Gate Valve Research Articles

Riddance jamming of pipeline shut-off valves

The paper conciders the problems of modeling the processes of thermal deformation of valves with an ambient temperature decrease. Some type of wedge valves are exposed to jamming. Heating the valve body is used to eliminate jamming. This problem is common for rigid wedge valves but the reasons not fully explained. Sometimes the valve stem is destroyed due to the significant power of the gate valve electric drives. The aim of the study is to determine the nature of the stress distribution between the structural elements of the valve, which are the cause of jamming with an ambient temperature decrease, and to search for the parameters of the heating process that ensure minimum energy consumption and time.
 To study the thermal processes in the valve body, a numerical model describing the heat transfer in the structural elements and the fluid is developed. The thermal model is combined with the elastic deformation model. That allows to make compatible calculations without introducing additional errors. The thermal deformations appear in the cooling process and give rise to disproportionate changes in valve dimensions and thermal stresses. Thermal stresses are the cause of jamming. Modeling of the processes of thermal deformation with a decrease in temperature showed that pressure forces of different signs arise in the middle plane of the wedge. At the average height of the horizontal line, there is a compacting pressure and at the lower and upper points there is a stretching pressure. To eliminate the compacting forces local heating was performed in several areas of the body. It was found that the most effective option is to heat the lower hemispherical surface of the body. Heating for thirty minutes reduces the thermal stresses in the wedge and compressive forces to minimum values. For this reason, jamming of the valve is eliminated. For heating the body, a hemispherical induction heater with a magnetic core is provided. The proposed design allows the use of industrial frequency voltage without a step-down transformer and reactive power compensation.

Re-design the use of PV to distribute water from tanks to rural area for Mentawai especially in Central Siberut sub-district

The redesign of the water pump stuck in the district of Central Siberut is reused by using the Solar Panel as an alternative energy source. The materials and tools used are Booster pump, pipe, air valve, wash out, blow off and gate valve. The booster pump is used to pump high pressure water from the tank so that it can reach Saibi village, where Saibi village is the farthest village compared to Simulaklak village, where the distance from the tank to Simulaklak village is only 1.5 km and the tank to Saibi village is 4.5 km the elevation difference between the tank and the village of Saibi is 25 meters above sea level. The total water demand in Simulaklak and Saibi villages is 17.63 liters / second with flow rates in Simulaklak and Saibi villages of 2.25 m / sec and 1.69 m / sec, for the pump head obtained from the tank to Simulaklak village is 72,1 m and the pump head from the tank to Saibi Village is 120.31 m. The standard atmospheric pressure obtained for Simulaklak village is 10,284 mH2O and for Saibi village is 10.301 mH2O. Booster pump is an alternative that can be used for distributing water from the tank to the village.

Modeling the working media flow in shut-off valves with displacement of the regulating body perpendicular to the flow axis

The mathematical model of the working fluid movement in the flow section of the wedge type two-disc parallel gate valve is developed. The simulation of the fluid flow through the valve cavity is carried out, as a result the flow parameters are obtained in a wide range of Reynolds numbers at the entrance to the calculated area. The dependence of the hydraulic resistance as a function of the Reynolds number for liquid and gas flow is calculated. The various positions of the shut-off body in the flow part of the valve are considered and the area of reduced pressures in which the effect of cavitation may occur during fluid flow is estimated.

Autogation: An Alternate Wetting and Drying-Based Automatic Irrigation and Paddy Water Level Control System through Internet of Things

This study aims to create an automated watering system that can adapt with network-based irrigation monitoring and a safe alternate wetting and drying or AWD. A secure AWD irrigation method is one in which the rice paddy is alternately subsided and immersed with a critical level of 100mm below the ground and a maximum irrigation level of 150 mm above the ground. The designed methodology automates irrigation by considering the needed water level in the field and its present level. It determines and controls the watering schedule based on the data collected by the sensors and then acts on it. It regulates the irrigation delivery gate to close or open the counterweight-designed water gate valve following the smart timetable that it has established. This approach conserved around 20% of the water used in a two-hectare area with four weirs compared to the traditional irrigation method in three weeks.

원전용 게이트 밸브 디스크의 접촉모델에 대한 연구

Valve assembly must be qualified with technical guide of ASME QME-1 before using in nuclear power plant. In general, the qualification is to be performed by experiment, but lately the new version of ASME QME-1 is to require the qualification by the test based methodology. This study shows that the differential force on disk by fluid flow is to generate the contact force and frictional force on seat ring and guide bar. The last frictional force is to be transferred to the stem nut. The related mechanics is to be solved by multi-body dynamics. The fluid force on disk, named as differential pressure force, is to be calculated using interpolation of dimensionless differential pressure force by computational fluid dynamics(CFD). And the interpolation equation is to be made in multi-body dynamics solver and be applied for the force calculation using dimensionless stroke as dependent variable. This study shows that the contact model on disk, seat ring, and guide bar is to generate similar and proper data on thrust, torque, and stem factor. This study may be useful to evaluate the contact force on the gate valve in detail, that has been considered by simple assumption using limited experiment.

RESULTS OF THE APPLICATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN INCREASING RESOURCES IN HIGH PRESSURE DRILLS

In oilfield practice, as well as in the transportation of oil and gas, great importance is attached to the use of high-pressure valves. Since the demand for this fleet of equipment is growing, it is especially important to increase their resources and reduce their cost on this basis. Along with the constructive and technical measures taken in this direction, serious attention should be paid to improving the choice of materials for the manufacture of parts and their production technology.. The article is devoted to the discussion of the results obtained when using the coquille technology for the manufacture of parts made of low-alloy chromium-molybdenum steel Keywords: high-pressure gate valve, body, gate, seat, hardness, wear.

A Simplified Methodology for Optimal Location and Setting of Valves to Improve Equity in Intermittent Water Distribution Systems

In this paper, a simplified methodology to increase the water distribution equity in existing intermittent water distribution systems (WDSs) is presented. The methodology assumes to install valves in the water distribution network with the objective to re-arrange the flow circulation, thus allowing an improved water distribution among the network users. Valve installation in the WDS is based on the use of algorithms of sequential addition (SA). Two optimization schemes based on SA were developed and tested. The first one allows identifying locations of gate valves in order to maximize the global distribution equity of the network, irrespectively of the local impact of the valves on the supply level of the single nodes. Conversely, the second scheme aims to maximize the global equity of the network by optimizing both location and setting (opening degree) of control valves, to include the impact of the new flow circulation on the supply level of each node. The two optimization schemes were applied to a case study network subject to water shortage conditions. The software EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used for the simulations in the wake of previous successful applications for the analysis of intermittent water distribution systems. Results of the application of the SA algorithms were also compared with those from the literature and obtained by the use of the multi-objective Non-Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II). The results show the high performance of SA algorithms in identifying optimal position and settings of the valves in the WDS. The comparison pointed out that SA algorithms are able to perform similarly to NSGA II and, at the same time, to reduce significantly the computational effort associated to the optimization process.

Radical flux control in reactive ion beam etching (RIBE) by dual exhaust system

Radicals generated during reactive ion etching (RIE) cannot be electrically controlled, causing isotropic etching and chemical damage to the sidewall of the etched feature during the etching process. In this study, using a reactive ion beam etcher (RIBE) installed with a dual exhaust system, where an additional exhaust valve was introduced to pump out radicals from the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source chamber in addition to the conventional main gate valve in the process chamber, the radical flux relative to ion flux during the RIE process has been controlled and the effect of additional exhausting through the ICP source chamber for the control of radical flux relative to ion flux on the properties of etching has been investigated using CF4 gas. The results showed that the additional exhausting of the radicals through the ICP source chamber not only decreased the ICP source chamber pressure but also decreased the ratio of radical flux to ion flux to the substrate. The lower ICP source chamber pressure could be also obtained without additional exhausting through the ICP source chamber by decreasing the CF4 gas flow rate to the ICP source chamber, however, the lower ratio of radical flux to ion flux was observed for the dual exhaust system. It is believed that, for the next generation RIBE, multiple exhausting is beneficial for anisotropic etching of nanoscale features by controlling the radical flux to the sidewall and ion flux to the bottom of a nanoscale feature during the etching.

Time resolved absolute extreme ultraviolet radiation measurement on the ENN XuanLong-50 spherical tokamak.

A plasma radiation measurement system for a wide spectral range, based on compact Absolute eXtreme UltraViolet (AXUV) silicon photodiodes, has been implemented on the newly constructed ENN XuanLong-50 (EXL-50) spherical tokamak. The system consists of two 16-channel AXUV16ELG arrays and one AXUV63HS1 single-cell detector mounted on ceramic sockets. The two arrays, facing toward the EXL-50 slim central post from two locations inside a top and a side ConFlat 400 port, have 32 view chords covering the interested plasma region in a poloidal cross section at toroidal 330°. The single-cell detector, seated on a retractable feedthrough, could be arranged flexibly with the help of an ultra-high vacuum compatible gate valve. The design details together with considerations on the EXL-50 specific engineering realities and physics requirements are described. Preliminary results from the EXL-50 2020 experimental campaign are presented.

Failure analysis of a four-way flange erosioning in a KQ52 wellhead Christmas tree

The wellhead Christmas tree uses top sand drainage during multi-stage sanding fracturing, and it fails at the four-way and gate valves. Due to the multi-stage sanding fracturing process of a wellhead Christmas tree in an oilfield, the connection between the four-way and the gate valve flange failed for many times during service. In this paper, the failure causes of four-way flange joints were analyzed by reading spectrometer, Rockwell hardness tester, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersion spectrometer and numerical simulation method. The results show that the chemical composition, hardness and grain size of the four-way flange and connecting gate valve meet the standard requirements; By microstructural characterization and energy spectrum analysis, it is confirmed that a large number of corrosion products are attached to the inner wall of the four-way valve and gate valve; During the wellhead Christmas tree fracturing, high-speed sand-carrying fluid flows into the pipeline through four-way, and high-frequency multiple impacts occur to the connection of the four way flange and gate valve. At the same time, a large number of eddy current are formed at the intersection of the four-way and the gate valve flow channel. A large number of corrosion products distributed in the passage of the four-way valve and gate valve cause corrosion accumulation under the action of eddy current, forming corrosion wear, and finally the connection between the four way and the gate valve is damaged by erosion wear and corrosion wear.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WASTE GATE VALVE IN REGULATING EXhaust GAS FLOW TOWARDS THE TURBOCHARGER FOR THE FLEXIBLE COMBUSTION PROCESS ON THE TANGGUH JAYA LNG/C SHIP

A turbocharger is an auxiliary engine that functions to supply air into the cylinder and in general every turbocharger has two sides, namely, the compressor side and the turbine side, the rotation of the turbocharger is generated from the remaining exhaust gases from combustion in the cylinder which goes to the turbine side of the turbocharger and produces rotation. on that side and also rotates at the same speed on the compressor side of the turbocharger. The amount of air that will enter the cylinder depends on the rotation of the turbocharger itself, if the rotation of the turbocharger is too fast it will produce too much air in the cylinder which results in knocking or knocking on the main drive engine, whereas if the turbocharger rotates too slowly it will result in too little quantity of air resulting in a misfire or failure of combustion in the cylinder. To determine the rotational speed of the turbocharger, we need a tool that can regulate the quantity of the remaining exhaust gases from combustion in the cylinder, namely the waste gate valve. When the writer carried out the sea practice, the writer experienced various interesting things about the waste gate valve, such as the opening that did not match the degree of the waste gate valve to the difference in the indicator readings on the waste gate valve. In this case the author will analyze the cause of the imperfect supply of air entering the cylinder caused by the non-optimal performance of the waste gate valve.

Fluid-structure coupling analysis of inlet ball valve on pumped-storage power station under extreme conditions

While pumped storage power stations (PSPSs) provide clean energy, they are also facing many problems of safe operation. Inlet ball valves bear the brunt of the impact and disturbance from upstream pressure pipeline under extreme conditions on PSPSs. Artificially change the wicket gate and ball valve closing laws can improve the extremums of key indicators. However, the internal flow field in ball valves is complex, and the internal flow field interacts with the external structure. The performance impact studied only by the indicators of the ball valve inlet and outlet is far from enough. In this study, three-dimensional flow field simulation of an inlet ball valve on PSPS was carried out, and the Realizable k-ε turbulence model was selected to simulate the pressure and velocity changes of the flow field inside the ball valve under load rejection conditions. Based on the theory of fluid-structure coupling and CFX dynamic grid, the response characteristics of the ball valve mechanical structure after being subjected to transient flow field were studied, the distribution of related performance parameters of the structure was obtained, and the mechanism that causes stress, strain and total deformation was analyzed. This study found that the ball valve structure is significantly affected by the three-dimensional transient flow of water under extreme conditions of load rejection. The safety of the ball valve can be enhanced by setting expansion joints and strengthening the base.

Numerical study of gas–solid two-phase flow and erosion in a cavity with a slope

Gate valve is mainly used to turn on or turn off the pipeline in pneumatic conveying. When the gate valve is fully open, the particles are easy to collide with the cavity rear wall and enter into the cavity, resulting in particles’ accumulation in the cavity. The particles in cavity will accumulate between the cavity bottom and the flashboard bottom wall and prevent the gate from turning off normally. Meanwhile, the particles’ collision with cavity rear wall will cause serious erosion. Both the particles’ accumulation and erosion will cause the poor sealing of the gate valve, further resulting in the leakage of the pipeline system. To reduce the particles’ accumulation in cavity and erosion on cavity when the gate valve is fully open, we simplify the gate valve into a cavity structure and study it. We find that adding a slope upstream the cavity can effectively reduce the particles’ accumulation in the cavity and the erosion on the cavity rear wall. In this work, Eulerian–Lagrangian method in commercial code (FLUENT) was used to study the gas–solid two-phase flow and erosion characteristics of a cavity with a slope. The particle distribution shows that the particles with Stokes number St = 1.3 and St = 13 cannot enter the cavity due to the slope, but the particles with St = 0.13 enter the cavity following the gas. For St = 13, the particles collide with the wall many times in the ideal cavity. Erosion results show that the slope can transfer the erosion on cavity rear wall to the slope and reduce the maximum erosion rate of the wall near the cavity to some degrees.

RESULTS OF RESEARCH ON THE APPLICATION OF THE ANNEALING PROCESS TO INCREASE THE RESOURCE OF THE SHIELD IN HIGH PRESSURE VALVES

As a result of analyzing the causes of defects in high-pressure valves, it was found that gate and seat failures are dominant. From this point of view, it is important to increase the service life of the parts included in this pair. The article discusses the implementation of the iron process and the results obtained in order to increase the resource of the gate-seat pair of high-pressure gate valves. It turned out that the coating of the gate's working surface by the iron-iron method allows, along with an increase in corrosion resistance (by 1.5-1.7 times), creates a serious basis for increasing the service life by 75-80%. Keywords: iron process, electrolysis method, gate, service life.

Water Pipeline Network Analysis using Watercad Software In Pasuruan Industrial Estate Rembang

The clean water distribution network supply produced by PT. AB Jatim towards industries in PIER area has not been optimal. It is happen because factors such as piping network requirements that have not been met, poor perfomance of the existing pipelines, and rising operating costs of the electrical energy generated from distribution pumps. To optimize the pipeline network, it is necessary to analyze the water network system. One application that can be used to perform analysis is the WaterCAD program. Using quantitative research methods, data are obtained from PT. AB Jatim. From the analysis results of the existing network, increasing the pressure at the tap point (water sources) from 4.6 atm to 5.1 atm and isolating zone 1 by adding gate valve to make water supply into one way system, obtained a minimum junction pressure of 0.53 atm. Then adding a Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) in zone 3 so that the maximum pressure is 4.07 atm and water velocity also within standard limit with the highest speed being in the range of 1.26 meters/second. At last, using residual pressure from the tap point reduces energy of the distribution pump.

X-ray transmission calibration of the gate valve for the x-ray astronomy satellite XRISM

Resolve onboard the x-ray satellite X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) is a cryogenic instrument with an x-ray microcalorimeter in a Dewar. A lid partially transparent to x-rays (called gate valve or GV) is installed at the top of the Dewar along the optical axis. Because observations will be made through the GV for the first few months, the x-ray transmission calibration of the GV is crucial for initial scientific outcomes. We present the results of our ground calibration campaign of the GV, which is composed of a Be window and a stainless steel mesh. For the stainless steel mesh, we measured its transmission using the x-ray beamline at ISAS. For the Be window, we used synchrotron facilities to measure the transmission and modeled the data with (i) photoelectric absorption and incoherent scattering of Be, (ii) photoelectric absorption of contaminants, and (iii) coherent scattering of Be changing at specific energies. We discuss the physical interpretation of the transmission discontinuity caused by the Bragg diffraction in polycrystal Be, which we incorporated into our transmission phenomenological model. We present the x-ray diffraction measurement on the sample to support our interpretation. The measurements and the constructed model meet the calibration requirements of the GV. We also performed a spectral fitting of the Crab nebula observed with Hitomi SXS and confirmed improvements of the model parameters.

AWWA Library

This is an abridged excerpt from Manual of Water Supply Practices M72, Knife Gate Valves, first edition (catalog No. 30072). The book is available from the AWWA Store (www.awwa.org/M72).

Investigation of the Large-Scale Pallet by Recycled Polypropylene and the Sequential Valve Gate System during the Injection Molding

Plastic pallets are essential devices for the transport of industrial products within containers and can be made from recycled plastics to be more environmentally friendly. However, numerous thin reinforcing ribs are required to mold such large-size pallets, thereby requiring a large-scale injection-molding machine. Many filling gates can reduce the welding lines to enhance the structural strength of the pallet to achieve injection molding using a lower locking force machine. This study simulated the production of recycled polypropylene plastic pellets using a 3500-ton super-large injection-molding machine and the Moldex3D package to derive the flow analysis of the moldability. The PTC Creo software is used to construct plastic pallets ( 1100 mm × 1100 mm × 140 mm ), filled by twelve gates using a baffle cooling system. During the four-stage filling of the sequential valve gate system, the flow front spreads from the central gate to the four corners of the pallet, decreasing the number of welding lines, with an average filling pressure of 19.23 MPa by a sequential valve gate scheme which is approximately 65% of the concurrent valve gate opening scheme. The maximum clamping force by this sequential valve gate opening scheme in the molding of plastic pallet is 874.6 tons, only half of the one by concurrent valve gate opening scheme. The average welding angle was 85.7° in the concurrent valve gate opening scheme, with smaller angles than that of the sequential gates controlled scheme. The maximum temperatures during the filling by the two schemes with the concurrent valve gates opened and the sequential gates controlled were 230.5 and 232.5°C, respectively. The sequential valve gate opening scheme’s warpages are smaller than the ones by the concurrent valve gate opening scheme. The warpages of the pallet by the sequential valve gate system are smaller than the ones by the concurrent valve gate system. A higher temperature of the cooling channel and a medium level of cooling time result in lower warpage of the pallet.

Gas Expansion Process in the Dynamic Vacuum Calibration

By analyzing the gas expansion process from the upstream chamber via an orifice and a very rapid-opening ultra-high vacuum (UHV) gate valve to downstream one, the standard pressure analytical model based on the dynamic vacuum calibration apparatus in millisecond range developed by Lanzhou Institute of Physics (LIP) is deduced theoretically and corrected by real gas characteristics and temperature changes. According to the Knudsen criterion, there is no free molecular flow regime in the area in front of the orifice during the gas expansion, so the chocked flow approximation is adopted to reduce the difficulty of numerical computation. Under this approximation and the full opening of the rapid valve, the standard pressure expression is calculated theoretically, and the upstream chamber pressure and temperature changes are obtained by numerical simulation during the gas expansion from 100 kPa to 10 kPa. Also, experiments are performed using capacitance diaphragm gauges (model CDG045Dhs). The uncertainties between the measured pressure and the simulated and theoretical ones are 10% and 4.65%, respectively, which indicates that the apparatus can generate predictable pressure changes in the millisecond range and the conceptual model can better approximate the calibration results. Finally, the orifice conductance, and the correction factors of real gas characteristics and temperature change to the standard pressure are calculated according to the simulation results; the corrected standard pressure expression is obtained.

Часопролітна мас-спектрометрична установка

Потреба техніки і технологій привели до різкого прискорення дослідно-конструкторських і науково-дослідних робіт для вивчення в надвисокому вакуумному середовищі як поверхневих, так і об'ємних властивостей твердих тіл. Як відомо, на поверхневі властивості твердих тіл в значній мірі впливають адсорбційні процеси, обумовлені навколишнім середовищем, тобто елементним складом газу, що знаходиться у вакуумній системі. Атоми і молекули газу відрізняються своєю масою, отже їх можна ідентифікувати цієї фізичної величиною. Тому мас-спектрометрія, як метод аналізу складу складних газових сумішей та їх ідентифікації за масами, є одним з найбільш ефективним для визначення молекулярної маси газу, його складу і структури. У даній роботі запропонована часопролітна мас-спектрометрична установка з підвищеною швидкодією, точністю і надійністю вимірювання мас газу у вакуумній системі, а це даэ можливість проводити біль якісний аналіз адсорбційних процесів на поверхні твердого тіла.