VRLA Research Articles

Perancangan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) untuk Suplai Daya Sistem Pemberian Pakan Ikan Otomatis

In aquaculture production, the number of fish cultivated in freshwater ponds contributes up to 1.1 million tonnes. Catfish(Clarias sp.) is a type of freshwater fish that is quite popular in the cultivation process. The feeding system still has many shortcomings, suchas the amount of feed that is not regular and the timing of feeding which is prone to being irregular. The automatic feeding system requiresa continuous power supply without being interrupted by blackouts from the PLN electricity network. One of the power supply alternatives isto create a power generation system (PLTS). Based on the research results, the solar module capacity is 500 Wp for 1 polycrystalline typemodule, the solar charge controller rating is 20 A, the VRLA battery capacity is 200Ah 12 V KIJO, and the inverter capacity is 850 VA. Theresults of calculations and planning of PLTS can supply electricity with a load power of 1867 watts/hour.

Analysis of online diagnosis and repair technology of lead acid battery faults

Lead-acid battery, as a basic component of DC power supply equipment in power communication system, is also known as maintenance-free battery. It is believed that it does not need maintenance treatment in the initial stage of application research. However, as an electrochemical product, it has relatively high requirements for both use environment and operation. It is the main problem discussed in electric power industry at present. In this paper, on the basis of understanding the research status of online fault diagnosis technology of lead-acid battery, according to the basic principle of lead-acid battery and online detection system, discharge treatment of two groups of tested single battery load, calculate and analyze the battery resistance value. The final experimental results show that this method can solve the safety hazard of the whole battery line discharge, control the equipment cost, and ensure the fault location is more accurate and effective.

Fabrication and characterisation of proton exchange membrane from sulfonated natural rubber for possible use as an alternative separator in AGM battery

Proton Exchange Membrane was fabricated from sulfonated natural rubber (NR) as an alternative to absorptive glass mat (AGM) separator for AGM battery. The separator was fabricated using chlorosulphuric acid as the sulfonating agent at 0 °C under continuous stirring. Water uptake at 25 °C ranges from 0 to 58% while at 60 °C the range is from 4 to 38%, which suggest a strong attraction between the water molecules and sulfonate moiety. The acid uptake ranges from 18 to 83% for all three membranes (A, B and C) fabricated, which proves excellent electrolyte uptake, resistance to oxidation and acid attack. The FTIR analyses, water uptake, acid uptake and Carbon-Sulphur analysis confirm that the sulfonation occurred in NR through substitution reaction on the alpha carbons. The incorporation of ZnO and SiO2, caused increase in cell size, which indicate the porous and spongy structure throughout the surface area of each membrane, which indicate promising materials for application in AGM battery.

Experimental investigation of starting-up, energy-saving, and emission-reducing performances of hybrid supercapacitor energy storage systems for automobiles

Improvements in engine starting-up performance, such as reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emission pollution during the startup process, are very vital to achieve the national development goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) energy storage systems containing batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) are considered promising energy storage strategies to compensate for the disadvantages of a single energy storage technology. In this paper, two kinds of novel 12 V/50 Ah and 12 V/70 Ah module-level energy storage systems composed of cell-level 3.6 V/2200 F HSCs were first designed. Analysis on their fundamental electrochemical properties under room temperature conditions was also performed. Four different types of energy storage systems composed of 12 V/70 Ah lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, 12 V/70 Ah valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries, and the aforementioned HSCs were then employed to compare their starting energy, energy-saving, and emission-reduction characteristics. Additionally, the 12 V/70 Ah HSC module saved 7.82 %, 3.18 %, and 1.65 % of fuel as compared to the 12 V/70 Ah VRLA, 12 V/70 Ah LFP, and 12 V/50 Ah HSC modules, respectively, demonstrating its superior fuel economy property. Simultaneously, the volume concentration of HC and CO emission in the startup process are 12.7 % and 13.2 % lower than that average of the other three modules, respectively, which shows a good exhaust emission reduction effect. The proposed energy storage system will provide systematic experimental data support and valuable theoretical guidance for the industrialization and application of HSCs.

The state of understanding of the electrochemical behaviours of a valve-regulated lead–acid battery comprising manganese dioxide-impregnated gel polymer electrolyte

Gel electrolyte plays a vital role in the valve-regulated lead acid battery.

Correction: The state of understanding of the electrochemical behaviours of a valve-regulated lead–acid battery comprising manganese dioxide-impregnated gel polymer electrolyte

Correction for ‘The state of understanding of the electrochemical behaviours of a valve-regulated lead–acid battery comprising manganese dioxide-impregnated gel polymer electrolyte’ by Bipin S. Chikkatti et al., Mater. Adv., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ma00563a.

A Novel Poly(vinyl alcohol)-tetraethylorthosilicate Hybrid Gel Electrolyte for Lead Storage Battery.

The gel electrolyte significantly influences gel valve-regulated lead acid battery performance. To address this, the paper describes the preparation of novel polymer gel electrolytes using poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries. FTIR technique is used to confirm the chemical reaction between PVA and TEOS. Electrochemical analyses such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were applied to optimize the concentration of PVA-TEOS polymer gel electrolyte. The optimum concentration of polymer gel electrolyte was determined as 20 wt% of TEOS in PVA (PE-1) with higher anodic peak and lower Rs and Rct values. The Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests were performed on the optimized gel system prototype battery. The highest capacity of 6.86 × 10-5 Ah at a current density of 0.2 mA cm-2 was achieved with an excellent capacity retention ratio of 85.7% over 500 cycles. The exceptional cycle performance and high capacity make PVA-TEOS gel electrolyte a promising candidate for practical battery application.

Nanostructured Lead Electrodes with Reduced Graphene Oxide for High-Performance Lead–Acid Batteries

Nanostructured Pb electrodes consisting of nanowire arrays were obtained by electrodeposition, to be used as negative electrodes for lead–acid batteries. Reduced graphene oxide was added to improve their performances. This was achieved via the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide directly on the surface of nanowire arrays. The electrodes with and without reduced graphene oxide were tested in a 5 M sulfuric acid solution using a commercial pasted positive plate and an absorbed glass mat separator in a zero-gap configuration. The electrodes were tested in deep cycling conditions with a very low cut-off potential. Charge–discharge tests were performed at 5C. The electrode with reduced graphene oxide outperformed the electrode without reduced graphene oxide, as it was able to work with a very high utilization of active mass and efficiency. A specific capacity of 258 mAhg−1–very close to the theoretical one–was achieved, and the electrode lasted for more than 1000 cycles. On the other hand, the electrode without reduced graphene oxide achieved a capacity close to 230 mAhg−1, which corresponds to a 90% of utilization of active mass.

A fault diagnosis method for VRLA battery in data center

The Valve-Regulated Lead–Acid (VRLA) battery is one of the important components of the auxiliary power supply system in the data center. Battery failure in the data center poses a great threat to the smooth operations in the data center. The biggest challenge for the data centers is how to accurately diagnose the faulty battery in real-time in order to ensure the safe operations of the data center. According to the working characteristics of VRLA battery, a battery fault diagnosis algorithm is proposed based on the historical data of battery voltage and internal resistance. The algorithm combines the growth rate of voltage and internal resistance to obtain the indicator that characterizes the performance change of the battery during the working by statistical method. The real-time diagnosis of the faulty battery is estimated by using the Pauta criterion to discriminate the indicator of the battery performance. The effectiveness of the method was verified through a real-time diagnostic test of VRLA battery in a data center. The fault diagnosis method in this paper is compared with the median absolute deviation (MAD) algorithm in the same data set to avoids the missed diagnosis due to voltage value not reaching the fault limits and the false diagnosis caused by power surge or charge–discharge cycle. Compared with the hierarchical clustering based on K-shape algorithm, our algorithm does not need to diagnose the battery in groups. The diagnosis result of the faulty battery is about 7 days faster, and there is no misdiagnosis when multiple batteries fail at the same time. The algorithm can also set the corresponding fault limits for battery fault diagnosis according to the different performance requirements of VRLA battery in data center.

Implementasi Plts 50 Wp Untuk Penerangan Jalan Di Kelurahan Manggar Kota Balikpapan

Street lamp lighting (SLL) is a complementary element of the street that serves to illuminate the environment around the street, so that road users will feel safe and comfortable. Based on the PkM team survey, RT 100 Manggar Village does not yet have a SLL. Therefore, the PkM team has designed 1 unit of Solar Power Plant (PLTS) with a capacity of 50 wp in the RT with 5 point DC lamp loads on the main road and 1 point placed in a resident's house, as well as placing the panel boxes. The main components of PLTS 50 wp include 50 wp solar panels, 35 ampere controllers, 35 Ah VRLA batteries, fiber cables, 3 watt DC lights, and fittings. The results of the battery endurance test after the solar panel is charged for 5 hours (when the sun is hot), the PLTS is able to turn on 6 light points (3 watts) for 46 hours. This proves that the PLTS is very efficient and suitable to be implemented as a source of PJU electrical energy in Manggar Village, Balikpapan City

Infrared sensor-based remote controlled driving system for people with lower body disability and leg impairment

The ever-increasing demand for independent mobility has escalated vehicle production across the globe. However, very less focus is given to drivers who are physically impaired or have a driving disability. Thus, the primary purpose of this research is to design a low-cost infrared sensor-based remote-operated driving system for people with lower body disabilities and leg impairment. The presented design is based on an Arduino UNO microcontroller that is programmed and coupled to an infrared sensor to press and release the brake and acceleration pedals, which can be hand-controlled by the disabled driver. Two TB6600 microstepping drivers and NEMA-23 stepper motors have been externally powered using a Volta 12V lead-acid maintenance-free battery at 2.5 amperes with a peak current of 2.7A, and 200 steps/rev. for maximum output torque. An LED and alarm have been placed on the dashboard for an emergency alert or system failure. Additionally, brake and acceleration pedals have been tied to a monofilament cord, which further connects the motor shafts to assist pedalling operation and allows the driver to control the brake and acceleration pedals through an IR remote. The findings comprise two models: theoretical and actual. Results show that theoretical braking time is around 0.7s while actual braking time is found as 0.6s, which shows a good agreement.

The Study of Energy Management Scheme of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Responding High Demand with Long Period

Most large and controlled buildings require high power demand with long period. However, there are restrictions on building facilities and image when it comes to reducing electricity consumption. Another option is to install a roof-top solar power system, though due to the small installation area, it will only partially reduce energy use. Hybrid energy storage systems in combination with AGM batteries and LFP batteries are now offered as a lower cost energy management solution. AGM batteries are constrained in their ability to produce current, hence a larger current supply will reduce the battery's useable capacity. Therefore, in order to respond to high demand with long period, this research proposed a separate multi-level threshold control of the battery packs, and used the control factor in the form of current ratio to divide the load response for each battery type: On-Peak in AGM: LFP at 0.7:0.3, Off-Peak in AGM : LFP at 0.5 : 0.5. And when one battery was not ready for use, the other battery would be run at full capacity. The results showed that the AGM battery had a peak discharge current of 12.7A, or approximately 0.5C when coupled with an LFP battery, and when processing power storage system capacity, a loss of 8.99 kWh occurred. or 6.8% of the overall capacity.

A metaheuristic algorithm based on simulated annealing for optimal sizing and techno-economic analysis of PV systems with multi-type of battery energy storage

The battery energy storage unit is one of the main components of hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/battery systems to ensure the economy and reliability of the system to satisfy the electrical loads of green building, especially in remote areas. The main objective of this study is the establishment of a method for optimal design of PV arrangements based on multi-type of battery, in which the annual system cost (ASC) and the loss of load supply probability of the hybrid systems are simultaneously minimized. The hybrid method with simulated annealing and a harmony search methods is suggested in the sizing of the hybrid systems based on three types of energy storage which are lithium-ion, absorbed glass mat, and lead-acid. To calculate the future performance of the hybrid scheme, the effect of reliability index variations and the battery unit cost variations on the sizing problem, ASC, and also loss of power probability are calculated. The simulation results show that the battery storage level increases by increasing the ideal unite of PV and storage values to maintain the system reliability level. Also, it is found that an efficient battery type with the optimal size is techno-economically more beneficial, and leads to greater system reliability.

Implementasi Alat Mentoring Suhu Dan Kelembaban Kandang Bebek Di Peternakan Tanjung Morawa Berbasis Mikrokontroler

This new discovery arose because the dilator is backed by high work efficiency, as well as the effectiveness and efficiency of human labor in carrying out the manual (hand) process. Therefore, a thought emerged to make a special cage for ducks that can control temperature, humidity and feed automatically by using solar panels as an energy source. The method used is solar panels converting energy which is then stored in the battery by the solar charger controller. The battery then supports a load consisting of the main device, namely a 60WP solar panel, 12 7AH VRLA battery, 20A Solar Charger Controller and DC to DC Converter Step Down. This research starts from 08:30 - 15:30. The results of the research on the Solar Power Plant are 19.4 Watts of power, 1.4A current, and 13.87V connections.

Increasing Electric Bicycle Performance using Lithium Ferro Phospate Batteries with a Battery Management System

The depletion of fossil fuel sources and the increasing environmental pollution caused by the burning of motor vehicle fuels are major problems worldwide that need to be solved. One of the promising solutions to overcome energy security and environmental pollution is the use of electric vehicles. E-bikes are one of the most popular electric vehicles because of their many benefits. A valve-regulated lead acid battery (VRLA) is now the most common energy source for electric vehicles. It is heavy and unsafe for the user due to its poor energy density. Lithium ion batteries may be a feasible solution. One type of Li-ion battery that is environmentally friendly is lithium ferro phosphate (LFP). The potential that exists encourages researchers to conduct research and compare the performance of VRLA batteries with LFP batteries. The data retrieval method is carried out using the Arduino data logger application and is equipped with a microcontroller to read current and voltage. The test results prove that the LFP battery has good voltage stability. The distance that can be traveled is quite long, which is up to 50.16 km, because it is supported by a large capacity. On the other hand, VRLA can only travel 37.83 kilometers. Furthermore, the energy density of LFP batteries is great. The VRLA battery has a low energy density of 38.7 Wh/kg, whereas the LFP battery has a higher energy density of 117 Wh/kg, making it lighter and safer for users.

Model of Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Two Energy Sources

The paper proposes a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) design based on the installation of a fuel cell (FC) module in the existing Daewoo Tico electric vehicle to increase its range in urban areas. Installing an FC module supplied by a 2 kg hydrogen tank would not significantly increase the mass of the electric vehicle, and the charging time of the hydrogen tank is lower than the battery charging time. For design analysis, a model was created in the MATLAB/Simulink software package. The model simulates vehicle range at different HEV speeds for Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) power sources. The greatest anticipated benefit derived from the model analysis relates to velocities ranging from 20 km/h to 30 km/h, although the optimal HEV velocity in an urban area is in the range of 30 km/h to 40 km/h. The results indicate that this conversion of Electric Vehicle (EV) to HEV would bring a benefit of 87.4% in terms of vehicle range in urban areas. Therefore, the result of the conversion in this case is a vehicle with sub-optimal characteristics, which are nevertheless very close to optimal.

Effect of AGM waste filament incorporation on the performance of solid waste curing agents

Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) waste filaments are waste staple fibers from the production of AGM functional paper. Incorporation of AGM waste filaments into solid waste based curing agents, the experimental results showed that the maximum increase in compressive strength and flexural strength of the cured specimens was achieved when 5% mass fraction AGM waste filament was added with compressive strengths of 9.87 MPa and 10.96 MPa at 7 d and 28 d, respectively, representing an increase of 15.57% and 17.34% compared to the unadulterated one. The flexural strength was increased by 53.55% and 49.71% compared with that of the unadulterated AGM waste filament. The strength enhancement effect of mixing different shapes of AGM waste filaments is higher than that of mixing each shape alone, which proves that AGM waste filaments have a mixed enhancement effect.

Tests of Acid Batteries for Hybrid Energy Storage and Buffering System—A Technical Approach

Many armies around the world showed an increasing interest for the technology of renewable energy sources for military applications. However, to profit fully from solar or wind energy, an energy storage system is needed. In this article, we present an energy storage system based on acid-lead batteries as a component of a modular generation-storage as a model of military “smart camp”. We proposed a technical approach to study four different types of batteries: DEEP CYCLE, AGM, WET and VRLA in laboratory and real conditions typical for military equipment. It was observed that the best performance was observed for AGM battery in terms of the highest cold cracking amperage equal to 1205 A combined with the most compact construction and resistance to varying thermal conditions from −25 °C, 25 °C and 50 °C. Additionally, a 12-month long-term testing in real conditions revealed that AGM and VRLA showed decrease in capacity value maintaining only approx. 80% of initial value.

Valve Regulated Lead Acid Battery Evaluation under Peak Shaving and Frequency Regulation Duty Cycles

This work highlights the performance metrics and the fundamental degradation mechanisms of lead-acid battery technology and maps these mechanisms to generic duty cycles for peak shaving and frequency regulation grid services. Four valve regulated lead acid batteries have been tested for two peak shaving cycles at different discharge rates and two frequency regulation duty cycles at different SOC ranges. Reference performance and pulse resistance tests are done periodically to evaluate battery degradation over time. The results of the studies are expected to provide a valuable understanding of lead acid battery technology suitability for grid energy storage applications.

SEPIC Converter for Lead Acid Battery Charger Using Fuzzy Logic type-2 Controller

Over time, the earth where we live is getting warmer every year, this is due to the excessive use of fossil energy which is not environmentally friendly and also the greenhouse effect. Of course, this is not very good for the sustainability of our environment, with the depletion of the ozone layer on our earth, especially since Indonesia is known as a country with a tropical climate, of course, with the resulting impact, our country will be increasingly affected by the impact. In this battery charging using vrla battery and the system has a working system by utilizing a source of lighting from the sun which will be processed into a source of electricity with a solar panel, the system is designed with an output voltage of 14 vdc with an input voltage of 36 vdc from the solar panel, the voltage will be lowered through the SEPIC converter according to the value The duty cycle is set on the mosfet to charge the battery according to the calculation of load requirements. This system focuses on how to maximize battery charging using the CC-CV (constant current-constant voltage) method with a type-2 fuzzy logic algorithm and how the battery lifetime can last a relatively long time and condition switch on cc to cv on soc 99.60%.