Variation Of Temperature Field Research Articles

Investigating the dielectric characteristics of a nanostructure resembling sumanene through Monte Carlo simulations

ABSTRACT This work explores the dielectric behaviour of a nanostructure resembling Sumanene via Monte Carlo methods, focusing on ground state phase diagrams for mixed spins at different physical conditions using the Blume-Capel Ising model. The blocking temperature (TB ) behaviour was examined under varying exchange coupling interactions and crystal and external electric fields. Hysteresis loops were analysed under the variation of exchange coupling interactions, temperature, and crystal field, revealing multiple polarisation plateaus and loops. These findings highlight the complex interplay between temperature, coupling parameters, and external fields in shaping dielectric behaviour, which was crucial for designing high-performance capacitors, memory devices, sensors, and transistors, advancing next-generation nanoscale dielectric materials.

Study on hydrothermal migration and interface cracking mechanisms of supporting reinforcing bodies in the root erosion zones of rammed earth sites in arid regions

The characteristics of hydrothermal migration and strain variations manifest differently in soils with contrasting properties. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the patterns of hydrothermal transfer and strain changes between the root erosion zone of rammed earth sites and the supporting reinforcing body during the process of desiccation, which leads to the differentiation and cracking of the interface between the reinforcing body and the site itself. This paper presents experimental monitoring conducted on-site regarding temperature, moisture content, strain, and the development of interface cracks in the supporting reinforcing body (including rammed earth repair body, cushion layers, and the site itself) during the drying process. The results indicate that the variations in temperature field, moisture field, and shrinkage strain field during the desiccation of the reinforcing body are distinct, with changes in moisture content predominantly influencing the shrinkage strain of the reinforced soil. Notably, the shrinkage of the reinforcing soil exhibits significant location and directional variability. The suction pressure of the site is a critical factor that leads to the rapid loss of moisture at the interface, as well as changes in the moisture distribution of the reinforcing body; the differential shrinkage between the site material and the reinforcing soil in the interface region is the fundamental reason for the development and propagation of interface cracks.

Modification on constant temperature boundary considering conjugate heat transfer of brine turbulent flow in brine artificial ground freezing method

The brine artificial ground freezing (AGF) method is an effective construction technique extensively employed in underground engineering reinforcement. In the numerical simulation of soil temperature field associated with the brine-AGF method, researchers typically impose a constant temperature boundary on the surface of the freezing pipe. This approach circumvents the need to simulate brine flow, thereby simplifying the numerical simulation and enhancing computational efficiency. However, questions arise regarding the accuracy of these simulations: Is the soil temperature field consistent with a constant temperature boundary model when considering brine flow? These concerns remain unresolved at present. Consequently, based on the conjugate heat transfer mechanisms, this paper establishes a numerical model for coupling brine-freezing pipe-soil to analyze variations in soil temperature fields under brine turbulent conditions. Compared to the constant temperature boundary model, it was observed that overall soil temperatures in the brine turbulent flow model are generally lower. However, they are 4 °C higher at the bottom of the freezing pipe. Therefore, this paper proposes a modified temperature boundary that incorporates both Reynold's number of brine and freezing pipe depth considerations. Results indicate that this modified temperature boundary yields a soil temperature field closely aligned with that produced by brine flow models. Furthermore, compared with the model test, the modified temperature boundary can respectively reduce the temperature difference from 3.4 °C to 2.1 °C and from 1.5 °C to 0.3 °C when the different brine flow velocities are considered. The proposed modified temperature boundary not only retains advantages such as simplified modeling and rapid computation inherent in constant temperature boundary but also enhances calculation accuracy significantly. This work provides valuable insights for advancements in brine-AGF engineering.

Analysis of melt pool evolution, defect mechanisms, and grain growth of Inconel 625 formers in selective laser melting

In this study, we integrate the discrete element method, computational fluid dynamics, and cellular automata models to simulate and analyze the transient variations in temperature and velocity fields, various process defect mechanisms, and the grain growth process during solidification in the selective laser melting (SLM) process. Our goal is to derive optimal process parameters and compare the experimental results with those from simulation. The simulations reveal that low energy density leads to spheroidization defects, pore defects, and single-pass unevenness, whereas high energy density results in spatter and single-pass unevenness defects. These can be mitigated by controlling the process parameters, thus enhancing the surface quality of the formed part. By examining grain growth at different stages and orientations, we analyzed epitaxial growth driven by the temperature gradient and competitive growth due to internal flow, which generates new grains. Ultimately, we experimentally analyzed the mechanical properties, physical phases, grain characteristics, surface morphology, and fracture morphology of the Inconel 625 part under suitable process parameters. This comprehensive analysis of single-pass forming by SLM provides a reference for selecting process parameters in production and understanding changes in the melt pool, defect mechanisms, and grain characteristics throughout the research process.

Sensitivity analysis of radiative hybrid nanofluid flow across a moving permeable wedge with variable surface temperature and magnetic field effects

PurposeIn the present article, sensitivity analysis was studied in the presence of the combined effects of thermal radiation, suction and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effects on a Nimonic 80A-Fe3O4/water hybrid nanofluid across moving a wedge with variable surface temperature and buoyancy effects.Design/methodology/approachThe governing equations were transformed using similarity transformations and solved using MATLAB bvp4c code and response surface methodology (RSM), with quadratic face-centred central composite design being implemented. All results and graphs were formulated after positive outcomes of our results with existing literature.FindingsAn increase in magnetic parameter (M) and velocity ratio parameter (R) resulted in an increase in velocity profiles and local Nusselt number, while a reverse trend was observed for temperature profiles. With radiation parameter Rd = 0.8, the local Nusselt number increased by 4.08% as the velocity ratio parameter increased from R = 0.0 to R = 0.5. The Nusselt number was found to be most sensitive to R, while the latter produced negative sensitivity on skin friction coefficient. The skin friction coefficient for the hybrid nanofluid model increased by 35.39% compared to the regular fluid model, with a very low standard deviation value of 10−4. The Model F-value for Nusselt number model was found to be 939278.49 with a noise ratio of 3618.711. Skin friction coefficient was found to be most sensitive with respect to changes in the parametric values of M.Research limitations/implicationsNimonic 80A being a super-alloy of nickel-iron-chromium and built in high frequency melting, it can work up to 1500°F and is extensively used in automobile exhaust valves.Practical implicationsThe present study finds numerous applications in biotoxicity studies, medical industries, water heaters and the forging of hot exhaust valve heads.Originality/valueIn view of various applications of our present study, there remains a gap in examining the sensitivity analysis of a hybrid nanofluid flow model across a moving permeable wedge using the Tiwari–Das model, which required clinical investigations numerically and statistically.

Modeling and simulation of optical gain of GaP0.3Sb0.7/InP0.7Sb0.3 type-II heterostructure for IR optoelectronics under variable well width, temperature and external electric field

Abstract The type-II GaP0.3Sb0.7/InP0.7Sb0.3 nanoscale heterostructure is modelled and simulated for its optical properties in near-infrared lasing applications. The optical gain of GaP0.3Sb0.7/InP0.7Sb0.3 type-II heterostructure is analyzed under different external values of electric fields, temperatures and well widths at room temperature 300 K. The complete structure is grown on InP substrate. The effects of a varied temperature (290 K–320 K), quantum well width (2 nm, 3 nm, and 4 nm) and applied electric field (20 kV cm−1–8 0 kV cm−1) are explored regarding the band alignment, wavefunction, band dispersion, matrix elements, gain and wavelength. The Luttinger-Kohn model is utilized to compute the band structure. The gain computation involves the evaluation of the 6 × 6 k·p Hamiltonian matrix. The proposed heterostructure at 2 nm quantum well width exhibits a high optical gain of 14998 cm−1 in x-polarization and 16572 cm−1 in y-polarization for injected carrier concentration of 4 × 1012 cm2. Under variable temperature and electric field, a significant optical gain is achieved in x, y and z input polarizations. This heterostructure is regarded as new because of its very high optical gain in NIR regime, that makes it beneficial for optoelectronics.

Numerical simulation and energy consumption analysis of ventilation patterns in grain silo

Mechanical ventilation is an effective method to ensure the security of grain storage, which directly impacts the storage duration and storage quality. In this work, considering the coupling effect of grain physical parameters and gas-solid phase interaction on ventilation, the porous media, non-thermal equilibrium and turbulence models were employed to investigate the variation of velocity field and temperature field under four ventilation patterns: vertical ventilation duct (VD), transverse ventilation duct (HD), combined roof inhalation duct (CRD), and combined bottom inhalation duct (CBD). The relative standard deviation (RSD) and unit energy consumption were used to evaluate the performance of different ventilation patterns quantitatively. The results show a relative deviation of 5.12 % between simulation and experiments. Compared with VD and HD, CRD and CBD exhibit higher velocity values and gradient in the center of grain silo. The physical parameters of grain have obvious impacts on velocity field, and paddy has the highest velocity values due to its higher porosity. CRD has a significant advantage in cooling speed and effect, with the grain surface temperature at 12 m and 25 m lower than other patterns by 1.2 °C and 1.8 °C, respectively. The large porosity of paddy can advance cooling time by up to 5–10 h, while the lower specific heat capacity and higher thermal conductivity of peanut result in cooling temperatures 1.5 °C–2.4 °C lower than other grain. The temperature RSD of VD is lower than other ventilation patterns, and the unit energy consumption of CRD and CBD is better.

Thermo-electric behavior analysis and coupled model characterization of 21,700 cylindrical ternary lithium batteries affected by cyclic aging

In order to achieve a balance between the precision of thermal behavior simulation of lithium batteries affected by cyclic aging and the practicality of engineering popularization and application, a simple degraded battery thermal model needs to be constructed. In this article, a characterization approach for the coupled battery thermo-electric model affected by cyclic aging is designed. This method is suitable for simulating the thermal behavior of lithium degraded batteries with different materials and shapes under different environmental temperatures. This paper introduces the idea by taking the 21,700 cylindrical ternary lithium batteries as an example. Firstly, based on the interaction mechanism between the growth of the solid electrolyte interface film on the battery negative electrode surface at the microscopic level and the battery thermoelectric coupling characteristics at the macro level, the paper constructs a theoretical model of the degraded battery. Further, it conducts experiments to analyze the battery charging and discharging behaviors in the process of cyclic aging. Based on experimental data, this paper conducts multiple fitting calculations to extract essential modeling parameters. Subsequently, this paper builds the battery physical model in the simulation software based on the above modeling parameters. It applies the battery physical model to simulate the thermal characteristics and temperature field. Then, it conducts experiments to demonstrate the precision of the model. This paper uses the infrared imaging technique to visualize and analyze temperature field variations on the battery surface. And it uses thermocouple temperature sensors to capture the battery surface temperature changes. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data, the errors are less than 5 %. Compared with other existing battery thermal models, the model of this paper is more suitable for engineering popularization and application of thermal behavior simulation of lithium batteries affected by cyclic aging.

All-optical infrasound sensor based on a Fabry-Perot interferometer

Recent demands for infrasound measurement, whether for detecting violent atmospheric events or evaluating the environmental impact of wind farms, require new acoustic calibration standards in the frequency range below 2Hz. Expanding the frequency bandwidth of microphones remains a limited strategy since they are designed to filter out continuous components. An alternative method for measuring infrasound is proposed, which relies on a Fabry-Perot interferometer. This technique has been studied extensively for static pressure measurements with success. Therefore, adapting a Fabry-Perot refractometer to perform acoustic measurements is not only a technical challenge but also an opportunity to bridge the gap between static pressures and acoustic metrology. As acoustic movement involves both small pressure and temperature variations, it is important to account for their coupled effects in interferometer measurement results. Since the temperature variation field in the measurement system cannot be characterised experimentally, an analytical model has been developed. The chosen theoretical and technical solutions are validated by the good agreement between experimental results obtained with the refractometer carried out and other calibrated sensors in the frequency range from 40mHz to 1.5Hz. These results also highlight the improvements required to bring the device up to the level of an infrasound reference instrument.

Research on the impact of inter-turn short circuit faults on the electromagnetic and thermal characteristics of closed oil-cooled back-wound high-speed permanent magnet generator

The oil-cooled back-wound high-speed permanent magnet generator (OBHPMG), is suitable for the aerospace field, gas turbines, and flywheel energy storage due to its high efficiency as well as high-power density. However, the high-power density operation of the generator inevitably results in a significant temperature rise, particularly when inter-turn short circuit faults (ISCFs) occur in the windings. In order to clarify the electromagnetic as well as thermal characteristics of the OBHPMG under the different ISCF degrees, it is of great significance to research the electromagnetic and temperature field variation characteristics of the generator at various inter-turn short circuit faults degrees. Firstly, the electromagnetic field of the 40 kW OBHPMG is investigated at normal operating in this paper, the rotor eddy current densities as well as stator core magnetic flux densities distribution is determined. Secondly, based on the model of the generator ISCF, the effects of the winding different ISCF degrees on the rotor eddy current densities and stator core magnetic flux densities are further explored in detail. The variation characteristics of the rotor current loss as well as stator core magnetic flux densities under the winding different ISCF degrees are revealed. Finally, the effect of the different ISCF degrees on the windings and permanent magnets temperature is analyzed in depth by combining the variation mechanism of the electromagnetic loss. The temperature variation characteristics of the OBHPMG with the different ISCF degrees are obtained, and the cooling effect of the OBHPMG under the ISCF is clarified. It provides a theoretical basis for clearly mastering the variations in the performance of the generator under the windings ISCF in this paper.

Investigation of temperature field variations induced by the air thermodynamic behavior when trains pass through a high-speed railway tunnel in cold regions

High-speed railway tunnels in the cold region, whose numbers are increasing, are widely exposed to the threat of frost damage caused by extremely negative temperatures. The operation of high-speed trains has made this problem even more pronounced. But there are fewer studies focusing on the dynamic changes in temperature during train operation. In this paper, the air thermodynamic behavior of trains passing through a tunnel and its consequences were investigated with the help of the CFD method. In numerical simulations, conditions of different natural airflows, different train speeds, different blockage ratios, as well as two trains intersecting in the tunnel were involved. The following valuable results were obtained. In cold environments, train-induced pressure wave effects will affect the air thermodynamic behavior, but the overall trend in air temperature is mainly influenced by the heat transfer between cold and warm air. The high-speed train will lead to massive cold air being carried into the tunnel and some warm air inside being pushed out. Heat transfer between cold and warm air will cause a significant decrease in tunnel air temperature. This air thermodynamic behavior is particularly prominent in the case of large blockage ratios. When there are same-direction natural airflows, they will be coupled with train-induced airflows, causing a greater decrease in tunnel air temperature. In contrast, opposite-direction natural airflows can reduce the negative effects of the train. Taking the case of opposite-direction natural airflow velocity of 5 m/s as an example, the temperature changes of the three cross-sections are only 16.7 %, 14.8 %, and 42.1 % of those in the case of no natural airflow. Whatever the direction of natural airflows, coupling effects between them and train-induced airflows will be more significant as the natural airflow speed increases. Greater train speed means more cold air entering the tunnel and stronger heat transfer between cold and warm air, causing a more significant temperature decrease. When two trains intersect through the tunnel, airflows caused by them will be coupled. As a result, only a little air enters the tunnel from the entrance and exit, and the heat transfer between air with different temperatures is weak. In this case, the air temperature doesn't decrease but slightly increases as the air is compressed.

Two-dimensional problem for an infinite body of two coaxial cylinders under the action of a solenoidal body force in the theory of thermoelastic diffusion

This study investigates the dynamic response of an infinite structure comprising two coaxial cylinders employing the one-relaxation-time generalized thermoelastic diffusion model. The inner cylinder, serving as a cavity, possessing a radius a, while the outer cylinder has radius b. The inner cylinder is insulated and experiencing a localized thermal load with thickness 2 h. The outer cylinder, with radius b, is also experiencing to a localized thermal load with width 2 h, and its surface exhibits no traction. Additionally, the structure experiences the influence of a solenoidal body force. The analysis of this problem employs a combination of Laplace transform, inverse Laplace transform, and exponential Fourier transform techniques. Numerical analysis of the resulting solutions reveals the variations in temperature, displacement, radial stress, concentration, and potential fields as a function of the radial coordinate. Results indicate a minimal impact of the time interval on the temperature distribution, while displacement and radial stress exhibit significant time-dependent behavior. These findings highlight the significance of incorporating thermoelastic diffusion theory in the analysis of real-world engineering problems.

A Method for Predicting High-Resolution 3D Variations in Temperature and Salinity Fields Using Multi-Source Ocean Data

High-resolution three-dimensional (3D) variations in ocean temperature and salinity fields are of great significance for ocean environment monitoring. Currently, AI-based 3D temperature and salinity field predictions rely on expensive 3D data, and as the prediction period increases, the stacking of high-resolution 3D data greatly increases the difficulty of model training. This paper transforms the prediction of 3D temperature and salinity into the prediction of sea surface elements and the inversion of subsurface temperature and salinity using sea surface elements, by leveraging the relationship between sea surface factors and subsurface temperature and salinity. This method comprehensively utilizes multi-source ocean data to avoid the issue of data volume caused by stacking high-resolution historical data. Specifically, the model first utilizes 1/4° low-resolution satellite remote sensing data to construct prediction models for sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level anomaly (SLA), and then uses 1/12° high-resolution temperature and salinity data as labels to build an inversion model of subsurface temperature and salinity based on SST and SLA. The prediction model and inversion model are integrated to obtain the final high-resolution 3D temperature and salinity prediction model. Experimental results show that the 20-day prediction results in the two sea areas of the coastal waters of China and the Northwest Pacific show good performance, accurately predicting ocean temperature and salinity in the vast majority of layers, and demonstrate higher resource utilization efficiency.

Analytical solution of three-dimensional temperature field for skin tissue considering blood perfusion rates under laser irradiation and thermal damage analysis

An analytical solution of the three-dimensional transient temperature distribution for skin tissue when heated by a laser heat source is presented in this work. An equation for the three-dimensional bioheat transfer of skin tissue is obtained firstly, and the transient temperature value at any point inside the skin tissue can be solved using the separation variable method and the Newton-Cotes method. Previous research primarily focused on semi-infinite domains, while this work presents an analytical solution for finite domains. A comparison of present analytical solution with simulation software results and numerical solution is given to demonstrate the feasibility of the analytical solution. The three-dimensional temperature distribution of skin tissue irradiated by a laser is theoretically studied. The extent of thermal damage to skin tissue is assessed by substituting the analytical solution of the temperature field for laser-irradiated skin tissue into the thermal damage equation. The calculations in this work reveal that the variation of temperature field in biological tissues is dependent not only on the laser incident light intensity and the optical parameters of the tissues but also on the heat transfer properties of the biological tissues, such as the blood perfusion rates.

Reproduction of the Current Climatic State of the Lake Ladoga Ecosystem

A three-dimensional ecohydrodynamic model of Lake Ladoga based on the St. Petersburg Baltic Eutrophication Model (SPBEM) is proposed. Unlike existing models of the Lake Ladoga ecosystem, the proposed model is implemented on a high-resolution spherical grid (horizontal grid size ≈1 km), contains a benthic layer module and describes the cycles of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water column and bottom sediments. A run of the seasonal and interannual variability of the state of Lake Ladoga in the period 1979–2018 was carried out when setting as forcing the atmospheric influence and runoff of rivers flowing into Lake Ladoga for the hydrothermodynamic module and the supply of nutrients from the atmosphere and from land for the biogeochemical module. A comparison of the results of calculating the current climatic state of Lake Ladoga with the available satellite andexpeditionary observation data showed that the model correctly reproduces the climatic seasonal variation of the surface temperature field, its vertical distribution, average values and range of changes in the main characteristics of the lake’s ecosystem. The proposed model can be used to study the influence of external natural and anthropogenic factors on biogeochemical processes and the functioning of the Lake Ladoga ecosystem.

Local lattice distortions and electronic phases in perovskite manganite Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3

We use variable temperature and magnetic field total x-ray scattering to study the crystal structure of the strongly correlated Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3 perovskite, which is a paramagnetic insulator at room temperature, becomes a ferromagnetic metal at 272 K and, upon further decreasing the temperature, turns into an antiferromagnetic insulator at 105 K. We find that a model featuring a monoclinic symmetry captures the structure and its temperature and field evolution well, eliminating the need to evoke a phase segregation scenario as done in prior studies. It appears that coupled variations in Mn–oxygen bonding distances and angles from their values in an undistorted perovskite lattice, i.e., coupled local lattice distortions, assist the phase transitions in Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3, contributing to its unique physical properties. Local structural distortions thus emerge as an important degree of freedom in strongly correlated systems, in particular perovskite manganates, and, therefore, they should be fully accounted for when their fascinating physics is considered.

Short-Term Prediction Method of Transient Temperature Field Variation for PMSM in Electric Drive Gearbox Using Spatial-Temporal Relational Graph Convolutional Thermal Neural Network

Short-Term Prediction Method of Transient Temperature Field Variation for PMSM in Electric Drive Gearbox Using Spatial-Temporal Relational Graph Convolutional Thermal Neural Network

Study on temperature field beneath tunnel ceiling induced by transverse symmetrical double fires

During a tunnel fire incident, a substantial volume of high-temperature smoke gathers and disperses beneath the tunnel ceiling, posing significant risks of casualties and structural harm. A comprehensive comprehension of the temperature distribution of smoke beneath the ceiling is pivotal for the fire-resistant design and formulation of rescue plans for tunnel structures. This paper initially employs the FTP theory to analyze the fire scene resulting from fire spread under vehicle congestion. Subsequently, A set of numerical simulations is performed, and a prediction model of the temperature field for transverse symmetrical double fires is established according to the simulation results. Finally, an air entrainment model for transverse symmetrical double fires is proposed. The air entrainment amount under different fire spacing is obtained by theoretical derivation. Combined with the relationship between air entrainment amount, flame height, and maximum temperature, the variation of temperature field under the ceiling with fire spacing is explained from the mechanism. The results show that: the maximum temperature beneath tunnel ceiling increases with the increase of the fire power, decreases and then increases with the increase of the fire spacing and the variation has symmetry; The temperature attenuation along transverse and longitudinal directions under the ceiling following the exponential attenuation model, and the temperature attenuation rate is positively correlated with the maximum temperature. The transverse temperature attenuation is smaller than that of the longitudinal temperature under the same conditions; There is an internal relationship between the air entrainment, flame height and temperature field of the transverse double fires. The variation law of the temperature field beneath the ceiling depends on the degree of air entrainment limitation. Based on mirror model, this paper indicates that when the fire spacing is within a certain range, the combustion of the double fires can be effectively represented as near-wall fire.

Unsteady heat transfer of long gas insulated transmission lines in tunnel: Model and analysis

The temperature of the cable core and cable casing is crucial for the safety and efficiency of the transmission system. Accurately predicting the distribution and variation of the transmission temperature field in the gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) tunnel is essential to ensure the long GIL tunnel transmission system's safe and stable operation. This paper addresses the challenge of calculating unsteady heat transfer flow in extra-long GIL transmission tunnels. The paper proposes a model, and a rapid solution method for extra-long GIL transmission heat transfer flow. In addition, the temperature variation during the operation of 1000 kV GIL has been analyzed. The results indicated that the conductor and cable casing temperature gradually increases and tends to be relatively stable with the operation time. The research results can provide theoretical basis and data support for the regulation of GIL tunnel transmission operation.

Computational analysis of transient thermal diffusion and propagation of chemically reactive magneto-nanofluid, Brinkman-type flow past an oscillating absorbent plate

The current work concentrates on increasing the thermal and solutal performance in exponentially accelerating vertical surfaces via the utilization of nanofluids containing the mixtures of base water fluid and Aluminum oxide (Al2O3), Copper (Cu), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Silver (Ag) nanoparticles. During the fully utilize the capabilities of nanoparticles in a variety of applications and to evaluate the effects that they will have on the environment and biological systems, it is crucial to comprehend and manage heat transmission. This motivation allows us to investigate the nanofluid boundary layer flows under cross-diffusion effects, as this model study earlier was not conducted, thus the results of this work are new, which describe the novelty of the current problem. The partial differential equations for the developed model are altered into dimensionless statements first via non-dimensionalization. The numerical simulations implementing a finite difference scheme are applied for the solution description. The physical description of the variation of momentum, temperature, and mass fields for different factors is computed and presented graphically for ramped temperature and isothermal heat cases. Convergence and validation of the problem are checked with the help of tables. We found that enhancement in the Reynolds number, Brinkman parameter and magnetic field mark a downward trend in the fluid velocity, but it strengthens with the porosity parameter and time factor. The temperature distribution expands for advancing diffusion-thermal and radiation effects, whereas a contrary pattern was noted with the Prandtl number and heat consumption parameter. The thermo-diffusion effect enlarges the concentration distribution but decays with chemical reaction and Schmidt number.