged 8.0 (4.9) cm, varying widely from 0.2 to 31.1 cm, decreasing with later menarche. Significant factors associated with menarcheal age included height at 7 years, childhood body-mass index, parental height, and QEPS-derived pubertal growth variables. Multivariable models demonstrated increasing explanatory power for each milestone, explaining 1% of the variance in menarcheal age at birth, 8% at age 7 years, 44% at onset of pubertal growth, and 45% at midpuberty. This study underscores the strong link between pubertal growth and age at menarche. Data available at start of puberty explain 44% of the variation in menarcheal age, apparent on average 3.2 years before menarche. In addition, the study shows a previously seldom noticed wide variation in postmenarcheal height gain from 0.2 to 31.1 cm.

The nature of agricultural imports in Iraq and their impact in economic growth during the period 1990-2022

The research aims to determine the impact of agricultural imports and some other variables in economic growth, in which the values of agricultural imports X1, the foreign exchange rate X2, the inflation rate X3, and the population X4 were adopted as independent variables in order to measure their impact on the dependent variable of economic growth in Iraq Y. The standard model was estimated through testing the stability of the data series and for all variables and it was found that the variables have settled at the first level of the data and the first difference to them. Therefore the ARDL model was chosen to indicate the balanced relationship between imports and economic growth in the short and long term, and it was shown through the results of the research that there is a common long-term complementary relationship between economic growth and import components included in the standard model. The results confirmed that Iraq is one of the countries that have gone through difficult economic conditions and a state of political instability, turmoil, wars and economic blockade. Which caused a slowdown in its economic growth rates. The results of the unit root test showed that most of them are stable after taking the first difference, and the study found a joint integration and a long-term equilibrium relationship between the components of imports and economic growth. The results of the study showed that the impact of agricultural imports is significant and positive in economic growth. But their value indicates that the local market is not satisfied with the total agricultural products and this was consistent with economic theory and consistent with the objectives of the research. We recommend employing import revenues in a way that serves economic growth and reduce excessive imports of consumer and luxury goods. In order to be more positive in influencing economic growth, and facilitating import restrictions of raw materials and machinery to serve agricultural production capacities with attention to the agricultural sector and work to develop its production quantitatively and qualitatively and commensurate with the needs of the Iraqi economy. And research for other sources that contribute to increasing national income and thus raising the rate of economic growth.

PENGARUH TINGKAT PENGANGGURAN TERBUKA DAN INFLASI TERHADAP PDRB RIIL TAHUN 2002–2022 KOTA MEDAN

The purpose of this research is the influence of inflation and open unemployment rate on the growth of Real GRDP of Medan City. The sample used is the data of inflation variable and open unemployment rate variable and Real GRDP growth variable of Medan City from 2007 to 2022. The results of the study obtained that the inflation variable has no significant effect on the growth of Real GRDP of Medan City, the open unemployment rate variable has no significant effect on the growth of Real GRDP of Medan City, together the inflation variable and the open unemployment rate have no significant effect on the growth of Real GRDP of Medan City. and the influence of the inflation variable and the open unemployment rate variable on the growth of Real GRDP is 3.5%, the remaining 96.5% is explained by other variables or factors not discussed in this study.

Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Pendapatan Zakat terhadap Kemiskinan di Sumatra Utara

This research aims to determine and assess the impact of zakat income and economic growth on poverty in North Sumatra from 2016 to 2020. This quantitative study uses data from 2016 to 2020 regarding zakat income, economic growth and poverty. use of statistical analysis to illustrate how income from zakat and economic growth affect poverty in North Sumatra. The research results show that the economic growth variable, zakat income, has a significant influence on poverty in North Sumatra. In the T test results, a significant value of 0.625 > 0.05 was achieved when the effect of economic growth (X1) on poverty (Y) was tested. The findings from this test are t count (0.425) t table (2.03) therefore it can be said that economic expansion has a negative impact on poverty. With a significance level of 0.533 > 0.05, the test result of the relationship between poverty (Y) and the zakat income variable (X2) is t count (0.627) > t table (2.03). In the F table test results it is 3.93 and the estimated F value is 4.383 with a 95% confidence level, significant 5% and df (n-k-1) = (60 – 2-1) = 67. This value explains why fcount > ftable = 4.383 > 3.93, so it can be concluded that economic growth (X1) and zakat income (X2) together simultaneously have no significant effect on poverty (Y). Coefficient of determination analysis was carried out to show the level of influence of the two variables. R2 approaches 1 because the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable increases.