Variable Phases Research Articles

Novel nanocomposite made of calcium zinc silicate/ NiO2 for biomedical applications

The novel nanocomposites of ZnO-containing CaSiO3/NiO2 were prepared through the wet precipitation method. The XRD of samples sintered at 1100 °C/2 h presented variable phases, mainly hardystonite (Ca2ZnSi2O7) with two secondary phases of willemite (Zn2SiO4) and tridymite (SiO2). Similarly, small diffraction peaks of peroxide nickel oxide (NiO2) arose in samples containing significant concentrations of it. All composites were crystallized in the nano-range, and their particle sizes (Ps) range from 60 to 70 nm. According to the morphological investigation, the percentage of NiO2 increased grain size. The optical result assured that the willemite phase has an optical band gap of 5.35–5.58 eV and a minor transition at ∼3.4 eV. While NiO2 had a small transition found at 1.7 ± 0.05 eV. The lattice vibrations of Ca–O, the stretching of the C–O group in CaCO3, and the Si–O symmetric stretching were affected by the NiO2 concentration, as evident from the Raman spectra. Nevertheless, the FTIR result revealed that the increasing NiO2 concentration did not affect the stretching and bending vibrations of the composites. The values of moment/g increased with NiO2, and two magnetic contributions were revealed. The concentration of NiO2 in the composite was shown to be connected to the composite's ability to suppress the various microbiological strains tested. There is no detectable inhibitory impact when the sample's NiO2 content is less than 3%. This research topic provides an opportunity to look into novel materials with possible antimicrobial uses for infection prevention in biological fields, such as bone repair.

A Singly Curved Conformal Phased Array with Integrated Particles-Based CRLH Phase Shifters

In this paper, a four unit cell micron-sized magnetic particles embedded composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line metamaterial phase shifter is proposed. The variable phases are achieved by activating the micron-sized magnetic particles along the length of stub transmission lines of the CRLH transmission line structure. This causes to effectively change the inductance of stub transmission lines, which changes the phase of the RF signal. These structures can be activated in a symmetric or asymmetrical manner to obtain wide range of phase shifts. A prototype of cascaded four unit cell CRLH transmission line phase shifter with embedded silver-coated ferrites (magnetic particles) is designed, fabricated and tested for phase shifters applications. The measured phase response of the proposed phase shifter is in close agreement with the simulated phase response. Next, for the performance analysis of proposed phase shifter, a 1 × 4 conformal curved-shaped phased array operating at 5.8 GHz is fed with the four unit cell cascaded phase shifter in CST full-wave simulator. The conformal phased array with proposed integrated phase shifters was simulated for broadside pattern correction and main beam scanning at 20 degree on curved-shaped surface with different bend angles. The radiation pattern results obtained with the proposed integrated phase shifters are in close agreement with those obtained with direct excitation of the array.

Data analytics for finding emerging entrepreneur’s success factors

<p>Professional business incubation refers to the process by which a person or institution helps a startup develop and grow. Before sponsoring or channelling funding for startups, incubators recognise the potential for growth and weigh the opportunity. Before deciding to support or fund a startup, it is necessary to conduct extensive research into available resources. With the help of industries, developing countries have made rapid progress toward the goals of macro-stability, inclusive and sustainable growth in recent years. Incubators, while a powerful tool for promoting new ventures, have some limitations. Customers can sometimes develop overly dependent tendencies, rendering them unable to adapt to real economic influences. At the same time, it has been noted that the majority of them work in isolation and with a limited spectrum, which prevents them from reaching potential people and results in a shortfall of the centre, facilities, and resources. At the same time, companies are quick to adapt and change due to dynamic changes in technology and market demand as the variable phases survive the growth trend.</p>

Microcystin Concentrations, Partitioning, and Structural Composition during Active Growth and Decline: A Laboratory Study.

Microcystin can be present in variable concentrations, phases (dissolved and particulate), and structural forms (congeners), all which impact the toxicity and persistence of the algal metabolite. Conducting incubation experiments with six bloom assemblages collected from the Chowan River, North Carolina, we assessed microcystin dynamics during active growth and biomass degradation. Upon collection, average particulate and dissolved microcystin ranged between 0.2 and 993 µg L-1 and 0.5 and 3.6 µg L-1, respectively. The presence of congeners MC-LA, -LR, -RR, and -YR was confirmed with MC-RR and MC-LR being the most prevalent. Congener composition shifted over time and varied between dissolved and particulate phases. Particulate microcystin exponentially declined in five of six incubations with an average half-life of 10.2 ± 3.7 days, while dissolved microcystin remained detectable until the end of the incubation trials (up to 100 days). Our findings suggest that concerns about food-web transfer via intracellular toxins seem most warranted within the first few weeks of the bloom peak, while dissolved toxins linger for several months in the aftermath of the event. Also, it was indicated there were differences in congener profiles linked to the sampling method. We believe this study can inform monitoring strategies and aid microcystin-exposure risk assessments for cyanobacterial blooms.

A Review of Evaluative Measures of Carbon-Neutral Buildings: The Bibliometric and Science Mapping Analysis towards Sustainability

This study aims to comprehensively depict a thematic evaluation within the context of carbon-neutral buildings over this century at variable time phases (2000–2008, 2009–2016, and 2017–2023). The overarching objectives of this study are delineated into three (3) contexts. Firstly, a bibliometric network encompassing influential research documents, authors, prominent journals, organisations, and countries is erected in pertinent fields. Secondly, significant terms are extracted from the scientific literature to exhibit co-occurrence patterns. Finally, an analysis of the evaluative clusters across variable phases was conducted to ascertain their intricate interrelations. The software tool VOSviewer Version 1.6.19 successfully achieves the initial objectives by visualising networks based on co-authorship, citations, co-citations, and bibliographic coupling. The ultimate goal of this research is fully realised through the application of the Science Mapping Analysis Tool (SciMAT), Version 3, which facilitated the evaluation of diverse clusters, phases, and thematic domains. The findings from the initial stages of research conducted on carbon-neutral buildings primarily revolve around energy-savings measures, environmental impacts, and the pursuit of energy-efficient design. As the research progressed into subsequent phases, the scope of inquiry broadened into specific themes, such as (1) optimisation, (2) retrofitting, (3) transitioning, and exploring (4) phase change materials (PCMs). Moreover, the areas of study continued to expand by developing diverse scenarios, algorithms, and digital twin technologies. The graphical representations of the strategic diagrams, evaluation areas, and cluster networks are a valuable resource for practitioners and policymakers, offering valuable insight and understanding of the multifaceted landscape of thematic evaluation in carbon-neutral buildings, thus facilitating further investigations and informed decision making.

Controllable Skyrmionic Phase Transition between Néel Skyrmions and Bloch Skyrmionic Bubbles in van der Waals Ferromagnet Fe3-δ GeTe2.

The van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnet Fe3-δ GeTe2 has garnered significant research interest as a platform for skyrmionic spin configurations, that is, skyrmions and skyrmionic bubbles. However, despite extensive efforts, the origin of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) in Fe3-δ GeTe2 remains elusive, making it challenging to acquire these skyrmionic phases in a controlled manner. In this study, it is demonstrated that the Fe content in Fe3-δ GeTe2 has a profound effect on the crystal structure, DMI, and skyrmionic phase. For the first time, a marked increase in Fe atom displacement with decreasing Fe content is observed, transforming the original centrosymmetric crystal structure into a non-centrosymmetric symmetry, leading to a considerable DMI. Additionally, by varying the Fe content and sample thickness, a controllable transition between Néel-type skyrmions and Bloch-type skyrmionic bubbles is achieved, governed by a delicate interplay between dipole-dipole interaction and the DMI. The findings offer novel insights into the variable skyrmionic phases in Fe3-δ GeTe2 and provide the impetus for developing vdW ferromagnet-based spintronic devices.

Distinguishing common renal cell carcinomas from benign renal tumors based on machine learning: comparing various CT imaging phases, slices, tumor sizes, and ROI segmentation strategies.

To determine whether a CT-based machine learning (ML) can differentiate benign renal tumors from renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) and improve radiologists' diagnostic performance, and evaluate the impact of variable CT imaging phases, slices, tumor sizes, and region of interest (ROI) segmentation strategies. Patients with pathologically proven RCCs and benign renal tumors from our institution between 2008 and 2020 were included as the training dataset for ML model development and internal validation (including 418 RCCs and 78 benign tumors), and patients from two independent institutions and a public database (TCIA) were included as the external dataset for individual testing (including 262 RCCs and 47 benign tumors). Features were extracted from three-phase CT images. CatBoost was used for feature selection and ML model establishment. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to assess the performance of the ML model. The ML model based on 3D images performed better than that based on 2D images, with the highest AUC of 0.81 and accuracy (ACC) of 0.86. All three radiologists achieved better performance by referring to the classifier's decision, with accuracies increasing from 0.82 to 0.87, 0.82 to 0.88, and 0.76 to 0.87. The ML model achieved higher negative predictive values (NPV, 0.82-0.99), and the radiologists achieved higher positive predictive values (PPV, 0.91-0.95). A ML classifier based on whole-tumor three-phase CT images can be a useful and promising tool for differentiating RCCs from benign renal tumors. The ML model also perfectly complements radiologist interpretations. • A machine learning classifier based on CT images could be a reliable way to differentiate RCCs from benign renal tumors. • The machine learning model perfectly complemented the radiologists' interpretations. • Subtle variances in ROI delineation had little effect on the performance of the ML classifier.

Controlling amorphous silicon in scratching for fabricating high-performance micromixers.

As core parts of microfluidic chip analysis systems, micromixers show robust applications in wide fields. However, restricted by the fabrication technology, it remains challenging to achieve high-quality micromixers with both delicately designed structure and efficient mixing. In this study, based on the theory of chaotic mixing, sinusoidal structures with variable phases were designed and then fabricated through scanning probe lithography (SPL) and post-selective etching. It was found that scratches with phase differences can lead to the periodic formation of amorphous silicon (a-Si), which can resist etching. Consequentially, misaligned sine channels with thick-thin alternating 3D shapes can be generated in situ from the scratched traces after the etching. Further analysis showed that a thicker a-Si layer can be obtained by reducing the line spacing in the scratching, confirmed by Raman detections and simulations. With the proposed method, the misaligned sine micromixer was achieved with higher mixing efficiency than ever. The duplicating process was also investigated for high-precision production of micromixers. The study provided strategies for the miniaturization of high-performance microfluidic chips.

Voiding Pressures in Boys: Pdetmax versus PdetQmax - Does it Make a Difference?

Invasive urodynamics (UDS) is a standard investigation in children. Studies measuring voiding pressures in children use varied nomenclatures and quote a wide range of voiding pressures. Thus, voiding pressures in children are not considered reliable and they do not find any place in the pediatric diagnostic armamentarium. On the contrary, adult studies have well-defined nomograms and standard values which make voiding studies indispensable in the diagnosis of voiding dysfunctions in adults. The difference primarily lies in the uniformity of parameters assessed in adults and the contrasting heterogeneity in the pediatric literature. The objective of this study was to study the voiding parameters observed during UDS in boys. We retrospectively reviewed the pressure flow data obtained during conventional invasive UDS in 106 neurologically normal boys (6 months-16 years) who had different indications for urodynamics. The values of Pdetmax and PdetQmax were analyzed and compared with the existing data of pressure flow studies in children. Pdetmax decreased with age whereas PdetQmax was independent of age. The difference between the values of Pdetmax and PdetQmax was more in the younger kids. The wide range of voiding detrusor pressure (Pdet) in the existing pediatric literature is similar to the values of Pdetmax observed in our study, whereas the value of PdetQmax is much lower. The values of Pdetmax observed in this study are similar to the values of "maximum Pdet during voiding" documented in previous studies and are determined by detrusor contractility and functional/dynamic contraction of outflow during voiding. PdetQmax has been documented in very few pediatric studies and is significantly less than Pdetmax. Further prospective studies are needed to corroborate UDS findings with radiologic/cystoscopic findings to create nomograms of voiding parameters in children. Existing literature on pediatric voiding studies mentions voiding pressures during variable phases of void (usually Pdetmax) and the values have been very heterogeneous, making voiding pressure-flow studies unreliable in children. PdetQmax values are much lower than values quoted as "standard" pressures and are age independent. The use of PdetQmax instead of PdetMax may make voiding pressures in children more reproducible and informative.

Formation of nanocrystalline particles on the basis of La2(Ni,Mn,Fe)2O6 variable composition phases having a structure of double perovskite under conditions of solution combustion

Formation of nanocrystalline particles on the basis of La2(Ni,Mn,Fe)2O6 variable composition phases having a structure of double perovskite under conditions of solution combustion

Crystal Phase and Morphology-Controlled Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Nanostructures for Remarkably Ultrafast Adsorption and Separation of Organic Dyes.

Simple inorganic routes for the synthesis of WO3 nanostructures with variable crystal phases, WO3·(H2O)0.5 and (NH4)0.33WO3, and their self-assembled structures as nanoplates and nanospheres, respectively, were reported. The morphologies and formation of nanoplates and nanospheres were controlled by changing the solvent amount (H2O/n-propanol) in the solvothermal reactions without any stabilizing agent or surfactant. The adsorption properties of the WO3 nanostructures were studied, and it was found that nanospheres show remarkably higher and ultrafast adsorption of methylene blue (MB) in comparison to nanoplates and commercial WO3. The adsorption isotherms, kinetics, mechanism, and reusability of (NH4)0.33WO3 nanospheres were systematically studied. The nanospheres exhibited an exceptionally high adsorption rate K2 of 17.24 g·mg-1·min-1 and the maximum adsorption capacity of 116 mg·g-1 for MB. The adsorption cycle of nanospheres was examined, and the removal efficiency of MB remained at ∼98-99% even after three regeneration cycles. In addition, (NH4)0.33WO3 nanospheres exhibited excellent selective adsorption performance toward several cationic dyes, including MB, malachite green (MG), safranin O (SO), crystal violet (CV), and separate MO, a negatively charged dye, with a separation efficiency of 99.93 and 77.31% from binary and pentanary dye mixture solutions, respectively, at neutral pH.

Combined Phase Design Model for Multileg Roundabout Intersections

Multileg roundabout intersections are widely used in urban areas worldwide. However, its traffic organization and signal control are very complicated in the case of large traffic flow, and the signal optimization methods for conventional intersections are not suitable for applying directly to roundabouts due to the complexity of the operating process. Therefore, many scholars have focused on dedicated signal timing schemes for roundabouts, especially through tuning key parameters such as signal cycle and green light time. However, research and applications regarding variable phases at roundabouts are quite rare. To address this gap, this paper analyzes the traffic flow characteristics and capacity of multileg roundabouts and proposed a combined phase design model to achieve the maximum utilization of road capacity at roundabouts, which can generate the optimal phase scheme based on real-time traffic data. The feasibility of the combined phase design model is verified by a case study in Jinhua, China. The results indicate that the proposed combined phase design model can improve the applicability of actuated signal control and the reasonableness of signal timing for multileg roundabouts and thus further improve the roundabout efficiency.

Experimental and Analytical Lateral Performance of Shear Walls with Variable Phases of Deformation

Experimental and Analytical Lateral Performance of Shear Walls with Variable Phases of Deformation

Aberration-free synthetic aperture phase microscopy based on alternating direction method

Objective measurements of the morphology and dynamics of label-free cells and tissues can be achieved by quantitative phase with low phototoxicity and no photobleaching. Modern quantitative phase imaging is developing toward high throughput and a huge amount of data. The quantitative nature makes it susceptible to optical aberrations when high spatial-frequency content of the object spectrum is recorded by using synthetic aperture. We present an effective and straightforward global phase aberration-free synthetic-aperture phase microscopy (AF-SAPM). We introduce alternating direction method (ADM) in the variable splitting strategy. The optimization in optical fields is decomposed into two solutions with object terms and aberration terms. The inverse problem of aberration extraction is solved by imposing the sparsity regularization on the object and coefficients of polynomial bases. The background aberration in different angle of oblique illumination can be directly decomposed with the Zernike polynomials. Global phase aberration can be suppressed for faithful synthetic aperture reconstruction, which outperforms the existing solutions. We demonstrate the availability of the proposed method in quantitative monitoring of endocrine tumor with highly variable phases.

Multi‐Scale Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability Dynamics Observed by PMC Turbo on 12 July 2018: 2. DNS Modeling of KHI Dynamics and PMC Responses

AbstractKjellstrand et al. (2022), https://10.1029/2021JD036232 describes the evolution and dynamics of a strong, large‐scale Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (KHI) event observed in polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) on 12 July 2018 by high‐resolution imagers aboard the PMC Turbulence (PMC Turbo) stratospheric long‐duration balloon experiment. The imaging provides evidence of KH billow interactions and instabilities that are strongly influenced by gravity waves at larger scales. Specific features include initially separated regions of KHI, secondary convective and KH instabilities of individual billows, and “tubes” and “knots” that arise where billow cores are mis‐aligned or discontinuous along their axes. This study describes a direct numerical simulation of KH billow interactions in a periodic domain seeded with random initial noise that enables excitation of multiple KH billows exhibiting variable phase structures that capture multiple features of the observed KHI dynamics. Variable KH billow phases along their axes yield initial vortex tubes having diagonal alignments that link adjacent, but mis‐aligned, billow cores. Weak initial vortex tubes and billow cores having nearly orthogonal alignments amplify, interact strongly, and drive intense vortex knots at these sites. These vortex tube and knot (T&K) dynamics excite “twist waves” that unravel the initial vortex tubes, and drive increasingly strong vortex interactions and a cascade of energy and enstrophy to successively smaller scales in the turbulence inertial range. The implications of T&K dynamics are much more rapid and intense breakdown and decay of the KH billows, and significantly enhanced energy dissipation rates, where these interactions occur.

Micellar and sub-micellar chromatography with a cocamidopropyl betaine surfactant

We have coated a typical C18 column with the pH cationic charge controllable zwitterionic synthetic surfactant, cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), in order to generate a mixed mode reversed phase weak ion exchange column. As determined by the Thomas model, the column has an adsorbed surfactant capacity of 0.557 mmoles. The addition of 8.8 × 10–4 M CAPB to the totally aqueous mobile phase ensured stability of the surfactant on the column and permitted separation of the four component sulfonamide mixture with micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) in under 11 min. Comparatively, with a dilute H2SO4 mobile phase with no CAPB, the separation time for the sulfonamide mixture reached an excessive run time of an hour on the bare C18 chains. With CAPB in the mobile phase (no organic solvent present), a seven component sulfonamide mixture could be separated in less than 45 min. A five component short chain carboxylic acid mixture, separated in 20 min, was used to examine the ion exchange character of the column in pH environments of 2.3 and 4.6. Three phase MLC equilibrium analysis was also done in these pH environments with the sulfa drug and carboxylic acid mixtures to determine partition coefficients. Finally, a quite high molecular weight (70,000) anionic polystyrene sulfonate polymer was characterized by MLC with only CAPB and variable pH mobile phases; the optimal pH was determined to be 5.6. A totally aqueous mobile phase without CAPB was not suitable for profiling this polymer.

Newly detected shock-induced high-pressure phases formed in amphibolite clasts of the suevite breccia (Ries impact crater, Germany): Liebermannite, kokchetavite, and other ultrahigh-pressure phases

Amphibolite clasts in the suevite of the Ries impact crater contain shock-induced melt veins (SMVs) with high-pressure phases such as majoritic garnet, jadeitic clinopyroxene and others. In addition, heat conduction from hot SMVs into adjacent rock portions locally produced further high P–T melt pools. These melts were preferentially generated in rock domains, where the SMVs cross older (‘pre-Ries’) veinlets with analcime or prehnite and larger grains of sericitized plagioclase. Melting of such chemically different local bulk systems (Na-, Ca-, Ca-Na- and K-Na-rich) was facilitated by low solidus temperatures of the original secondary OH-bearing phases. From the resulting shock-induced melts, liebermannite, kokchetavite, jadeite, nonstoichiometric and albitic jadeite, grossular, vuagnatite, lawsonite + coesite, and clinozoisite crystallized during pressure release. Vuagnatite is now proven to be a genuine high-pressure phase. Its ubiquitous distance of 20–35 μm from the hot shock veins suggests a temperature sensitivity typical for an OH-bearing phase. In local Na-rich melts albitic jadeite appears instead of the assemblage jadeite + SiO2. Liebermannite, a dense polymorph of K-feldspar was identified by Raman spectroscopy. After stishovite, liebermannite constitutes the second known high-pressure phase in the Ries that contains silicon exclusively in six-fold coordination. The KAlSi3O8-polymorph kokchetavite was formed in alkali-rich melt glasses. Pressure and temperature values in the range of about 8–11 GPa and ~ 800–1100 °C were estimated from the chemical compositions of locally occurring majoritic garnets (Si = 3.21–3.32 and 3.06–3.10 apfu), respectively, and the presence of fine-grained aggregates of lawsonite and coesite. Generally, the neighboring areas of the veins are characterized by a sequence of variable high-pressure phases documenting strongly falling P–T conditions with increasing distance from the vein. These novel features enlighten the dynamic event during passage of a shock wave.

Important Explorations on Surface Corrosion of the Copper Coins Sourced from the Qing Dynasty.

Surface corrosion is considered to be a main reason for the surface pattern damages of copper coin sourced from the Qing Dynasty. In this study, micromorphology and the structural feature of the copper coins were analyzed to determine their corrosion mechanisms. The results revealed that the etching rates successively reduced with decreasing corrosion thickness, possibly because of unique macrofeatures of the surface pattern. Variable phases, bonding morphologies, and three-/two-dimensional structures of Ql-TB (Qianlong-Tongbao) coins were visibly different at the microscale, which induced disproportional stresses and microscopic cracks, facilitating an unhindered entry of oxide and hydroxyl (OH−) ions. These species resulted in the competitive interplay of self-healing and self-degradation mechanisms on the coin surfaces and formed corrosion thickness of ~9.31 μm and a mean corrosion rate of ~2.7%. This study provided an important guideline for preserving microstructures and surface patterns of historical copper coins.

CFD SIMULATION OF A COUGHING DROPLET DIFFUSION IN THE ACCELERATING-MOTION METRO CABIN

Abstract. The metro cabin provides an effective way for the spread of the pneumonia virus when provides convenience to human beings. The cabin undergoes a series of motions of acceleration speed, uniform speed, and deceleration speed during the one-station travelling process. The induced flow of the accelerated moving cabin is the determinant of the air drag force on the cough droplets, and effect on the time-frequency characteristics and motion trajectories of droplets of different sizes. In this study, we established a momentum equation on droplets, affected by the inertial force correction term in the non-inertial frame. Then added the drag force from the velocity difference between the cough droplets and the background airflow, and simulated configurations as: 1) droplet spreading aerodynamic process from different face orientations of infected dummy, 2) six groups of size particles, and 3) variable speed motion phases. The numerical simulation provides a physical analysis idea for studying the relationship between the two-phase flow under the action of inertial force. This design of a ventilation environment in public transportation helps to reach a more profound understanding of the inertial precipitation mechanism of droplet jets.

Multi-scale dynamics of Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities. Part 2. Energy dissipation rates, evolutions and statistics

Fritts et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. xx, 2022, xx) describe a direct numerical simulation of interacting Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) billows arising due to initial billow cores that exhibit variable phases along their axes. Such KHI exhibit strong ‘tube and knot’ dynamics identified in early laboratory studies by Thorpe (Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., vol. 34, 1985, pp. 175–199). Thorpe (Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 128, 2002, pp. 1529–1542) noted that these dynamics may be prevalent in the atmosphere, and they were recently identified in atmospheric observations at high altitudes. Tube and knot dynamics were found by Fritts et al. (J. Fluid. Mech., 2022) to drive stronger and faster turbulence transitions than secondary instabilities of individual KH billows. Results presented here reveal that KHI tube and knot dynamics also yield energy dissipation rates $\sim$ 2–4 times larger as turbulence arises and that remain $\sim$ 2–3 times larger to later stages of the flow evolution, compared with those of secondary convective instabilities (CI) and secondary KHI accompanying KH billows without tube and knot influences. Elevated energy dissipation rates occur due to turbulence transitions by tube and knot dynamics arising on much larger scales than secondary CI and KHI where initial KH billows are misaligned. Tube and knot dynamics also excite large-scale Kelvin ‘twist waves’ that cause vortex tube and billow core fragmentation, more energetic cascades of similar interactions to smaller scales and account for the strongest energy dissipation events accompanying such KH billow evolutions.