Water Consumption Values Research Articles

An advective-dispersive transport model for residential water consumption

Abstract This work applies an advective-dispersive framework to simulate utility-wide residential water consumption using the analogy of a continuum transport process. In this context, the advective-dispersive process describes how changes in real water price and seasonal weather variability influence water consumption distribution, which ultimately governs mean and total water consumption values. Water consumption response is measured using histogram data optimally fit using parametric probability density functions (PDF) that have consistent parametrization over the entire observation period. Median statistic denotes advection and prescribes location of the measurement-space PDF, while standard deviation combined with standard-score PDF denotes dispersion which provides the measurement-space PDF with scale and shape. Combining location, scale, and shape components produces a measurement-space PDF that represents the solution to advective-dispersive transport phenomena. We use a Taylor series expansion of the statistics that define the PDF along with curvilinear regression to develop constitutive relationships that define how location, scale, and shape of the PDF respond to price and weather information. This results in a fully parametrizing advective-dispersive process represented by a partial differential equation that provides a tool for anticipating the probability that households will experience water poverty or use excess amounts as price, weather, and policy considerations change through time. This approach is conducive to automation when combined with smart water metering.

Evaluating the establishment performance of six native perennial Mediterranean species for use in extensive green roofs under water-limiting conditions

The rapid growth of many Mediterranean cities in the past 50 years has led to a deficit of urban green space where water availability is the main limiting factor. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the establishment performance of six Mediterranean species for use in extensive green roofs in Mediterranean and semi-arid areas. Asteriscus maritimus, Brachypodium phoenicoides, Crithmum maritimum, Limonium virgatum, Sedum sediforme and Sporobolus pungens plants were grown under well-watered conditions and two levels of water-deficit conditions to assess the effects of water-deficit on their growth capacity, water consumption, photosynthetic capacity, water relations and aesthetic value (relative appearance). After 88 days, the results showed that the water-deficit treatments affected each species differently and revealed differences in the potential ecosystem service benefits that different species could provide.Sedum sediforme appeared to be the best adapted species to water-deficit in terms of relative appearance; however, this species had the lowest capacity to grow (between 7.55 and 4.72 g) and consume water (between 1.58 and 0.82 mm day−1) under both well-watered and water-deficit conditions, limiting its usefulness for storm water management.Brachypodium phoenicoides and Limonium virgatum showed a satisfactory aesthetical performance under water-deficit conditions and had higher water consumption (between 7.66 and 3.48 mm day−1) and biomass accumulation (between 40.11 and 18.98 g) than Sedum sediforme. By contrast, Asteriscus maritimus showed variable relative appearance results than that species. Crithmum maritimum, a succulent species, showed similar biomass accumulation and water consumption to S. sediforme but lower relative appearance than that species. Sporobolus pungens, a C4 species, showed the highest water use efficiency at the plant level (between 5.79 and 4.81 g L−1). In summary, B. phoenicoides and L. virgatum are suggested as interesting species to complement S. sediforme in Mediterranean and semi-arid green roofs.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IMPROVEMENT ON WATER UNIT PRODUCTIVITY UNDER NORTH DELTA REGION CONDITIONS OF EGYPT

Several field trials and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the activities and processes of the development of the field irrigation systems at ElMahmoudia area, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, during the successful growing seasons winter 2016/17 and summer 2017 to investigate the effect of irrigation systems improvement projects on water productivity. The measurements were conducted in a tertiary canal (Mesqa) at the head of Nekla canal (Arafa Mousa Mesqa). Water consumption values for different crops were calcaulated, and water application was calculated through calibrating the capacities of the pumps and recording the operation hours. The most important results were as follows: Applied irrigation water decreased after irrigation improvement. Applied irrigation water for wheat, rice, maize, sweet potatoes and watermelon before irrigation improvement were higher than the corresponding values after irrigation improvement by 9.0%, 15%, 11%, 15% and 10% respectively. The productivity of wheat, rice, maize, sweet potatoes and watermelon increased after irrigation improvement by 7.0%, 4.0%, 3.0%, 8.0% and 9.0% respectively. Water productivity increased after irrigation improvement, and the increase ratios for wheat, rice, maize, sweet potatoes were 14.0%, 16.0%, 13.0%, 20.0%, and 18.0% respectively.

Analysis of Grey Correlation between Agricultural Output Structure and Agricultural Water Consumption in Beijing

The shortage of water resources is the key factor that restricts the sustainable development of agriculture in Beijing. This paper introduced the changes of agricultural water consumption and agricultural output value structure in recent ten years, and the correlation between them was quantitatively analyzed by the grey correlation method. The results showed that the proportion of animal industry output in the total agricultural output is greatest relevant to the change of agricultural water consumption from 2008 to 2017, followed by fishery and farming, while forestry showed the minimum correlation.

Quantifying net water consumption of Norwegian hydropower reservoirs and related aquatic biodiversity impacts in Life Cycle Assessment

Compared to conventional energy technologies, hydropower has the lowest carbon emissions per kWh. Therefore, hydropower electricity production can contribute to combat climate change challenges. However, hydropower electricity production may at the same time contribute to environmental impacts and has been characterized as a large water consumer with impacts on aquatic biodiversity. Life Cycle Assessment is not yet able to assess the biodiversity impact of water consumption from hydropower electricity production on a global scale. The first step to assess these biodiversity impacts in Life Cycle Assessment is to quantify the water consumption per kWh energy produced. We calculated catchment-specific net water consumption values for Norway ranging between 0 and 0.012 m3/kWh. Further, we developed the first characterization factors for quantifying the aquatic biodiversity impacts of water consumption in a post-glaciated region. We apply our approach to quantify the biodiversity impact per kWh Norwegian hydropower electricity. Our results vary over six orders of magnitude and highlight the importance of a spatial explicit approach. This study contributes to assessing the biodiversity impacts of water consumption globally in Life Cycle Assessment.

Optimization of development schemes for group water supply systems under uncertainty of prospective water consumption

In recent years, in the Russian cities there has been a decrease about 15-30% the total volume of water consumed and the specific indicator of water consumption per resident. However, this phenomenon is not taken into account in the SP 31.13330.2012, therefore the values of specific water consumption do not correspond to the modern level of sanitary equipment of the buildings and water consumption, which can not be the same for all cities and towns in Russia. Using the standard values of the design loads indicated in this code can lead to a significant increase in the cost of the project and operating costs. Their correction is necessary taking into account the assessment and forecast of the actual values of specific water consumption. This requires appropriate research and updating of specific water consumption standards for the design and reconstruction water supply and sewerage systems. The article describes the parameter justification method for the designed water supply systems under uncertainty of the prospective values of specific water consumption. The technique is based on the fuzzy sets theory and decision-making methodology under uncertainty of the initial information. This technique allows you to make decisions based on the minimum values of investment risks.

Водопотребление на водосборах арктических рек и в Арктической зоне Российской Федерации: параметры, структура, многолетняя динамика

Water consumption into the Arctic zone of Russia and at the catchments of the Arctic seas of Russia is relatively small. In 2006-2017 on the watershed of the Arctic seas an average of 21.3 km3 of natural waters were being taken annually, and within the Arctic zone of Russia was 2.6 km3/year, or, respectively, of 28.8 and 3.5% of the national volume. Whereas these regions occupy about 71% and 18% of the country’s area. This is an objective consequence of the very small population and economic development of these territories. The volume of discharge of salvaged waters on the catchments of the Arctic seas is comparable to the volume of water intake and is equal to 15.2 km3/year, or 71%. The difference between water withdrawal and discharges of salvaged water within the Arctic zone of Russia is even less. Therefore, there is no statistically significant impact of water consumption on the water resources of the Arctic rivers, as well as shortage of water resources in the region. In addition, current water consumption is characterized, firstly, by its absence in many territories. Secondly, it is 30-50% less than it was in the 1980s. Thirdly, the water consumption value, on the contrary, has increased in the districts of development of oil and gas production. Fourthly, the water supply of industrial enterprises, heat power and public utilities exclusively dominates in the sectoral structure of water consumption. Fifthly, river waters make up main part of the water use. The study also had several important additional results. The first result is the creation of a unique map illustrating the values and features of spatial changes in water management characteristics in the Arctic zone of Russia. The second is conclusions regarding the reliability and completeness of data of various origin, including from alternative sources of information. The third is the successful implementation of the water management review approach with a transition from a macro-scale level to specific areas, localities and water consumers.

Использование водных ресурсов в бассейне озера Ханка

The article deals with investigation of the Lake Khanka water resources’ use. We have stated that the predominant development of agriculture determines the water resources use on both the Russian part and the Chinese part of the basin. We have assessed the irrigated land areas and water volumes used for this end, as well as economic activities’ impact of the lake water level. On the basis of statistical data, satellite images and published scientific articles we have assessed for the first time the irrigated lands’ dynamics in the Lake Khanka basin over the 1960–2015 period. Analysis of the official information and the expert-restored data on water withdrawal made it possible firstly to estimate the dynamics of water use for irrigation and establish the values of water consumption (irrevocable water losses) during irrigation in the Russian part of the lake basin for the same period. We have established that the source for irrigating rice crops in Russia is the lake itself. The use of Lake Khanka’s waters in China is possible only in low water years. The influence of water use on irrigation in the Russian part of the basin at the lake level for the entire period of rice cultivation was manifested only in its reduction, and to a very small extent. In high water years, the Lake Malaya Khanka acts as a reservoir for the flood waters of the Mulinghe River, which, if discharged into the Lake Khanka, can have an impact on the growth of the Lake Khanka level.

Water Footprint Assessment and Water-Energy-Food Nexus for Domestic and Institutional Sectors in Klang Valley, Malaysia: a Review

Change in climate, increasing world population and industrialization have placed considerable stress on water availability at certain places. Water Footprint accounting is a reliable technique that can be used for a better water management. This study focuses on establishing a doable methodology on water footprint accounting and assessment for direct water consumption from domestic and institutional sectors located in an urbanized environment such as Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur. It includes investigation of Water Footprint at domestic household, schools, colleges, terminals and offices in Klang Valley. The value of water consumption, water production and water pollution will be determined using Hoekstra’s approach for green water, blue water and grey water. In addition, findings from this study will be linked to two other elements namely energy and food. This link is named as Water-Energy-Food Nexus. This study will establish the quantity and criteria of Water-Energy-Food Nexus specifically tailored to domestic and institutional sectors in Klang Valley.

Well-to-wheel water footprints of conventional versus electric vehicles in the United States: A state-based comparative analysis

Today, increasing levels of water demand become a particularly serious challenge for many countries, especially since water is an essential element for production of transportation fuels. Unfortunately, no research efforts as of now have been directed specifically toward understanding the fundamental relationship between the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and water demand. This research aims to fill this knowledge gap by analyzing the water consumption and withdrawal impacts resulting from the increased usage of alternative vehicle technologies in the United States. 5 vehicle types - Internal Combustion Vehicles (ICVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV20, PHEV40) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) - are analyzed across 50 U.S. states with 3 different electricity generation mix profiles: the state-based average electricity generation mix, the state-based marginal electricity generation mix, and a hypothetical electricity generation mix consisting entirely of solar-powered charging stations. The well-to-wheel (WTW) life cycle analysis is used for the water footprint calculations. In worst case, BEVs may consume up to 70 times more water than ICVs. BEVs with solar charging have the lowest levels of water consumption and withdrawal and can reduce transportation water footprint by up to 97%. In most of the states, the marginal electricity generation mix has higher water consumption and withdrawal values than those of the average electricity generation mix. In particular, the authors suggest the use of BEVs with solar charging for states with the highest water-stressed areas (California (CA), Arizona (AZ), Nevada (NV), Florida (FL), etc.), and recommend the inclusion of incentives by federal and state governments for these states.

Water efficiency and wastewater reduction in an integrated woolen textile mill

The most important environmental issues caused by the textile industry are intensive water consumption, high amounts of wastewater generation with significant pollutant loads. Previous studies were focused on minimization of water consumption and wastewater amounts in cotton textile finishing-dyeing. There are very few real-scale scientific studies about water efficiency in woolen textile production. In this study, it was aimed to reduce water consumption, wastewater amount and its pollutant loads by appropriate techno-economical minimization techniques in an integrated woolen textile mill. In this context, water consumptions and wastewater generations in basic and other auxiliary processes of the mill were examined by detailed on-site investigations. Process based specific water consumption and wastewater values were calculated. Additionally, water and wastewater samples were collected at different periods and analyzed. Specific pollutant loads of wastewater were also calculated. Thus, reuse potentials of the process wastewaters were evaluated. Moreover, saving and reduction potentials of the mill were determined by comparing with similar textile mills. Total of 82 minimization techniques were identified and evaluated by using multi-criteria decision-making methods. As a result, it was decided to implement 9 minimization techniques in the mill. Thus, reductions in water consumption by 41–69%, wastewater amounts by 48–75% and wastewater chemical loads by 28–63% can be achieved by the implementation of the minimization techniques. Potential payback period was ranged between 24 and 60 months. Employed methodology and findings of the study may be useful to similar textile mills, stakeholders and regulators. Presented results may also provide a road map to textile industry for cleaner production applications.

Forecasting Daily Water Consumption: a Case Study in Torun, Poland

This paper presents Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) methods for predicting future daily water consumption values based on three antecedent records of water consumption and humidity forecast for a given day, which are considered as independent variables. Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is obtained for different configurations of the input sets and of the ANN model structure. Additionally, sets of explanatory variables are enhanced with dummy variables indicating typical days: working day, Saturday, Sunday/public holidays. The results indicated the superiority of the ANN approach over MLR, although the observed difference in performance was very limited.

The management system of water supply in the cities of Donbass

During more than twenty years, survey of water supply systems in the cities of Donbass was conducted. The aim of the study was to develop a strategy for managing this sector, which allows for precise monitoring of water consumption and reducing water loss. In the course of the research, water consumption metering was carried out using counters, the operation of the devices was assessed taking into account the accuracy class and installation features. It is established that the actual value of water consumption is below the standard. The water consumption decreases with an increase in the percentage of installation of water meters and with an increase in the number of tenants in an apartment. The need to bring the general house and intra-apartment meters to the same accuracy class and regulate the installation position of the water meter was identified. Based on the optimization of conditions, the program management of water supply systems by means of zoning territories and the installation of ’’clever’’ meters was proposed. Approbation of the water supply management strategy allowed within the project to reduce water losses by 20% and use the technological reserve for the modernization of the water supply system.

Pedological Drought Influence on Some Parameters of Soybean Crops from Crisurilor Plain

The paper is based on the research conducted at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Oradea. Decadal determination of soil moisture, calculus of the water reserve and its dynamic graphs allowed the determination of the number of days with pedological drought, respectively of strong pedological drought. Pedological drought as well as strong pedological drought were present every year during the period 2007-2015 with the only difference that the strong pedological drought in fewer days. The optimum irrigation rate was 2800 m3 /ha. The irrigation determined the increase of the daily water consumption values and total water consumption. Finally, due to drought, an average yield loss of 65% was recorded, as well as a decrease in protein content up to 24% and in gross protein up to 31%. An inverse correlation between the number of days with pedological drought and water consumption of the soybean yield, as well as with the protein content of the grains and the gross protein content was established. These correlations emphasized the necessity of irrigation in the soybean crop in Crisurilor Plain.

ENERGY BASELINE CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES WITH TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION THE EXTERNAL FACTORS EFFECT

he article deals with the improvement tasks of power consumption model construction procedure of water supply facilities as a part of energy planning stage in energy management system. Interconnection of power consumption planning task with daily water consumption to which influence climatic and social factors have been substantiated. Search of similarities in daily graphs of water consumption from the network using cluster analysis, which is done in two stages, has been proposed to realize for taking into consideration of their influence. For this based on parameters of description the daily graphs have been formed two sets of informative classification characteristics. Classical indicators of irregularity graphs description have been used to identify the influence of seasonality. Morphometric parameters have been used to detect the influence of social factors. Formed clusters reflect the seasons influence and the water consumption specificity during working and weekend (holiday) days. It allows defining the period for collecting data on values of input variables that influence over the power consumption, and the actual power consumption. Procedure of determining the average value of daily water consumption and limits of its change for each cluster has been proposed for taking into consideration of seasonality influence. The power consumption model has been presented by equation multifactor regression with taking into consideration of characteristics that indicate to accordance of the day to the season and to the character of the day. Field of model use is limited by change of seasonal water consumption and the day type that defines the operation mode of pumping units and its parameters. Using the proposed principles allows taking into consideration the water supply mode parameters that are previously planned for this day. It also allows getting power consumption model that is differential to season and day of the week, and perform energy baseline construction for a specific period (day).

Retrofit of a wet cooling tower in order to reduce water and fan power consumption using a wet/dry approach

A Parallel Path Wet/Dry configuration and a high-precision airflow regulation method are implemented in order to retrofit an existing wet cooling tower. The modifications are intended to reduce water requirements and fan power consumption of a 12-cell wet tower. The proposed method of airflow control takes advantage of fans with variable frequency drive to regulate airflow with high accuracy. A number of simulations are carried out to predict different operating factors of the wet and hybrid towers. Experimentally obtained values of water consumption demonstrate the validity of those obtained using the computer simulations. According to the results, the accurate airflow control prevents sudden fluctuations in requisite fan power and water consumption rate and causes up to 64.6% decrease in fan power consumption. The results reveal that using the proposed wet/dry approach results in an average 9.4% decrease in water consumption. Given the relatively low degree of modifications made to the original wet tower and preserving the condenser operating condition, the accomplished amount of water conservation is satisfactory.

Analysis on influence relationships among bottled water brand image, consumption value, and purchase intention

본 연구는 소비자들이 지각하는 생수 브랜드 이미지와 소비가치, 그리고 구매의도의 영향 관계를 살펴보고 이를 통하여 국내 생수 시장에 관한 실질적인 마케팅 자료를 제공하고 효과적인 마케팅 전략 방안을 제시하려는 목적으로 진행되었다. 한 달 이내에 생수를 구입한 경험이 있는 소비자를 표본으로 선정하여 설문조사를 진행하였으며, 변수들의 타당성과 신뢰성을 검증하기 위하여 요인분석과 신뢰도분석, 그리고 수렴타당성과 판별타당성을 살펴보기 위해 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였고, 구조방정식을 활용하여 연구모형을 검증하였다. 브랜드 이미지와 소비가치의 영향 관계에서 친숙성과 감각적 이미지는 경제적 소비가치에 유의한 영향 관계를 보였고, 기능적 소비가치의 관계에 대한 결과에서는 친숙성과 친환경성이 기능적 소비가치에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며, 진귀적 소비가치에는 친숙성과 감각적 이미지가 유의한 관계를 보였다. 또한 브랜드 이미지의 친숙성과 기능적 소비가치는 구매의도에 유의한 영향을 나타냈다. 본 연구는 기업의 매출 증대나 소비자의 제품 이미지 제고에 필수적인 생수 브랜드의 이미지에 따라 형성되는 소비가치나 구매의도에 미치는 영향 관계에 대한 마케팅 측면의 실질적인 연구라는 점에서 의의가 있다고 볼 수 있다.

Impact of the circulation system on domestic hot water consumption

The article presents the results of researches for domestic hot water in two, the same buildings – students dormitories. There was not working circulation system in one of the objects. Characteristics of hot water intake and the size of the design flows were determined. The influence of circulation loop existence on the size of hot water consumption and characteristic values which are describing the size of hot water abstraction in analyzed buildings was pointed out.

Measurement of water consumptive use, growth, and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) under drip irrigation system

A field experiment was conducted during the spring of 2015 in the Al- Chaksaliah village in Hit district - Anbar province in sandy Loam soil texture, to study water consumptive use in different ways under the drip irrigation system, style of addition on growth and yield of potatoes. Water consumption measured in four methods, depending on climatic data using Najib Kharofah equation, depending on evaporation pan and water tensiometer and moisture sensor, water added in two ways firstly addition depth once, for Added half the depth and the addition of the second half after 12 hours of The first add-on, the study treatments distributed in accordance with the randomized complete block design (RCBD) of three replicate. Potatoes were planted on 05/02/2015, was given five irrigations before germination and then was irrigation scheduling, where perfusion has operations at 40% depletion of available water using of tensiometer and moisture sensor with an irrigation intervals of three days when using Najib Kharofah and pan evaporation equation. The water consumption calculation and measurement of plant height, root length, dry weight, total yield and calculated the efficiency of water use. Results showed, that Water consumption values increased with advancing stages of plant growth, and decreased in the mature stage, with the highest water-consumption reached in the swollen tubers stage as it reached values of 533, 405, 360 and 337 mm for the way Najib Khrovh, pelvis, tensiometer and sensors humidity, respectively, while the total is less watery consumption to plant potatoes in the vegetative stage of growth, reaching 85, 74, 60 and 30 mm for the way Najib Khrovh, evaporation pan, tensiometer and moisture sensors, respectively. The Najib Kharofah equation gave the highest value for the consumption of water in comparison with the rest of seasonal treatments reaching 996, 772, 668 and 595 mm Season-1 for the treatment of Najib Kharofah and evaporation pan, tensiometer and moisture sensors, respectively. The Najib Kharofah treatment prevailed for both ways of addition to give a higher yield of tubers and higher dry weight and height of the plant amounted and length of the roots to 40.75 Ton h-1 and 96.74 g Plant-1 and 41.83 cm and 31.31 cm, for complete treatments, respectively. And amounted to 43.19 Ton h-1 and 98.5 g Plant-1 and 43.4 cm and 32.56 cm, for the mid-term treatments, respectively. While the lowest values of the tuber yield, dry weight and length of the roots and plant height under the treatment of moisture sensors amounted to 29.28 Tun h -1 and 65.56 g Plant-1 and 25.93 cm and 28 cm full of treatments, respectively. And 30.46 Tun.h-1 and 65.81 g Plant-1 and 27.6 cm and 29.88 cm for the mid-term treatments, respectively. Tensiometer treatment gave midterm best efficiency of water use for tubers to reach an average of 8.53 kg m-3 compared with other treatments.

Combining sap flow measurements and modelling to assess water needs in an oasis farmland shelterbelt of Populus simonii Carr in Northwest China

Farmland shelterbelts provide an ecological protection screen for an oasis but exhibit high mortality in the face of water shortage. It is necessary to understand farmland shelterbelt tree transpiration under different levels of water stress and stand ages for proper management. Sap flux measurement techniques and models are among the most useful method to detect water stress and to evaluate plant water consumption. The usefulness of both methods decreases, however, when applied to species, such as Populus simonii Carr, that have an outstanding tolerance to drought and a remarkable capacity to take up water from drying soils. Our hypothesis is that analysis using simultaneous measurements of sap flow and models in the same trees is useful for assessing the irrigation needs in farmland shelterbelts. To test our hypothesis, we analysed the relationships between canopy transpiration, canopy conductance, relative extractable water and atmospheric factors in a farmland shelterbelt and evaluated the effectiveness of the model. Measurements were made during one growing season. The time courses of sap flow measured and modelled on days of contrasting weather and soil water conditions were analysed to evaluate the usefulness of the method to assess the crop water needs. We calculated the daily tree water consumption from sap flow measurements and the parameterized modified Jarvis-Stewart model, and we evaluated the model’s usefulness to assess the final water needs under water stress and stand ages for farmland shelterbelt irrigation. The transpiration decreased as the soil drought increased, and it increased as the atmospheric drought increased. The time course of the water needs showed that the occurrence of water stress in the farmland shelterbelt trees had a large impact on their water consumption, which increased as the water stress decreased, following the equation y=1/[1+e−60.67×(REWx−0.402)]. The simultaneous use of modelling and tree structural data increased the reliability of assessing water needs from youth to maturity. A similar analysis with the water consumption values, from which stand age values were derived, showed that water needs increased with the tree age following the equation y=847−844/[1+(x/87.9)1.9]. We conclude that compared to the use of sap flow records alone, the simultaneous use of sap flow records and model values provides more detailed information to assess water needs in a farmland shelterbelt, which has an important significance for farmland shelterbelt protection.