Variable Factor Of Production Research Articles

Mathematical Model of Paddy Production using Cobb Douglas Method Based On Weather Factors

This research was conducted to model paddy production based on weather factors. This needs to be done to predict crop yields and regulate paddy cropping patterns. In setting the cropping pattern, the weather is selected which consists of temperature, wind speed, and rainfall, as a variable factor of production. Meanwhile, other factors (such as fertilization, sunshine, air humidity, etc.) are assumed to be in catteries paribus conditions. The research method used is a mixed method between qualitative methods which are descriptive details and quantitative methods which are based on weather data and Paddy's harvest data. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of weather on paddy production results. Analysis is done to get the production function. Parameters are estimated using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method by minimizing the sum of squared errors. Based on data analysis, a correlation of 0.899 was obtained with a standard error of .051665515. the results of model testing also show significant results with the F statistic obtained at 33.98 with a p-value of 0.028 which is less than 5%. So it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between weather and paddy productivity. In such a way that the weather can be used as a reference in determining the prediction of loss risk and paddy production. This model can also be recommended for further research, namely to determine insurance losses that may arise when extreme weather events occur.

Организационно-экономические аспекты повышения эффективности агропроизводства на основе технологий точного земледелия

The article shows various aspects of increasing the efficiency of production of products of the plant growing sub-sector based on the introduction of precision farming technologies. An economic model for determining the potential for the introduction of precise technologies is presented, including the analysis of variable factors of production and the determination of the marginal product of labor in crop production, taking into account the acreage, yield, variable and fixed costs, the level of fertilization, plant protection products, profit and other factors.
 A significant regional differentiation in the level of use of precision farming technologies is revealed. The key factors that determine regional differentiation in the size of areas where elements of precision farming are used and the level of use of digitalization means in agricultural production have been identified. On the example of the Saratov region, the economic efficiency of the introduction of a precision farming system, including systems of parallel driving, differentiated sowing, differentiated fertilization, and harvesting logistics, has been proved.
 The directions of improving the system of state management of crop production using precision farming technologies based on the geographic information system of the region, including natural and cost indicators of crop production, distributed by geographic coordinates and aggregated with databases of commodity producers and cadastral land registration, have been developed.

Integral equation of the Volterra type: an application to a firm-sponsored off-the-job training

This paper is concerned with deriving, using the Volterra integral equation, a production function for a single product firm financing off-the-job training from its revenue from output. The short-run scenario where labour is the only variable factor of production is studied within the ambit of the law of diminishing returns and the condition for profit-maximization. The study utilizes the Cobb-Douglas production function wherein capital is fixed as a theoretical underpinning. The results indicate that the production function of the firm is a transcendental function and that the proportion of output required to finance the training lies within an interval with a definite upper bound.

An Analysis of Keynes’s Straightforward, Easy to Follow, Alleged 'Infamous' Footnote 2 on pp. 55-56 of the General Theory - Is It Really that Difficult and Abominable?

This note demonstrates that mathematical analysis in so called, alleged, Infamous footnote in General Theory is straightforward if reader possesses basic integration skills, understands Inverse Function Rule for unique functions, can follow Keynes's completely worked out microeconomic analysis in chapter 20 of GT of pure competition using standard marginal productivity analysis of one variable factor of production and one fixed factor of production at level of firm-industry, and understands that Keynes makes aggregation assumptions only about one variable input, labor, and one fixed input, capital (equipment). Keynes provides aggregation assumptions for no other variable input in General Theory. First, Infamous Footnote tells reader to set ΔZw /ΔN=ΔDw /ΔN and solve. Given that ΔZw /ΔN =1 and Dw =pwO, where O=Ψ(N), then ΔDw /ΔN= pw Ψ'(N). Keynes expected a reader to obtain 1=pw Ψ'(N) or w/p=Ψ'(N) so that the proceeds of marginal product is equal to marginal factor-cost at every point on aggregate supply curve. Second, slope of aggregate supply function, ΔZw /ΔN, where Zw =N Pw, is 1. Unfortunately,Keynes gives slope of inverse function, ΔN/ΔZw, where N=Zw –Pw ,which is equal to 1/w, in last line of footnote. This is Keynes’s only slip in this footnote and it is very minor.

Value of irrigation water with uncertain future rain: A simulation case study of sugarcane irrigation in northern Australia

Using sugarcane as a case study, this paper shows how an agronomic model can be used to estimate the marginal value of stored irrigation water with uncertain future rain. We do this by estimating production functions that have the water available for use as the variable factor of production (referring to them as allocation production functions). These differ from more “traditional” production functions which use the water actually applied as the variable factor of production (referred to here as irrigation production functions). We note that the amount of water actually applied is jointly determined by the amount of water that is available and by rainfall. Hence imperfect information vis‐à‐vis future rain means that irrigation water may be overvalued if the difference between the water available for use and the water actually used is not considered. We use results from simulations of sugarcane irrigation in northern Australia to demonstrate the potential magnitude of this overvaluation, and to examine the “value” of prepurchased irrigation water in various circumstances.

Life history consequences of fixed costs of reproduction

The distinction between fixed and variable factors of production and their corresponding costs has long played a fundamental role in economic theory. However, in analyses of life history evolution a distinction between fixed and variable costs of reproduction has not been made. In this paper, I discuss these concepts and analyze some effects of fixed costs of reproduction on reproductive decisions. While some fitness functions do not allow fixed costs of reproduction to affect optimal reproductive effort, others do. Increasing fixed costs reduces total fitness and increases the level of investment required to obtain a reproductive profit. Increased fixed costs may also narrow the parameter space of reproductive effort for positive profit. These results are discussed in the perspectives of age at maturity and the evolution of semelparity.

The role of information in profit‐maximizing and labor‐managed duopoly models

AbstractThis paper analyzes the welfare implications of acquiring information for profit‐maximizing and labor‐managed duopolies. We invent a unified method of exploring the role of information in a two‐person game under uncertainty on the basis of comparative static analysis, and then apply the method to both the PMF and the LMF. It is shown that whereas the LMF's behavior is analogous to that of the PMF twin in some circumstances, the former may be entirely different from the latter in others. Because a special status is accorded to labor as a variable factor of production, the informational analysis of the LM economy requires special care for both computations and interpretations.

A Kuhn-Tucker Model of the Multi-Product, Multi-Factor Firm

factors of production. (The original Hicksian model considers only variable factors of production.) With the aid of the KuhnTucker theorem, Pfouts determined a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for minimizing the cost of fixed levels of output for each of the firm's products subject to constraints imposed by the firm's production function and the availability of fixed factors of production. Although Pfouts was concerned only with the cost side of the problem of the firm, his methodology can easily be extended to a modified version of Hicks' profit maximizing model of the multi-product, multi-factor firm. The objective of this paper is to develop such a model and interpret its economic significance. The model which we propose differs significantly from Professor Pfouts' model in two respects. First, it considers the profit maximization problem of the multi-product, multi-factor firm, while Pfouts considers the problem of minimizing the cost of fixed levels of output for each of the firm's products. Second, our model considers monopolistic-monopsonistic competition (as well as perfect competition), whereas the Pfouts model is restricted to given factor prices, i.e., perfect competition in the factor market.3 This model also differs from the Hicksian model. The Hicksian model treats

Inefficiency of Fertilizer Use Resulting from Nonuniform Spatial Distribution: I. Theory

AbstractNonuniform physical distribution of a fertilizer nutrient was expressed as a function of space coordinates and substituted into an equation which characterizes yield response to that nutrient. The resulting differential equation was then integrated over the area fertilized to give a new yield potential function which is valid under any specified nonuniformity restriction. In particular, a periodic cosine function with amplitude “a” was selected to represent the spatial distribution function for a single fertilizer nutrient, while a quadratic equation of the form Y = b0 + b1X + b11X2was used to express the relationship between yield and the nutrient. The new yield potential equation urn:x-wiley:03615995:saj2sssaj196203615995002600020022x:equation:saj2sssaj196203615995002600020022x-math-0001 was derived from these particular functional forms. Yield loss associated with the cosine distribution pattern then was obtained as the difference between the ideal and the restricted production equations.A corresponding derivation was made for the case of n variable factors of production under the assumption of a quadratic response equation and distinct cosine laws for physical distribution of each variable. Yield losses were expressed in the form urn:x-wiley:03615995:saj2sssaj196203615995002600020022x:equation:saj2sssaj196203615995002600020022x-math-0003 where bij is the coefficient for interaction of the i'th and j'th factors, and ai and aj are respective amplitudes of the cosine distribution funcations of the i'th and j'th nutrients.

SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING PROPERTIES OF ACID-RESISTING ENAMELS *

The effect of metal gage, firing treatment, drying method, application methods, and base-coat compositions upon acid resistance and other physical properties, both alone and in combination, was determined upon three acid-resisting enamels of widely varying types. The firing treatment and application method, especially in combination with the metal gage, were found to affect acid resistance, while all of the other factors affected physical characteristics. The type of enamel and application method controlled the degree of the effect of the factors. Dust coats were found to be more sensitive to variable factors of production than heavier applications.