Varying Temperature Regimes Research Articles

Desert species: seed germination, ecological achievement, and land area protection

This study investigates the effects of seasonal variations on seed germination, dormancy, and ecological strategies in desert-adapted grasses and halophytes. Using species such as Chloria virgata, Coelachyrum brevifolium, Cenchrus ciliaris, Pennisetum divisum, Panicum turgidum, Seidlitzia rosmarinus, and Halothamnus iraqensis, the research evaluates germination parameters under varying temperature regimes, light conditions, and seed bank types. Results revealed that seeds matured in summer exhibited higher mass, synchrony, and germination rates than winter-matured seeds, which displayed greater dormancy. Physical barriers like winged perianths significantly reduced germination, with de-winged seeds showing a marked improvement. Aerial seed banks demonstrated higher germination rates than soil seed banks, emphasizing their role in maintaining seed viability and supporting population dynamics under fluctuating conditions. Photoblastic responses varied, with species like C. ciliaris showing positive photoblasticity, while others displayed neutral or negative responses. These findings underscore the adaptive mechanisms desert plants employ to optimize germination timing, enhance survival, and support ecological restoration. The research highlights practical implications for rangeland rehabilitation, emphasizing the importance of understanding seed dormancy and germination dynamics in arid ecosystems.

Holistic method for determining the techno-economic feasibility of waste heat for the planning of the low-temperature district heating systems

The heating sector is the most energy-intensive sectors, accounting for almost 50% of final energy consumption at the EU and almost 70% of that energy comes from fossil fuels. Urban waste heat sources, the refrigeration system of supermarkets, cooling systems of supermarkets, shopping malls, data centres, and power substations are known as systems that can be heat sources for the district heating (DH) system. This paper presents a holistic method to assess the economic, energy, and environmental benefits of integrating urban waste heat sources into DH. The method considers different boundary conditions and compares these systems to individual natural gas boilers, as well as to DH based on natural gas boilers. The observed boundary conditions include varying temperature regimes of the DH network, heat demands, different shares of space heating, and plot ratios. The method has been implemented and tested in the case of Zagreb. The results showed that Low-Temperature DH is viable for lower plot ratio and high heat demand, while Neutral-temperature DH are suitable for high plot ratio and high heat demand. Ultra Low-Temperature DH is viable for medium plot ratio and medium heat demand. The conventional solutions remain viable for low plot ratio and low heat demand.

Effects of Increasing Temperature on Bacterial Community Diversity in Mixed Stands of Artemisia argyi and Solidago canadensis in Eastern China.

Global climate change and invasive plants significantly impact biodiversity and ecosystem functions. This study focuses on the effects of progressive warming on microbial communities within the Solidago canadensis invasion community, simulated through six stages of invasion progression, from minimal to dominant S. canadensis presence alongside native Artemisia argyi, in bulk soils collected from a natural habitat and cultivated under controlled greenhouse conditions. Utilizing high-throughput sequencing and microbial community analysis on 72 samples collected from the S. canadensis invasion community, the shifts in soil microbiota under varying warming scenarios were investigated (+0 °C, +1.15 °C and +1.86 °C). We observed significant shifts in invasion community soil bacteria in response to warming, with Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and others showing distinct responses between baseline and warmed conditions, while groups like Chlorobi and Cyanobacteria only differed significantly at higher temperature extremes. The random forests algorithm identified 14 taxa as biomarkers and a model was established to correlate S. canadensis invasion community soil microbiota with progressive warming. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that moderate warming enhances microbial connectivity and the presence of a super-generalist, ASV 1160. However, further warming disrupts these networks by eliminating key generalists, revealing a potential reduction in network stability and diversity. These findings illuminate the dynamic responses of microbes in S. canadensis invasion community soil to varying temperature regimes, suggesting a model for successional dynamics and offering a deeper comprehension of microbial community shifts amid climatic fluctuations. This study delineates how warming significantly reshapes the soil microbial composition, potentially impacting S. canadensis's invasion success unfavorably, thereby highlighting the importance of considering microbial dynamics in ecological management.

Luminescence and Transport Behavior in Incommensurately Modulated CaGd2(MoO4)4:Yb/Er.

The phenomenon of thermal quenching of luminescence can significantly compromise the efficiency of luminescent materials, a process accompanied by the generation of substantial phonon populations. While plenty of models for elucidating this behavior have been proposed, the crucial role of phonon transport has largely been neglected, particularly in the enigmatic incommensurate scheelite structure with good luminescence performance. In this study, we delve into the thermal quenching dynamics of the near-infrared emission in the incommensurately modulated CaGd2(MoO4)4:Yb/Er system. Our comprehensive investigation reveals distinct evolutionary patterns in electrical conductivity, luminescence intensity, thermal conductivity, and Raman scattering at varying temperature regimes. Notably, we have determined that thermally induced ion migration, occurring above ∼300 °C, serves as a pivotal trigger for the activation of all phonons and the enhancement of phonon-defect scattering within this incommensurate framework. This phenomenon not only diminishes the thermal conductivity but also accelerates the multiphonon relaxation of the Er3+ emission levels, culminating in a marked thermal quenching of luminescence. This work illuminates the thermal quenching mechanism of luminescence by focusing on phonon scattering dynamics, providing critical insights for the design of thermally robust near-infrared luminescent materials, which are essential for the advancement of optical amplification systems.

Nonlocality of mixtures of the ground and first excited states within J1−J2 Heisenberg model

We investigate both bipartite and multipartite nonlocality in theJ1-J2Heisenberg model. Bipartite nonlocality is measured by the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality, while multipartite nonlocality is explored through Bell-type inequalities. Our findings reveal that neither ground-state nor full thermal-state nonlocality reliably characterizes quantum phase transitions (QPTs). However, we uncover that the mixed-state nonlocality of the ground and first excited states exhibits distinctive characteristics applicable to both bipartite and multipartite scenarios. We also demonstrate how mixed-state quantum correlation behaviors depend on varying temperature regimes. In the bipartite case, we observe a phenomenon known as 'correlation reversal' with increasing temperature, a previously unreported occurrence in other models. For the multipartite case, the ability to signify phase transitions is significantly enhanced as the temperature rises. Furthermore, we discover a linear scaling effect that provides valuable insights for extrapolating QPTs in the thermodynamic limit asN→∞. Additionally, we identify the critical temperature at which mixed-state nonlocality becomes a reliable indicator of phase transitions.

Using a thermal gradient table to study plant temperature signalling and response across a temperature spectrum

Plants must cope with ever-changing temperature conditions in their environment. In many plant species, suboptimal high and low temperatures can induce adaptive mechanisms that allow optimal performance. Thermomorphogenesis is the acclimation to high ambient temperature, whereas cold acclimation refers to the acquisition of cold tolerance following a period of low temperatures. The molecular mechanisms underlying thermomorphogenesis and cold acclimation are increasingly well understood but neither signalling components that have an apparent role in acclimation to both cold and warmth, nor factors determining dose-responsiveness, are currently well defined. This can be explained in part by practical limitations, as applying temperature gradients requires the use of multiple growth conditions simultaneously, usually unavailable in research laboratories. Here we demonstrate that commercially available thermal gradient tables can be used to grow and assess plants over a defined and adjustable steep temperature gradient within one experiment. We describe technical and thermodynamic aspects and provide considerations for plant growth and treatment. We show that plants display the expected morphological, physiological, developmental and molecular responses that are typically associated with high temperature and cold acclimation. This includes temperature dose-response effects on seed germination, hypocotyl elongation, leaf development, hyponasty, rosette growth, temperature marker gene expression, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, ion leakage and hydrogen peroxide levels. In conclusion, thermal gradient table systems enable standardized and predictable environments to study plant responses to varying temperature regimes and can be swiftly implemented in research on temperature signalling and response.

Predicting Long-Time-Scale Kinetics under Variable Experimental Conditions with Kinetica.jl.

Predicting the degradation processes of molecules over long time scales is a key aspect of industrial materials design. However, it is made computationally challenging by the need to construct large networks of chemical reactions that are relevant to the experimental conditions that kinetic models must mirror, with every reaction requiring accurate kinetic data. Here, we showcase Kinetica.jl, a new software package for constructing large-scale chemical reaction networks in a fully automated fashion by exploring chemical reaction space with a kinetics-driven algorithm; coupled to efficient machine-learning models of activation energies for sampled elementary reactions, we show how this approach readily enables generation and kinetic characterization of networks containing ∼103 chemical species and ≃104-105 reactions. Symbolic-numeric modeling of the generated reaction networks is used to allow for flexible, efficient computation of kinetic profiles under experimentally realizable conditions such as continuously variable temperature regimes, enabling direct connection between bottom-up reaction networks and experimental observations. Highly efficient propagation of long-time-scale kinetic profiles is required for automated reaction network refinement and is enabled here by a new discrete kinetic approximation. The resulting Kinetica.jl simulation package therefore enables automated generation, characterization, and long-time-scale modeling of complex chemical reaction systems. We demonstrate this for hydrocarbon pyrolysis simulated over time scales of seconds, using transient temperature profiles representing those of tubular flow reactor experiments.

Thresholds and interactive effects of BPA-gradient and temperature on life history traits of Daphnia magna

Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic organic compound widely used in the production of plastics, is recognized as an emerging contaminant because of its toxicity and the potential risks associated with bioaccumulation in organisms. Despite potential environmental hazards, there is a lack of studies examining BPA toxicity mechanisms and its potential impact on various trophic levels, with even fewer exploring whether global stressors such as temperature can affect the toxicity of BPA in organisms. Our aim was to assess the combined impact of BPA and varying temperature regimes on life-history traits in Daphnia magna. Our results revealed a significant impact of BPA on the growth, reproduction, and accumulated moulting of D. magna, with adverse effects primarily associated with the assimilation of BPA in algae rather than the BPA present in the medium, pointing to a trophic transfer mechanism. The interactive effect between BPA and temperature demonstrated a slight stimulatory effect of low BPA level on D. magna growth rate under warming constant conditions, but an inhibitory under warming fluctuating temperatures. Additionally, a BPA threshold was identified, below which growth became temperature-dependent. This study emphasizes the crucial role of considering temperature in predicting how toxins may affect Daphnia within aquatic food webs.

Continental-scale evaluation of downy birch pollen production: Estimating the impacts of global change

The high prevalence of hay fever in Europe has raised concerns about the implications of climate change-induced higher temperatures on pollen production. Our study focuses on downy birch pollen production across Europe by analyzing 456 catkins during 2019–2021 in 37 International Phenological Gardens (IPG) spanning a large geographic gradient. As IPGs rely on genetically identical plants, we were able to reduce the effects of genetic variability. We studied the potential association with masting behavior and three model specifications based on mean and quantile regression to assess the impact of meteorology (e.g., temperature and precipitation) and atmospheric gases (e.g., ozone (O3) and carbon-dioxide (CO2)) on pollen and catkin production, while controlling for tree age approximated by stem circumference. The results revealed a substantial geographic variability in mean pollen production, ranging from 1.9 to 2.5 million pollen grains per catkin. Regression analyses indicated that elevated average temperatures of the previous summer corresponded to increased pollen production, while higher O3 levels led to a reduction. Additionally, catkins number was positively influenced by preceding summer's temperature and precipitation but negatively by O3 levels. The investigation of quantile effects revealed that the impacts of mean temperature and O3 levels from the previous summer varied throughout the conditional response distribution. We found that temperature predominantly affected trees characterized by a high pollen production. We therefore suggest that birches modulate their physiological processes to optimize pollen production under varying temperature regimes. In turn, O3 levels negatively affected trees with pollen production levels exceeding the conditional median. We conclude that future temperature increase might exacerbate pollen production while other factors may modify (decrease in the case of O3 and amplify for precipitation) this effect. Our comprehensive study sheds light on potential impacts of climate change on downy birch pollen production, which is crucial for birch reproduction and human health.

Quantifying the Individual and Combined Effects of Short-Term Heat Stress at Booting and Flowering Stages on Nonstructural Carbohydrates Remobilization in Rice.

Rice production is threatened by climate change, particularly heat stress (HS). Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) remobilization is a key physiological mechanism that allows rice plants to cope with HS. To investigate the impact of short-term HS on the remobilization of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in rice, two cultivars (Huaidao-5 and Wuyunjing-24) were subjected to varying temperature regimes: 32/22/27 °C as the control treatment, alongside 40/30/35 °C and 44/34/39 °C, for durations of 2 and 4 days during the booting, flowering, and combined stages (booting + flowering) within phytotrons across the years 2016 and 2017. The findings revealed that the stem's NSC concentration increased, while the panicle's NSCs concentration, the efficiency of NSCs translocation from the stem, and the stem NSC contribution to grain yield exhibited a consistent decline. Additionally, sugar and starch concentrations increased in leaves and stems during late grain filling and maturity stages, while in panicles, the starch concentration decreased and sugar concentration increased. The heat-tolerant cultivar, Wuyunjing-24, exhibited higher panicle NSC accumulation under HS than the heat-sensitive cultivar, Huaidao-5, which had more stem NSC accumulation. The flowering stage was the most vulnerable to HS, followed by the combined and booting stages. Heat degree days (HDDs) were utilized to quantify the effects of HS on NSC accumulation and translocation, revealing that the flowering stage was the most affected. These findings suggest that severe HS makes the stem the primary carbohydrate storage sink, and alleviation under combined HS aids in evaluating NSC accumulation, benefiting breeders in developing heat-tolerant rice varieties.

Mapping of Genomic Regions for Biochemical and Physiological Parameters Contributing Towards Drought Tolerance in Horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.).

Horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) is a drought hardy legume which can be grown in varied soil and temperature regimes. Though it has numerous, nutritive and medicinal benefits, it still lags behind other legumes in terms of genomic resources and genetic improvement. This crop is mostly cultivated on marginal and drought-prone area; thus, genetics of drought stress tolerance can be understood by studying the various drought parameters. To get insight, quantitative trait loci for drought-tolerant traits were identified using an intraspecific mapping population of 162 F8 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between HPKM249 and HPK4. The linkage map already developed was used along with the phenotypic data for biochemical and physiological parameters to identify genomic regions which are linked to drought tolerance. In the study, a total of seven QTLs were identified for ten different drought-related traits. One QTL for malondialdehyde content on linkage group 2, two QTLs for root length on linkage groups 3 and 9, one QTL each for proline and chlorophyll content under drought stress on linkage group 4, and one QTL each for root dry weight and root fresh weight on linkage group 5 were identified using composite interval mapping. The identified QTLs will be utilized in marker-assisted breeding and increase our understanding on the physiology of drought stress tolerance.

Analysis of Varying Temperature Regimes in a Conductive Strip during Induction Heating under a Quasi-Steady Electromagnetic Field

Transition processes in a steel conductive strip are analyzed during its induction heating under a quasi-steady electromagnetic field. In particular, the temperature field in the strip is studied. A method of solving corresponding initial boundary problems in a two-dimensional mathematical model for differential equations of electrodynamics and heat conduction is developed. The Joule heat and the temperature are determined with a high level of accuracy. The defining functions are the temperature and component of the magnetic field intensity vector tangent to the bases and end planes of the strip. To find them, we use cubic approximation of the defining functions’ distribution along the thickness coordinate. The original two-dimensional initial boundary value problems for the defining functions are reduced to one-dimensional initial boundary value problems on their integral characteristics. General solutions for these problems are obtained using the finite integral transformation by the transverse variable and the Laplace transform of the integral by time. Integral characteristics’ expressions are represented as convolutions for functions that describe homogeneous solutions of one-dimensional initial boundary value problems and limiting values of defining functions on the bases and end planes of the strip. The change of temperature under a varying regime in the dimensionless Fourier time and temperature distribution over the strip cross-section in a steady state depending on the parameters of induction heating and the Biot number are numerically analyzed. Varying and constant temperature regimes of the strip under conditions of the near-surface and continuous induction heating are studied.

Investigation the thermal performance of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material (NEPCM) in an enclosure

Phase change materials (PCMs) play a vital role in thermal energy storage applications, as they provide efficient and dependable heat storage and release capabilities. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the thermal performance of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material (NEPCM) in an enclosure, with a focus on the effect of temperature variation and the role of nanoparticles. Variable temperature regimes significantly influence the physical and thermal properties of the NEPCM, as revealed by numerical simulations. The enthalpy-porosity approach for the phase change process and the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid flow serve as the primary foundations for the numerical model that will be covered in this study. With only a single phase of user input, ANSYS facilitates the creation of three-dimensional models and solid geometry meshes. Notably, an increase in the temperature of the heat-supplying wall resulted in substantial changes to the NEPCM, which we have thoroughly investigated and quantified. It has been demonstrated that the incorporation of various nanoparticles (Al2O3, CuO, and ZnO) into paraffin enhances the heating process, thereby enhancing the thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient, and surface tension of the NEPCM. The three nanoparticles decrease the mass fraction of paraffin in the range of 0.00 to 0.960 at the same concentration and testing temperature. In addition, increasing nanoparticle concentration under higher temperature regimes resulted in a faster and more uniform nanoparticle synthesis, significantly enhancing the NEPCM's thermal performance. Particularly, as the temperature increased, the NEPCM near the wall melted more rapidly. The study reveals the crucial role that temperature plays in modulating the behavior and performance of NEPCM, thereby providing valuable insights for thermal management systems. These results demonstrate the significance of temperature control for maximizing the potential of NEPCM in a variety of applications. As the temperature rises, one side becomes covered in the blue color (solid), while in the standard case, the melting curve shows a little red region (melting) at the other side that starts to increase when the nanomaterial's are added.

Disentangling effects of habitat on salmonid abundance in thermal refuges while accounting for imperfect detection

AbstractThermal refuges provide critical habitat for cold‐water‐dependent salmonids in marginal riverscapes during extreme heat events globally. Studies of thermal refuge use by salmonids are complicated by short‐term changes in weather conditions during heat waves, intermittent fish use, and the use of different analytical endpoints. We passively surveyed cold‐water‐dependent brown, rainbow, and brook trout (hereafter “trout”) thermoregulating in several thermal refuges along the Housatonic River, Connecticut, USA, during a two‐week heatwave using underwater action cameras (UACs). Using these data, we assessed the influence of various short‐term riverscape conditions on the abundance of trout within thermal refuges using a zero‐inflated Poisson, time‐stratified N‐mixture model in a Bayesian framework that accounts for imperfect detection. We detected at least one trout per sampling occasion, and estimated abundances summed across all thermal refuges ranged from 63.99 (95% credible interval [CRI] = 55.0–79.0) to 182.04 (167.0–199.0). We estimated higher trout abundances in larger thermal refuges located in low‐gradient river sections, and refuges that were deeper and cooler than the Housatonic River during the sampling occasion (all β estimates >0.0 and did not overlap zero). We also found evidence that less variable and cooler temperature regimes in the nearby Housatonic River led to higher estimated trout abundances within thermal refuges (all β estimates <0.0 and did not overlap zero). Last, we found that trout detection probabilities within thermal refuges were moderate (range = 0.521–0.634) when using UAC surveys and that the video image brightness negatively influenced detection (αbright = −0.193, 95% CRI = −0.330 to −0.058). To aid in trout population persistence in dynamic, marginal riverscapes as the climate changes, focusing on modifiable refuge attributes (e.g., depth, cold‐water plume area), and strategically targeting refuges in riverscape segments beneficial to trout may be tactics that could enhance conservation strategies globally.

The role of short‐term temperature variability and light in shaping the phenology and characteristics of seagrass beds

AbstractSeagrass beds inhabit highly heterogeneous temperature regimes that characterize the marine nearshore. Temperature directly influences seagrasses and also provides indirect information on other ecologically relevant environmental variables. Multiple temperature processes operate on seasonal and sub‐seasonal timescales (i.e., hours to months) and include variation from seasonal air–sea heat fluxes, advective heat transport from upwelling and tidal circulation, and daily heating and cooling of shallow waters. Despite this, seagrass–temperature studies typically only examine a single isolated temperature process, often seasonal heating/cooling or marine heatwaves. Furthermore, elucidation of relationships between different short‐term temperature processes and seagrass metrics could provide insights into biologically relevant temperature metrics for seagrasses. Here, we examine the effects of multiple short‐term temperature processes on Zostera marina beds in Atlantic Canada, by describing the seasonal phenology of bed characteristics, plant morphology, and physiology across different temperature regimes and by identifying relationships between different temperature and seagrass metrics. We also include water depth as a proxy for light availability. Four distinct short‐term temperature processes (median temperature, growing degree day [heat accumulation], daily temperature range, and time in the optimal temperature range [5–23°C]) were used to categorize temperature regimes across our study sites as warm and highly variable, or cool and less variable. We found that both temperature regime and light availability were important for leaf area index (LAI) and shoot density, which both decreased with increasing depth yet had the strongest seasonal differences and maximum rates of increase (shoot density) or lowest values and maximum rates of decrease (LAI) in warm and highly variable temperature regimes. These temperature regimes were also associated with seasonal patterns in number of leaves, reduced leaf lengths and number of leaves per shoot, and thinner rhizomes with less carbohydrate storage. Generalized additive models (GAMs) for each seagrass metric using the four temperature processes indicated that while median temperature displayed expected relationships with almost every seagrass metric, inclusion of other temperature processes revealed additional insights not evident from median temperature alone. Our study shows that different sources of short‐term temperature variation influence seagrass properties and that accounting for these will improve our understanding of the temperature–seagrass interaction.

How do fluctuating temperatures alter the cost of development?

Abstract Quantifying how variable temperature regimes affect energy expenditure during development is crucial for understanding how future thermal regimes may impact early life survival and population persistence. Developmental cost theory (DCT) suggests that there is an optimal temperature (Topt) that minimises energy expenditure during development (the ‘cost of development‘). Exposure to fluctuating temperatures around an average of Topt is anticipated to increase either development time or metabolic rate. As a result, embryos will rapidly deplete yolk reserves, and consequently hatch at a smaller size or with less residual yolk to support postnatal survival and growth. Here, we studied total embryonic energy expenditure (development time and rate of CO2 production) and conversion of yolk into tissue in common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis) under three incubation treatments anticipated, based on DCT, to increase the cost of development: no variance (Topt constant, 24°C), low variance (22°C–26°C) and high variance (18°C–30°C). As predicted, we found that increasing variance around Topt increased the cost of development, despite reducing time to hatching. As a consequence, embryos on average hatched with 59% lower residual yolk reserves under high variance versus the constant incubation temperature treatment. Our results highlight how the relative temperature sensitivities of development time and metabolic rate determine the cost of development, which in turn may predict the ability of egg‐laying ectotherms to persist in variable environments. We show that DCT can provide a mechanistic framework for understanding the widespread, but often seemingly idiosyncratic, effects of fluctuating incubation temperatures on hatchling tissue and residual yolk mass. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Sensorless temperature control of household refrigerators based on the electric current of the compressor

The present study is aimed at putting forward a novel temperature controller (including software and hardware) for a fan-and-damper refrigerator considering the electric current drawn by the single-speed compressor as the process variable. The control algorithm consists in a dynamic reference modification of a PI controller, together with a set of empirical conjectures. In addition, a purpose-built electronic board was designed and prototyped. All experiments were performed in-house with the refrigerator placed in a climate chamber. The refrigerator was tested at two different surrounding air temperatures (16 and 25 °C) under pulldown, defrost recovery, and variable ambient temperature regimes. It was noted that the proposed controller was able to maintain the refrigerator temperature within ±1 °C tolerance bounds – figures like those obtained for the baseline thermistor-based temperature controller – albeit being less costly.

Spatial and temporal patterns of stream nutrient limitation in an Arctic catchment

Arctic stream biofilm responses to ongoing climate-related changes in physical and chemical conditions have major implications for stream food webs and biogeochemical cycles. Yet, such effects have rarely been studied outside summer months or at sub-catchment scales in the Arctic. We used deployments of nutrient diffusing substrates (NDS) to assess the spatial (20 deployments) and seasonal patterns (10 deployments) and physical and chemical drivers of nutrient limitation within an Arctic stream catchment. Results show that nutrient limitation of autotrophic processes was common during summer, but that light inhibited biomass accrual under the ice in winter. Alongside single N, P and C responses, co-limitation dominated the overall pattern of limitation over time and across the catchment. However, the primary limiting nutrient to autotrophs changed from N to P in parts of the catchment with higher N concentrations. As Arctic studies are often conducted at individual sites during summer, these may miss shifts in the drivers of stream productivity that arise from variable nutrient, temperature, and light regimes. Our results caution against focusing on one single most important limiting nutrient, as we found that this can shift seasonally and over small spatial scales in this Arctic catchment.

Temperature-induced modulation of stress-tolerant PGP genes bioprospected from Bacillus sp. IHBT-705 associated with saffron (Crocus sativus) rhizosphere: A natural -treasure trove of microbial biostimulants.

There is a renewed interest in sustainable agriculture wherein novel plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are being explored for developing efficient biostimulants. The key requirement of a microbe to qualify as a good candidate for developing a biostimulant is its intrinsic plant growth-promoting (PGP) characteristics. Though numerous studies have been conducted to assess the beneficial effects of PGPRs on plant growth under normal and stressed conditions but not much information is available on the characterization of intrinsic traits of PGPR under stress. Here, we focused on understanding how temperature stress impacts the functionality of key stress tolerant and PGP genes of Bacillus sp. IHBT-705 isolated from the rhizosphere of saffron (Crocus sativus). To undertake the study, Bacillus sp. IHBT-705 was grown under varied temperature regimes, their PGP traits were assessed from very low to very high-temperature range and the expression trend of targeted stress tolerant and PGP genes were analyzed. The results illustrated that Bacillus sp. IHBT-705 is a stress-tolerant PGPR as it survived and multiplied in temperatures ranging from 4°C-50°C, tolerated a wide pH range (5-11), withstood high salinity (8%) and osmolarity (10% PEG). The PGP traits varied under different temperature regimes indicating that temperature influences the functionality of PGP genes. This was further ascertained through whole genome sequencing followed by gene expression analyses wherein certain genes like cspB, cspD, hslO, grpE, rimM, trpA, trpC, trpE, fhuC, fhuD, acrB5 were found to be temperature sensitive while, cold tolerant (nhaX and cspC), heat tolerant (htpX) phosphate solubilization (pstB1), siderophore production (fhuB and fhuG), and root colonization (xerC1 and xerC2) were found to be highly versatile as they could express well both under low and high temperatures. Further, the biostimulant potential was checked through a pot study on rice (Oryza sativa), wherein the application of Bacillus sp. IHBT-705 improved the length of shoots, roots, and number of roots over control. Based on the genetic makeup, stress tolerance potential, retention of PGP traits under stress, and growth-promoting potential, Bacillus sp. IHBT-705 could be considered a good candidate for developing biostimulants.

Variable temperature regimes and wetland salinity reduce performance of juvenile wood frogs

On a changing planet, amphibians must respond to weather events shifting in frequency and magnitude, and to how those temperature and precipitation changes interact with other anthropogenic disturbances that modify amphibian habitat. To understand how drastic changes in environmental conditions affect wood frog tadpoles, we tested five temperature manipulations, including Ambient (water temperatures tracking daily air temperatures), Elevated (+ 3 °C above ambient), Nightly (removal of nightly lows), Spike (+ 6 °C above ambient every third week), and Flux (alternating ambient and + 3 °C weekly) crossed with Low Salt (specific conductivity: 109-207 µS-cm) and High Salt (1900-2000 µS-cm). We replicated each of the ten resulting treatments four times. High-salinity conditions produced larger metamorphs than low-salinity conditions. Tadpole survival was reduced only by the Spike treatment (P = 0.017). Elevated temperatures did not shorten larval periods; time to metamorphosis did not differ among temperature treatments (P = 0.328). We retained 135 recently metamorphosed frogs in outdoor terrestrial enclosures for 10months to investigate larval environment carryover effects. Juvenile frogs grew larger in low-density terrestrial enclosures than high density (P = 0.015) and frogs from Ambient LowSalt larval conditions grew and survived better than frogs from manipulated larval conditions. Frogs from HighSalt larval conditions had lower survival than frogs from LowSalt conditions. Our results suggest that anthropogenic disturbances to larval environmental conditions can affect both larval and post-metamorphic individuals, with detrimental carryover effects of high-salinity larval conditions not emerging until the juvenile life stage.