Variable Resistance Research Articles

A self-powered triboelectric UV photodetector based on coupling impedance matching and photoresistive effect by sensing-electrode model

Self-powered photodetectors can satisfy the development demands of Internet of things towards minimization, integration, intelligence and multifunctionality. In this work, we have reported a self-powered triboelectric UV photodetector (SPTUD) based on coupling impedance matching and the photoresistive effect. A sensing-electrode model is validated through replacing the traditional electrode by ZnO nanoparticle film in a single-electrode mode triboelectric nanogenerator (S-TENG). Working both as the photoresistive material and electrode, the resistance variation range of the ZnO film matches well with the resistance dependence of S-TENG. The output voltage is significantly affected by the variations in variable resistances of ZnO film altered by UV light intensity due to the impedance matching effect. As a self-powered UV photodetector, the voltage signal of SPTUD increases from 0.5 V to 1.1 V with increasing light intensity from 0 to 0.61 mW/cm2 under 375 nm UV light illumination. It can efficiently detect low-intensity UV light of 0.17 mW/cm2 with a voltage responsivity of 2.66 V (mW cm−2)−1. For demonstration, a wearable self-powered UV photodetection system based on the S-TENG and SPTUD is integrated in a bracelet. The reference-electrode and sensing-electrode are designed to connected with chip LEDs for visualized UV light photodetection to remind people to take effective measures for harmful UV light protection out of door. This work proposes the concept of sensing-electrode model, and we believe it will pave a new avenue for the next-generation of self-powered triboelectric sensors.

Fast and Accurate Identification of Candida auris by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry.

The emerging pathogen Candida auris has been associated with nosocomial outbreaks on six continents. Genetic analysis indicates simultaneous and independent emergence of separate clades of the species in different geographical locations. Both invasive infection and colonization have been observed, warranting attention due to variable antifungal resistance profiles and hospital transmission. MALDI-TOF based identification methods have become routine in hospitals and research institutes. However, identification of the newly emerging lineages of C. auris yet remains a diagnostic challenge. In this study an innovative liquid chromatography (LC)-high resolution OrbitrapTM mass spectrometry method was used for identification of C. auris from axenic microbial cultures. A set of 102 strains from all five clades and different body locations were investigated. The results revealed correct identification of all C. auris strains within the sample cohort, with an identification accuracy of 99.6% from plate culture, in a time-efficient manner. Furthermore, application of the applied mass spectrometry technology provided the species identification down to clade level, thus potentially providing the possibility for epidemiological surveillance to track pathogen spread. Identification beyond species level is required specially to differentiate between nosocomial transmission and repeated introduction to a hospital.

Bias history impacts the analog resistance change of HfOx-based neuromorphic synapses

Resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices have been widely studied for neuromorphic, in-memory computing. One of the most studied RRAM structures consists of a titanium capping layer and a HfOx adaptive oxide. Although these devices show promise in improving neuromorphic circuits, high variability, non-linearity, and asymmetric resistance changes limit their usefulness. Many studies have improved linearity by changing materials in or around the device, the circuitry, or the analog bias conditions. However, the impact of prior biasing conditions on the observed analog resistance change is not well understood. Experimental results in this study demonstrate that prior higher reset voltages used after forming cause a greater resistance change during subsequent identical analog pulsing. A multiphysics finite element model suggests that this greater analog resistance change is due to a higher concentration of oxygen ions stored in the titanium capping layer with increasing magnitude of the reset voltage. This work suggests that local ion concentration variations in the titanium capping layer of just tens of atoms cause significant resistance variation during analog operation.

Mathematical Model and Simulation Based on ANSYS Maxwell of the Magnetic Fluid Differential Transformer Inclination Sensor

A mathematical model of a mutual inductance magnetic fluid inclination sensor is established. The sensing element of the sensor is magnetic fluid. The composite magnetic core suspended in the magnetic fluid increases the permeability of the medium in the winding. The total magnetic induction intensity B in the winding is composed of two parts: the excitation magnetic induction intensity Bl and the additional magnetic induction intensity Ba generated by the magnetization of pure iron. The sensitivity S of the sensor and its influencing factors are derived. The output characteristics of the sensor are analyzed using ANSYS Maxwell simulation software. The results show that the variable resistance of the measuring circuit can eliminate the residual voltage at zero point, and the output voltage carrier after filtering and rectification is positive half cycle; The addition of pure iron to the magnetic core greatly increases the mutual inductance variation between the primary and secondary windings, and the inclination angle in a small range is linear with the mutual inductance variation; The recovery force of the composite core is proportional to the displacement.

Groundwater Investigation Using Electrical Resistivity Method at New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt

New Borg El-Arab is a city located on the northwestern coast of Egypt, where the increasing anthropogenic activities have led to an increase in water demand. Groundwater is the main source of water in this area, but it is seriously affected by the Mediterranean saltwater intrusion. This causes a substantial impact on the water quality of the coastal aquifer. In this study, the electrical resistivity method was applied to delineate the shallow groundwater aquifer and its quality. Twenty vertical electrical soundings (VES) distributed along 6 profiles were measured. To observe the seasonal groundwater variations, 14 VES points were measured at the end of the rainy season, while the measurements of 6 VES points were repeated at the end of the dry season. The results revealed 4 geoelectrical layers; the first layer is a surface dry zone with variable resistivity values, followed by a water-bearing layer; while the third is a limestone layer, followed by a clay deposits zone. In comparison to the winter season, the water-bearing layer records lower resistivity values at the end of summer. Optimal locations to drill new groundwater wells have also been determined with a depth varying from 1.8 m north to about 30 m south.

Turbine modeling for steady‐state analysis in hydropower plant networks with complex layouts using a modified global gradient algorithm

AbstractTurbines are generally oversimplified in conventional algorithms for steady‐state analysis of hydropower plant (HPP) networks. Moreover, conventional algorithms are hardly suitable for serial HPPs. In this paper, a modified global gradient algorithm (MGGA) is developed by extending turbine models and optimizing turbine interpolation. First, the nonlinear model of turbines is established with the proposed variable resistance factor and added to the global matrix. Then turbine unit quantity interpolation is proposed to compute the turbine operating parameters. Finally, turbine links and pipes can be iterated synchronously, and the global matrix is solved using the Newton–Raphson method. Characteristics of MGGA are evaluated by employing two test HPPs, including rapidity of convergence, computational stability of turbine, and applicability for serial HPPs. The results show that: (a) The iterative numbers of the MGGA are 0.72 and 4.98 times on average less than that of CA1 and CA2 for the accuracy of 10−6 in 400 operating conditions, even though MGGA has an obvious hysteretic nature; (b) Only MGGA can successfully calculate the extreme cases that large head losses in HPP networks; (c) Although fixed head nodes are not present between turbine links, such as serial HPPs, MGGA still works.

Implementation of Parameter Observer for Capacitors

This paper describes the implementation of a parameter observer (PO) intended to estimate the capacitance and equivalent serial resistance of a capacitor (ESR). The implemented observer consists of a dynamic second-order discrete-time system. The input signal of the observer is the voltage at the terminals of the capacitor measured during its discharge across a variable resistance in two steps. The implemented observer can be used in quasi-online or offline mode. The theoretical and experimental supporting materials provide a comprehensive picture of the implementation and conditions of use of the PO. The experimental verification was carried out with a microcontroller with Cortex®-M7 core architecture. The sampling time of the PO was 20 μs, and the estimation of the parameters was obtained before the end of the discharge of the capacitor. In the cases described in the paper, this means approximately 25 ms. Due to the PO's capabilities (estimation speed, reduced computational complexity and precision)-proved by the experiments carried out on three electrolytic capacitors of 100 μF, 220 μF and 440 μF-the implementation is of interest for several applications, primarily in the field of power electronic applications.

Friction force estimation in pneumatic cylinders by full automation of experimental procedures

The effective utilization of pneumatic cylinders in precise control applications requires the correct determination of unpredictable, variable, and non-linear friction resistance characteristics. Even though the friction characteristics depend on many structural and operating variables, the existing expensive experimental methodologies are prone to error, time-consuming, and have excessive computational burden. In this study, the full automation of friction force estimation processes has been designed and implemented with MATLAB/Stateflow including the execution of all experimental steps, processing of signals, extraction and classification of data, and estimation of parameters. An operational graphical user interface has been developed for entering the required input values of the experimental procedures, connecting to testing equipment, carrying out experiments, and presenting obtained model parameters. The friction force parameters of three pneumatic cylinders, two of which were identical, have been determined both with the automated method and the manual method. The automated method has produced better results compared to the manual method while reducing the total estimation duration drastically. The pressure tracking performance tests conducted to verify the friction model parameters have exhibited better tracking performances with the automated method results.

A combined solution of thermoelectric coolers and microchannels for multi-chip heat dissipation with precise temperature uniformity control

• Conbined TEC and microchannel cooling proposed for multi-chip heat dissipation. • Based on the change of applied current, the equivalent thermal resistance of TEC is changed to realize the active temperature control of chip. • Heat dissipation with temperature uniformity control of multi-chip combined cooling is studied. Effective thermal management with precise temperature uniformity is necessary to improve the performance and stability of multi-chip devices such as active phased array antennas, semiconductor laser radar systems, and light emitting diode (LED) arrays. This study proposes a combined solution for multi-chip devices heat dissipation that integrates thermoelectric coolers (TECs) and microchannel heat sink to tune the temperature of each chip dynamically by controlling multiple TEC currents independently. The equivalent variable thermal resistance of the TEC can be dynamically adjusted under different TEC currents, thereby realizing the equivalent thermal resistance value of TECs change on the heat dissipation path of different chips and the precise temperature control and continuity at desired temperature range. A simplified thermal resistance network of multi-chip is established to illustrate the dynamic control mechanism of multi-chip temperature uniformity based on the variable thermal resistance. Not only the heat dissipation and temperature control of single chip under different operating conditions (TEC current, flow rate, and heat flux), but also the temperature uniformity control of multi-chip is studied. The combined cooling scheme is compared and analyzed with the microchannel cooling. The results show that this combined cooling scheme can achieve precise temperature control of multiple chips with maximum temperature difference less than 0.3 °C and temperature standard deviation less than 0.07 °C, which is far less than the maximum temperature difference of 7.89 °C and temperature standard deviation of 3.55 °C when the heat flux is 50 W/cm 2 . This represents a feasible solution for the realization of precise temperature uniformity and dynamic temperature control in multi-chip devices.

Application of Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) to analyse geological structure in Paloh, Gua Musang, Kelantan

This study is conducted in Paloh, Gua Musang district, Kelantan and focussed on Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method which was carried out to assess the subsurface geological structures of Paloh area, Gua Musang. Two survey lines of 200 m are conducted in the study area by using Gradient array. The data obtained from ERI is processed by using RES2DINV software to produce a pseudosection model. Variable resistivity values ranging from 1Ωm to >3000Ωm with a depth of investigation of approximately 40m showed in the pseudosection model. Based on the model, the structural analysis of the study area resulted in several fault lines occurring in the subsurface area. The fault line indicated the occurrence of subsurface movement. This study suggests further geophysical investigation (seismic survey) be carried out as it would be able to give the extent of information on subsurface geological structures for geoengineering study for site investigation.

Isolation of Multidrug-Resistant Helicobacter pylori from Wild Houseflies Musca domestica with a New Perspective for the Treatment.

Background: High frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection and the unknown mode of transmission prompted us to investigate H. pylori-wild housefly relationship. H. pylori causes chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer. H. pylori persists in the gut of the experimentally infected houseflies. The existence of H. pylori strains isolated from wild houseflies, on the other hand, has never been documented. Methods: In this study, 902 wild houseflies from different sites were identified as Musca domestica, then 60 flies were screened by traditional microbiological techniques and H. pylori-specific 16S rRNA gene. The antibiotic resistance (ART) was investigated phenotypically. Wild housefly gut bacterial isolates were further evaluated genotypically to have 23S rRNA gene mutation related to clarithromycin resistance. To find efficient therapeutic alternatives, the potency of three plant extracts (garlic, ginger, and lemon) and the wasp, Vespa orientalis venom was evaluated against H. pylori. The cytotoxic effect of the crude wasp venom, the most potent extract, against Vero and Colon cancer (Caco2) cell lines was investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: All isolates from houseflies were positive. The isolated bacteria have variable resistance to frequently used antibiotics in all isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of 15.625 mg/mL for both ginger and lemon extracts, 7.8125 mg/mL for garlic extract, and 0.0313 mg/mL for wasp venom were recorded. Wasp venom has the most potent antibacterial activity compared with the four antibiotics that are currently used in therapies against H. pylori. Conclusion: We conclude that wild houseflies can play a role in disseminating H. pylori. The housefly gut may be a suitable environment for the horizontal transfer of ART genes among its associated microbiome and H. pylori. Wasp venom proved its potential activity as a new and effective anti-H. pylori drug for both therapeutic and preventative usage.

Антибиотикорезистентность штаммов грамположительных кокков, выделенных из секрета предстательной железы мужчин с хроническим бактериальным простатитом

to characterize the antibiotic resistance of gram-positive cocci strains isolated from the prostate secretion in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis at the level of phenotype and genotype.Bacteria were isolated from the prostate secretion of men of reproductive age (20-45 years) with chronic bacterial prostatitis by conventional bacteriological method. The type of microorganisms was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Resistance to 16 antibiotics of 31 strains of E. faecalis and 91 cultures of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) was determined by the disk diffusion method. Antibiotic resistance genes (mecA; blaZ; aac(6)- aph (2); ant (4)-Ia; aph (3)-IIIa; gyrA, grlA) were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR ) using selected primers.A high resistance of enterococci to antibacterial drugs was revealed: fluoroquinolones, carbapenens, cephalosporins (with the exception of cefoperazone), gentamicin and oxacillin. It has been established that CoNS are characterized by variable antibiotic resistance, while: isolates of S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus are resistant to all studied fluoroquinolones and carbapenems; S. warneri to carbapenems and the vast majority of studied cephalosporins; S. saprophyticus - to aminoglycosides. Amoxiclav and cefoperazone are characterized by the highest activity against clinical isolates. Using PCR, the presence of genetic determinants of resistance to aminoglycosides and -lactams was established in the isolates, with a predominance of the studied genes in CoNS.For effective antibiotic therapy in chronic bacterial prostatitis, it is necessary to conduct regional monitoring of the resistance of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs.

THE PREDICTIVE EFFECT OF TOXICITY ON SATISFACTION WITH LIFE AT SCHOOL

The effect of toxicity on satisfaction with life at school affects many variables. As parts of school culture, satisfaction and toxicity are related concepts. This study aims to determine the predictive effect of toxicity on satisfaction with life at school. In Turkey, no study has been found to be conducted about the relationship between organizational toxicity and satisfaction with life. Method of the research: This was a descriptive study based on the correlational survey model. In this study, it was supposed to determine the effects of teachers’ demographic characteristics (gender, alma mater, professional seniority, and number of teachers in the school) and toxicity perceptions on satisfaction with life. The study group consisted of 1600 teachers working at 54 secondary schools in Sivas city center. Based on the calculation made, a sample of 223 teachers representing the population was created. The dependent variable of the study was teachers' satisfaction with life. Stepwise regression was used as a multiple regression analysis technique. In this regression analysis, a linear structure of the relationship between one dependent and more than one independent variable was tested. The results showed that the toxicity avoidance behaviors of teachers positively affected their perceptions of satisfaction with life. It was teachers' displaying conflict behaviors (β= -,226) regarding toxicity. There was a decrease in the satisfaction with life of teachers who ventured conflict. Likewise, there was a negative effect (β= -184) between the level of narcissistic behavior in the organizational environment and the level of satisfaction with life. The satisfaction with life levels of teachers who thought that narcissistic behaviors were exhibited in the organizational environment decreased. A positive relationship was found between the fourth ranked variable resistance (β= ,149) and satisfaction with life. Teachers' resistance to painful toxic situations increased their level of satisfaction with life. Keywords: school teachers, organizational toxicity, toxic organization, satisfaction with life

Virulence, Antibiotic Resistance, and Phylogenetic Relationships of Aeromonas spp. Carried by Migratory Birds in China.

This study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and the genetic diversity of Aeromonas isolated from migratory birds from Guangxi Province, Guangdong Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Jiangxi Province, and Inner Mongolia in China. A total of 810 samples were collected, including fresh feces, cloacal swabs, and throat swabs. The collected samples were processed and subjected to bacteriological examination. The resistance to 21 antibiotics was evaluated. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using concatenated gltA-groL-gyrB-metG-PPSA-recA sequences. Eight putative virulence factors were identified by PCR and sequencing, and a biofilm formation assay was performed using a modified microtiter plate method. In total, 176 Aeromonas isolates were isolated including A. sobria, A. hydrophila, A. veronii, and A. caviae. All isolates showed variable resistance against all 16 tested antibiotic discs, and only one antibiotic had no reference standard. Six kinds of virulence gene markers were discovered, and the detection rates were 46.0% (hlyA), 76.1% (aerA), 52.3% (alt), 4.5% (ast), 54.0% (fla), and 64.2% (lip). These strains were able to form biofilms with distinct magnitudes; 102 were weakly adherent, 14 were moderately adherent, 60 were non-adherent, and none were strongly adherent. Our results suggest that migratory birds carry highly virulent and multidrug-resistant Aeromonas and spread them around the world through migration, which is a potential threat to public health.

Battery autonomy estimation method applied to lead–acid batteries in uninterruptible power supplies

Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) provide energy to critical loads in the event of a power outage. During this event, batteries supply the load for a determinate amount of time, which can vary from a few minutes to several hours, depending on the load and battery capacity. The knowledge of this time period is useful to anticipate a system shutdown and to turn on backup generators, if present. With this in mind, this work contributes with a method for predicting battery autonomy time during the operation of UPSs in backup mode. The proposed method is implemented as an algorithm that predicts autonomy. A Thévenin equivalent circuit with variable resistance is used to model the battery. The circuit is employed in learning and predicting battery terminal voltage behavior during discharge. To achieve this, successive curve fittings are made using a Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. In this way, the predictions of the behavior of terminal voltage and remaining battery autonomy are continuously adjusted. Due to the used strategy, the method has high adaptability, working even with variations in temperature, load steps, and battery aging. The method is developed based on a commercial 1 kW Single-Office/Home Office UPS, that uses a pair of series-connected 12 V/7 Ah lead–acid batteries. The compatibility with different battery banks is demonstrated, as well as the possibility of operation without measuring temperature and current at the batteries, two advantages in economic terms. Experimental results demonstrate the predictions of autonomy over time.

Dynamic performance of a fluidic diode subjected to periodic flow

This paper presents the dynamic behavior of a fluidic diode (FD) subjected to periodic flow (oscillatory flow). This study captures the transient performance of the FD, which a steady-state flow analysis cannot predict, helping in better prediction of the performance and in designing an efficient model for the real sea flow profile. The FD offers variable resistance to the flow depending on its geometrical shape. Its performance is given by diodicity, which is a ratio of pressure drop in reverse to forward flow. It is used with the turbine to improve flow rectification. The numerical model is solved for three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes equations using ANSYS Fluent 16.1. The article presents the FD's detailed transient flow behavior and performance with the turbine. The FD operating in oscillatory flow performed better than in a steady flow because of the dynamic nature of the fluid. The analytical study shows that the performance of FD with turbine performed better at lower flow-coefficient.

Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance of Tigecycline-Resistant Strains Isolated from Herbivores in Northwest China.

There is no doubt that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health and safety, regardless of whether it’s caused by people or natural transmission. This study aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics and variations of tigecycline-resistant Gram-negative isolates from herbivores in northwest China. In this study, a total of 300 samples were collected from various provinces in northwest China, and 11 strains (3.67%) of tigecycline-resistant bacteria were obtained. In addition, bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing against 14 antibiotics were performed. All isolates were multiple drug-resistant (MDR) and resistant to more than three kinds of antibiotics. Using an Illumina MiSeq platform, 11 tigecycline-resistant isolates were sequenced using whole genome sequencing (WGS). The assembled draft genomes were annotated, and then sequences were blasted against the AMR gene database and virulence factor database. Several resistance genes mediating drug resistance were detected by WGS, including fluoroquinolone resistance genes (gyrA_S83L, gyrA_D87N, S83L, parC_S80I, and gyrB_S463A), fosfomycin resistance genes (GlpT_E448K and UhpT_E350Q), beta-lactam resistance genes (FtsI_D350N and S357N), and the tigecycline resistance gene (tetR N/A). Furthermore, there were five kinds of chromosomally encoded genetic systems that confer MDR (MarR_Y137H, G103S, MarR_N/A, SoxR_N/A, SoxS_N/A, AcrR N/A, and MexZ_K127E). A comprehensive analysis of MDR strains derived from WGS was used to detect variable antimicrobial resistance genes and their precise mechanisms of resistance. In addition, we found a novel ST type of Escherichia coli (ST13667) and a newly discovered point mutation (K127E) in the MexZ gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. WGS plays a crucial role in AMR control, prevention strategies, as well as multifaceted intervention strategies.

HAPLN1 confers multiple myeloma cell resistance to several classes of therapeutic drugs.

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell infiltration of the bone marrow, is generally considered incurable: resistance to multiple therapeutic drugs inevitably arises from tumor cell-intrinsic and tumor microenvironment (TME)-mediated mechanisms. Here we report that the proteoglycan tandem repeat 1 (PTR1) domain of the TME matrix protein, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1), induces a host of cell survival genes in MM cells and variable resistance to different classes of clinical drugs, including certain proteasome inhibitors, steroids, immunomodulatory drugs, and DNA damaging agents, in several MM cell lines tested. Collectively, our study identifies HAPLN1 as an extracellular matrix factor that can simultaneously confer MM cell resistance to multiple therapeutic drugs.

Comparing the effects of variable and traditional resistance training on maximal strength and muscle power in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of the study was to aggregate different effects between variable resistance training and traditional resistance training on maximal muscle strength and muscle power and identify potential sex- and training program-related moderator variables. Meta-analysis. A systematic literature search was conducted in SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Interventions were included if they compared variable resistance training and traditional resistance training in healthy adults and examined the effects on measures of maximal muscle strength and/or muscle power of the lower and/or upper body. A random-effects model was used to calculate weighted and averaged standardized mean differences. Additionally, univariate sub-group analyses were independently computed for sex and training-related moderator variables. Seventeen studies comprising a total of 491 participants (341 men and 150 women, age 18-37 years) were included in the analyses. In terms of maximal muscle strength, there were no statistically significant differences between variable resistance training and traditional resistance training for the lower (p = 0.46, standardized mean difference = -0.10) or the upper body (p = 0.14, standardized mean difference = -0.17). Additionally, there were no significant training-related differences in muscle power for the lower (p = 0.16, standardized mean difference = 0.21) or upper body (p = 0.81, standardized mean difference = 0.05). Sub-group analyses showed a significant moderator effect for training period and repetitions per set for maximal muscle strength in the lower body (p = 0.03-0.04) with larger strength gains following traditional resistance training when performing more repetitions per set (p = 0.02, standardized mean difference = 0.43). No other significant sub-group effects were found (p = 0.18-0.82). Our results suggest that variable resistance training and traditional resistance training are equally effective in improving maximal muscle strength and muscle power in healthy adults.

Design and Validation of the Parallel Enhanced Commutation Integrated Nested Multilevel Inverter Topology

In this article, a promising design of power electronics in the field of battery electric vehicles is proposed. The presented parallel enhanced commutation integrated nested multilevel inverter is a symmetrical cascaded multilevel inverter characterized by a minimal number of semiconductor switches compared to its range of functions. In addition to regular four-quadrant operation, the topology is able to reconfigure individual battery cells between serial and parallel interconnection to minimize the internal resistance of the reconfigurable battery system during operation. In particular, by separately considering the internal resistance of the power electronics and the variable internal resistance of the reconfigurable battery, a minimum overall internal resistance is achieved. After a detailed review of related modern topologies, the topology’s inherent structural advantages are presented. Functional spectrum, internal resistance, and efficiency behavior are compared with related topologies frequently studied in the literature. Measurements on a 17-level three-phase prototype show the function and performance of the proposed structure in terms of functional spectrum, low total harmonic distortion, and efficiency. It turns out that the parallel enhanced commutation integrated nested multilevel inverter is a competitive topology that should be investigated further.