Endurance Variables Research Articles

A 11‐day compressed overload and taper induces larger physiological improvements than a normal taper in elite cyclists

Endurance athletes usually achieve performance peaking with 2-4weeks of overload training followed by 1-3weeks of tapering. With a tight competition schedule, this may not be appropriate. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of a compressed variant of the recommended overload and tapering approach (EXP; n=9, VO2peak =77±5mL·min-1 ·kg-1 ) with a 11-day traditional taper that maintained the usual frequency of high-intensity aerobic interval training (HIT) and reduced the duration of training at lower exercise intensity (TRAD, n=8, VO2peak =74±4mL·min-1 ·kg-1 ) on physiological and psychological variables of endurance performance. EXP performed a 6-day period with daily HIT followed by a 5-day step taper. Testing was performed before the intervention (pre), on the 7th (post-1), and on the 11th day of the intervention (post-2). From pre to post-2, EXP achieved a larger relative improvement than TRAD in VO2peak (4.0±3.7% vs 0.8±1.8%, respectively, P=.041) and the 1-min peak power output from the VO2peak test (5.0±3.6% vs 0.9±1.5%, respectively, P=.009) and had a tendency toward larger improvement in power output at a blood lactate concentration of 4mmol∙L-1 (P=.088) and peak isokinetic knee extension (P=.06). The effect size of the relative improvement in the endurance variables revealed a moderate-to-large effect of EXP vs TRAD. In conclusion, this study indicates that elite cyclists performing the present 11-day compressed performance peaking protocol consisting of a 6-day HIT overload followed by a 5-day step taper are superior to a 11-day taper only.

Ventilation distribution, pulmonary diffusion and peripheral muscle endurance as determinants of exercise intolerance in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and disabling disease that has been associated with aging. Several factors may potentially impair performance during exercise in elderly patients with COPD. This study was conducted to evaluate what characteristics related to lung function, peripheral muscle strength and endurance can predict the performance of elderly patients with COPD during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Forty elderly patients with COPD underwent resting lung function tests, knee isokinetic dynamometry, and CPET. Three models were developed to explain the variability in peak oxygen uptake (VO(2) peak) after controlling for age as an independent confounder. The pulmonary function model showed the highest explained variance (65.6 %); in this model, ventilation distribution (p<0.001) and pulmonary diffusion (0.013) were found to be independent predictors. Finally, the models that included the muscle strength and endurance variables presented explained variances of 51 % and 57.4 %, respectively. In these models that involved muscular dysfunction, however, only the endurance variables were found to be independent predictors (p<0.05). In conclusion, ventilation distribution and pulmonary diffusion, but not the degree of airway obstruction, independently predict CPET performance in elderly patients with COPD. In addition, peripheral muscle endurance, but not strength, also predicts CPET performance in these subjects.

PREFERNSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP SAGU SEBAGAI SUMBER PANGAN MASYARAKAT SUKU MALIND YEINAN DI KAMPUNG POO, DISTRIK JAGEBOB – MERAUKE

The research aims to analyze the preferences of the local Papuan people of Yeinan towardssago consumption and analyze any preferences that are more dominant in the selection of sagocommodities as local food. The study was conducted in Poo Village, Jagebob District, MeraukeRegency, for two (2) months, namely from May to June 2018. The population in this study wasthe entire community of Poo village. The technique of determining samples is done randomly( Random Sampling ), data analysis is done by qualitative and quantitative analysis methodsusing multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the regression analysis showed thatpeople's preference for sago consumption (Y): at the 5% level based on taste (X 1 ) with asignificant value of 0.107 did not significantly influence the amount of sago consumption,processing variable (X 2 ) with a significant value of 0.440 no significantly affect the amount ofconsumption of sago, and the variable resistance (X 3) deng an significant values of 0, 5 58 didnot significantly affect the amount of consumption of sago. So from the results of this studythat people's preference for sago consumption is not influenced by the variables of taste,processing, and endurance. Where the R value of 0.212 is obtained, which is low and the Rsquare value is 0.045 or 4,5 %.Keywords: Preference, Sago, Yeinan Tribe

Trunk muscle strength and endurance assessed by two methods in the isokinetic dynamometer for able-bodied and post-stroke hemiparesis people

Trunk muscular function has been identified as an early predictor of health-related outcomes post-stroke, revealing unbalance on both sides changing muscular response in the axis of the body. Then, we aimed to compare the isokinetic measures of strength and endurance for trunk movement in antagonistic actions (flexion and extension), starting from the two different methods of assessment (seated compressed [SC] and semi-standing [SS]) for groups of able-bodied (control) and post-stroke hemiparesis (hemiparesis) people. A cross-sectional case-control study design was performed to compare strength (peak toque and normalized peak torque) and endurance (muscular power and total work) variables took at 60° and 120°/seconds, respectively, from the four observed conditions for a convenience sample composed by 26 volunteers (13 participants by group). The Functional Independence Measurement (FIM), the modified Ashworth Scale (mAS) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) were the secondary variables to characterize the sample. Significant differences were detected by the two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test ( P < 0.05). For both groups and in all conditions, the extensor muscles performed around the doubled value recorded from all variables when compared to flexor muscles. Hemiparesis group revealed the expected weakness in comparison with control group, manifesting significant more strength and endurance when assessed by SS method, what was not observed in the control group. In conclusion, our results suggested that trunk extensor muscles are naturally stronger than flexor and post-stoke hemiparesis people are favored by SS method during isokinetic assessment.

Pengaruh Latihan Traditional Push Up, Plyometric Push Up, dan Incline Push Up Terhadap Kekuatan Otot Lengan, Power Otot Lengan, dan Daya Tahan Otot Lengan

The purpose of this study was to improve the physical performance of arms extracurricular students arm of SMAN 2 Lamongan students who have weaknesses during physical evaluation. Forty healthy students by looking at nutritional status through body mass index (BMI) were selected according to criteria and performed pretest and rankings so that they were included in traditional push up, plyometric push up, incline push up and control group. 30 seconds push up, 60 seconds push up and medicine ball test are used to measure performance improvement. All three groups participated in the study three days a week for six weeks and completed 18 training sessions, at a frequency of 3 sessions per week. The result of paired sample t-test in traditional push-up group showed significant influence on strength and endurance variables, plyometric push up group showed significant influence on strength and power variables, and incline push up group showed significant influence on strength and endurance variables. It was concluded from this research that the training of traditional push up, plyometric push up and incline push up are effective for improving upper body performance.

Biomechanical Profile of the Muscles of the Upper Limbs in Sport Climbers

Abstract Introduction. Studies have demonstrated an important role of muscle strength and endurance in climbing. However, little research has explored the speed parameters of the muscles of climbers. This study aimed to evaluate biomechanical indices of the functional status of the upper limbs in climbers. Material and methods. Group G1 (n = 3) were athletes who were able to climb 8c+/9a climbing routes using the red-point style and 7c+/8b routes with the on-sight style. Group G2 (n = 5) comprised climbers who were able to climb 8a/8b+ and 7b+/8a routes, respectively. Maximum muscle torques were measured in the elbow and arm flexors and extensors. Hand grip tests, dynamometric arm strength tests, and laboratory endurance tests were conducted. Results. Strength parameters in both joints were similar in the two groups of climbers. Maximum absolute values of hand grip, crimp grip, and global arm force in hanging did not differ between the groups. Furthermore, significant differences were found for relative indices (from circa 3% to circa 12%). No significant differences were recorded for the parameters of muscle speed. Furthermore, no significant effect of the subjects’ skill level on the results of endurance tests was found. The results obtained in the groups of athletes (G1, G2, and G1+2) were compared with the values recorded in a control group of students (GC, n = 48). Conclusions. Elite climbers were found to have an advantage over the controls only in strength and muscular endurance. No significant differences were observed in the results of speed tests in the muscles of the athletes and students examined in the study. The climbers (G1 and G2) differed in the strength potential of their muscles, but only when relative force indices were analysed. No differences were found in the biomechanical variables of speed and muscular endurance. Conventional tests are typically not a valuable diagnostic tool for the evaluation of climbers.

Training programming: revisiting terminology

Training programming: revisiting terminology

Kinesiophobia, functional disability and physical deconditioning evaluation in chronic low back pain

Chronic low back pain, which represents only 5 to 10% of the cases, is the cause of high health and social costs. Non-specific chronic low back pain has negative effects for physical activities and patient psychology. The aim of this study was to evaluate kinesiophobia, functional abilities and physical deconditioning in a population with chronic low back pain. The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) Arabic version was used to evaluate pain beliefs and fear of movement/(re) injury. To evaluate functional abilities, we used both Oswestry Disability index (ODI) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of functional discomfort. Pain intensity was measured in calculating VAS of pain intensity. In order to assess endurance-responses, the following tests were used: Sorensen and Shirado tests. In addition, we studied relations between Kinesiophobia, Pain Intensity, Functional Disabilities and Endurance tests. To verify the significance of the correlations between the different variables, we used the Spearman correlation coefficient. The significance level was set at 5% ( P < 0.05). A total of 50 patients with non-specific chronic low back pain were recruited from Department of Physical Medicine and Functional Rehabilitation, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia. The average Kinesiophobia score was high in our patients (48.5 ± 10.2). The mean Oswestry index was 34.4 ± 12.5%, whereas the functional VAS was 5.86 ± 2.13. High positive correlation was founded between global score of TSK and ODI ( r = 0.6, P < 0.001). Moreover, TSK was significantly correlated with VAS of functional discomfort ( r = 0.7, P < 0.001) and VAS of pain intensity ( r = 0.46, P = 0.001). About endurance variables, TSK showed negative correlations according Shirado test ( r = −0.51, P < 0.001) and Sorensen test ( r = −0.39, P = 0.004) on a moderate to low level. Given these results, Kinesiophobia presents a real problem in chronic low back pain patients since it has been significantly correlated with functional abilities and physical deconditioning. We intend to propose multidisciplinary therapeutic management programs. These programs will rely on psychological education and cognitive-behavioral therapies that allow patients to change their erroneous beliefs and to promote functional recovery.

Allometric Scaling for Endurance Variables in Croatian Army

Allometric Scaling for Endurance Variables in Croatian Army

Reliability assessment and correlation analysis of 3 protocols to measure trunk muscle strength and endurance

ABSTRACTDifferent methods have been developed to quantify trunk muscle strength and endurance. However, some important protocol characteristics are still unclear, hindering the selection of the most suitable tests in each specific situation. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and the relationship between 3 representative tests of the most common type of protocols used to assess trunk muscle strength and endurance. Twenty-seven healthy men performed each test twice spaced 1 month apart.Trunk strength and endurance were evaluated with an isokinetic dynamometer and 2 field tests including Biering-Sørensen test and Flexion–rotation trunk test.All tests showed a good relative consistency (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]> 0.75), except for the isokinetic endurance variables which had low–moderate reliability (0.37 < ICC > 0.65). Absolute reliability seemed slightly better in the isokinetic protocol than in the field tests, which showed about 12% of test–retest score increase. No significant correlations were found between test scores.After a familiarisation period for the field tests, the 3 protocols can be used to obtain reliable measures of trunk muscle strength and endurance. Based on the correlation analysis, these measures are not related, which highlights the importance of selecting the most suitable trunk test for each situation.

A Field-Based Cycling Test to Assess Predictors of Endurance Performance and Establishing Training Zones.

Sanders, D, Taylor, RJ, Myers, T, and Akubat, I. A field-based cycling test to assess predictors of endurance performance and establishing training zones. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3482-3488, 2020-This study evaluates the relationship between a field-based 8-minute time trial (8MTT) and physiological endurance variables assessed with an incremental laboratory test. Second, lactate thresholds assessed in the laboratory were compared with estimated functional threshold power (FTP) from the 8MTT. Nineteen well-trained road cyclists (aged 22 ± 2 years, height 185.9 ± 4.5 cm, body mass 72.8 ± 4.6 kg, V[Combining Dot Above]O2max 64 ± 4 ml·min·kg) participated. Linear regression revealed that mean 8MTT power output (PO) was strongly to very strongly related to PO at 4 mmol·L, PO at initial rise of 1.00 mmol·L, PO at Dmax and modified (mDmax) (r = 0.61-0.82). Mean 8MTT PO was largely to very largely different compared with PO at fixed blood lactate concentration of 2 mmol·L (ES = 3.20) and 4 mmol·L (ES = 1.90), PO at initial rise 1.00 mmol·L (ES = 2.33), PO at Dmax (ES = 3.47) and mDmax (ES = 1.79) but only trivially different from maximal PO (Wmax) (ES = 0.09). The 8MTT based estimated FTP was moderate to very largely different compared with PO at initial rise of 1 mmol·L (ES = 1.37), PO at Dmax (ES = 2.42), PO at mDmax (ES = 0.77) and PO at 4 mmol·L (ES = 0.83). Therefore, even though the 8MTT can be valuable as a performance test in cycling shown through its relationships with predictors of endurance performance, coaches should be cautious when using FTP and PO at laboratory-based thresholds interchangeably to inform training prescription.

Impact of Different Modes of Aquatic Training Protocol on Muscular Endurance Variables among University Swimmers

Impact of Different Modes of Aquatic Training Protocol on Muscular Endurance Variables among University Swimmers

A Home-Based Walking Program Improves Respiratory Endurance in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate respiratory muscle strength and endurance in the inpatient period in patients who recently experienced myocardial infarction (MI) and investigate the effects of a home-based walking program on respiratory strength and endurance in low-risk patients after MI. MethodsPatients were randomized into a usual-care group (UCG) entailing regular care (n = 23) and an intervention group (IG) entailing an outpatient home-based walking program (n = 31). Healthy sex- and age-matched participants served as a control group for respiratory endurance variables. Respiratory muscle strength was evaluated through maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and endurance during the inpatient period, at 15 days, and at 60 days after MI. Submaximal functional capacity was determined by a 6-minute walk test (6MWT) at hospital discharge and 60 days after MI. ResultsBoth groups showed impaired inspiratory muscle strength at hospital discharge. When compared with healthy individuals, after MI, patients had worse respiratory muscle endurance pressure (PTHmax = 73.02 ± 8.40 vs 44.47 ± 16.32; P < 0.05) and time (Tlim = 324.1 ± 12.2 vs 58.7 ± 93.3; P < 0.05). Only the IG showed a significant improvement in MIP and PTHmax at 15 days and 60 days after MI (P < 0.05). When comparing groups, the IG achieved higher values for MIP, PTHmax, and Tlim 15 and 60 days after MI (P < 0.01). The 60-day assessment revealed that the 6MWT distance and level of physical activity was significantly higher in the IG compared with the UCG. ConclusionsLow-risk patients recently experiencing MI demonstrate impaired MIP and respiratory endurance compared with healthy participants. A home-based walking program improved respiratory endurance and functional capacity.

Isokinetic trunk flexion–extension protocol to assess trunk muscle strength and endurance: Reliability, learning effect, and sex differences

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and the learning effect of an isokinetic trunk flexion–extension protocol designed to simultaneously assess trunk muscle strength and endurance. In addition, the effect of the participants' sex on the reliability data was examined. MethodsFifty-seven healthy and physically active young men (n = 28) and women (n = 29) performed the isokinetic protocol 5 times, separated by a week between each of the first 4 sessions and by a month between the last 2 sessions. The protocol consisted of performing 4 trials of 15 maximum flexion–extension concentric exertions at 120°/s (range of trunk motion = 50°). The absolute and relative peak torque and total work were calculated to assess trunk flexion and extension strength. In addition, endurance ratio, modified endurance ratio, fatigue final ratio, recovery ratio, and modified recovery ratio variables were used for the assessment of trunk muscle endurance in both directions. ResultsRegarding the absolute reliability, no relevant changes were found between paired-comparison sessions for most strength and endurance variables, except for total work and relative total work variables in the flexion movement in both sexes. In addition, the typical error of the isokinetic variables was lower than 10% in both males and females, and minimum detectable changes ranged from 7% to 20%, with a tendency to be higher in females and in endurance variables. The strength variables showed high-to-excellent intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; >0.74); however, for the endurance variables only the endurance ratio and the modified endurance ratio obtained moderate-to-high ICC values (0.57 < ICC < 0.82). In addition, the analysis of the variance reported no significant differences between consecutive pairs of sessions for most variables in both sexes. ConclusionOverall, these findings provide clinicians, trainers, and researchers with a 10-min single-session protocol to perform a reliable muscle strength and endurance evaluation of trunk flexor and extensor muscles, all within the same protocol.

The Relation Among Optimism, Hopefulness, and Distress Endurance in Employees of Sari Heart Hospital

Object The object of this study is to determine the relation among optimism, hopefulness, and distress endurance in employees of sari heart hospital. Method All employee from Sari heart hospital in which are employee on 2013-2014.statistical sample and the method of sampling has been selected simple randomly and sample volume has been selected about 180 persons by Morgan and Kerjesi table. We have used of three questionnaire 1: optimism designed by shayer and Koror (1985) and has been customized by Khodabakhshi(2004) 2. Hope questionnaire: Miler hope questionnaire is of recognizing one and have 48 aspects of hope and distress in which are based on clear or hidden behavior manifestations in hopeful or hopeless person has been selected. 3. Distress endurance test does have 15 chooser scales. We have measured choosers based on person capability to endure agitation distress, mental agitation evaluation, the amount of attention to negative agitation in events and regulating measure to mitigate agitation. Findings According to above table, the amount of regression correlation among the two variables of hopefulness, distress endurance and hopefulness has been meaningful and equal to 0.70 and meaningful level of 0.000(less than 0.01)and also the amount of t-test is meaningful for forecasting the amount of optimism on distress endurance. Conclusion We could say optimistic persons are more successes in solving problems or encountering them and also disease and therefore they have hope to live and does have mental health, too.

Muscular Endurance between Inter-College Level Male Football and Handball Players: A Comparative Study

The purpose of the present study was to compare the muscular endurance through push-ups, pull-ups and sit-ups tests between male inter-college level football and handball players of Panjab University, Chandigarh. For this study, fifty (50) male inter-college level football players (N-25) and handball Players (N=25) ranging between 17 to 25 years were selected randomly from different colleges of Panjab University. To compare the mean differences between intercollege male football and handball players on selected muscular endurance variables, ‘t’ test was employed with the help of SPSS software. The level of significance chosen was .05. The calculated ‘t’ values in case of inter-college male football and handball players on the variables of push-ups and pull-ups were found to be statistically significance as the value obtained were 3.84 and 3.27 whereas, the tabulated value was 2.02 which 48 degrees of freedom at .05 level of significance. The calculated ‘t’ values in case of football and handball inter-college male players in sit-ups, was not found to be statistically significance as the value obtained was 0.70. The mean differences of push-ups, pull-ups and sit-ups of inter-college male football and handball players were 7.10, 1.76 and 0.80 respectively. So, it is fulfilled that, handball players have more muscular endurance in case of push-ups and pull-ups than their counterpart football players.

Polarized training has greater impact on key endurance variables than threshold, high intensity, or high volume training

Endurance athletes integrate four conditioning concepts in their training programs: high-volume training (HVT), “threshold-training” (THR), high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and a combination of these aforementioned concepts known as polarized training (POL). The purpose of this study was to explore which of these four training concepts provides the greatest response on key components of endurance performance in well-trained endurance athletes.Methods: Forty eight runners, cyclists, triathletes, and cross-country skiers (peak oxygen uptake: (VO2peak): 62.6 ± 7.1 mL·min−1·kg−1) were randomly assigned to one of four groups performing over 9 weeks. An incremental test, work economy and a VO2peak tests were performed. Training intensity was heart rate controlled.Results: POL demonstrated the greatest increase in VO2peak (+6.8 ml·min·kg−1 or 11.7%, P < 0.001), time to exhaustion during the ramp protocol (+17.4%, P < 0.001) and peak velocity/power (+5.1%, P < 0.01). Velocity/power at 4 mmol·L−1 increased after POL (+8.1%, P < 0.01) and HIIT (+5.6%, P < 0.05). No differences in pre- to post-changes of work economy were found between the groups. Body mass was reduced by 3.7% (P < 0.001) following HIIT, with no changes in the other groups. With the exception of slight improvements in work economy in THR, both HVT and THR had no further effects on measured variables of endurance performance (P > 0.05).Conclusion: POL resulted in the greatest improvements in most key variables of endurance performance in well-trained endurance athletes. THR or HVT did not lead to further improvements in performance related variables.

Muscle Performance, Size, and Safety Responses After Eight Weeks of Resistance Training and Protein Supplementation

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 2 different types of protein supplementation on thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), blood markers, muscular strength, endurance, and body composition after 8 weeks of low- or moderate-volume resistance training in healthy, recreationally trained, college-aged men. One hundred and six men were randomized into 5 groups: low-volume resistance training with bioenhanced whey protein (BWPLV; n = 22), moderate-volume resistance training with BWP (BWPMV; n = 20), moderate-volume resistance training with standard whey protein (SWPMV; n = 22), moderate-volume resistance training with a placebo (PLA; n = 21), or moderate-volume resistance training with no supplementation (CON; n = 21). Except for CON, all groups consumed 1 shake before and after each exercise session and one each on the nontraining day. The BWPLV, BWPMV, and SWPMV groups received approximately 20 g of whey protein per shake, whereas the BWP groups received 5 g of additional polyethylene glycosylated (PEG) leucine. Resistance training sessions were performed 3 times per week for 8 weeks. There were no interactions (p > 0.05) for muscle strength and endurance variables, body composition, muscle CSA, and safety blood markers, but the main effects for training were observed (p ≤ 0.05). However, the Albumin:Globulin ratio for SWPMV was lower (p = 0.037) than BWPLV and BWPMV. Relative protein intake (PROREL) indicated a significant interaction (p < 0.001) with no differences across groups at pre; however, BWPLV, BWPMV, and SWPMV had a greater intake than did PLA or CON at post (p < 0.001). This study indicated that 8 weeks of resistance training improved muscle performance and size similarly among groups regardless of supplementation.

Sacrificing economy to improve running performance—a reality in the ultramarathon?

ultramarathons have become increasingly popular in recent years. Although complex tactical and psychological-motivational factors play important roles in performance ([Fig. 1][1]), running velocity sustained over a prolonged time is directly proportional to maximal sustainable Vo2 and inversely

Specificity of Training in the Lingual Musculature

Training specificity for a number of exercise parameters has been demonstrated for the limb musculature. The current study is a Phase I exploration of training specificity in the lingual musculature. Twenty-five healthy participants were assigned to 1 of 5 training conditions. Four groups completed 4 weeks of lingual exercise targeting strength, endurance, power, or speed; a control group did not exercise. Performance measures of strength, endurance, power, and speed were obtained before and after training. Although statistically significant group effects were not detected, specificity was observed with respect to effect size for the performance variables of strength, endurance, and power. Further evidence of specificity was provided by the finding that training isotonic endurance did not increase performance on an isometric endurance task. Speed training did not improve performance on any of the outcome measures, nor did speed increase following training with any of the exercises. The findings provide initial evidence that training specificity may be observed in the lingual musculature. The reported effect sizes can inform future studies examining the benefit of training muscle functions underlying speech and swallowing.