Value Of Travel Time Research Articles

ANALISIS PENGHEMATAN NILAI WAKTU TEMPUH DAN BIAYA OPERASIONAL KENDARAAN PADA RENCANA PEMBANGUNAN JALAN KRUENG MEUSAGOP-TEUPIN MANE

Growth and development of the city or region has implications for the increasing needs of the population. With the increase of population requirement, it will also increase the demand of travel in the form of increased movement activity of people and goods in a region or city, where the activity of this movement absolutely requires adequate transportation facilities and infrastructure both in quality and quantity. This study aims to determine the amount of time cost savings and operational costs of vehicles on alternative roads Krueng Meusagop-Teupin Mane. The data obtained in the form of primary data and secondary data. Primary data are traffic volume and speed data. While secondary data in the form of image data planning, location map, and cost budget plan data. Based on the result of the research, it is found that the operational cost savings of vehicle (BOK) if traffic flow passes Jalan Krueng Meusagop - Teupin Mane Rp 458 / vehicle for passenger car, Rp 1.723 / vehicle for bus and Rp 1.416 / vehicle for truck with BKBOK obtained in the 25th year is Rp. 1,009,412,291,578. while the savings of travel time value obtained if the traffic flow passes through Jalan Krueng Meusagop - Teupin Mane is Rp 21,877 / vehicle for passenger car, Rp 193.229 / vehicle for bus and Rp 24,048 / vehicle for truck with the value of time obtained in year the 25th of Rp. 993.214.592.528.Therefore, the construction of Krueng Meusagop - Teupin Mane Road is very feasible to be built for the achievement of regional development from isolation and also become an alternative way of society from the central region of Aceh if the road in Bireuen City will be congestion.

Operational Effects of the Consolidated Intersection Design on Urban and Suburban Arterials

Along urban and suburban arterials, closely-spaced signalized intersections are commonly used to provide access to adjacent commercial developments. Often, these signalized intersections are designed to provide full access to developments on both sides of the arterial and permit through, left-turn, and right-turn movements from every intersection approach. Traffic signal timing is optimized to reduce vehicle delay or provide progression to vehicles on the arterial, or both. However, meeting both of these criteria can be cumbersome, if not impossible, under high-demand situations. This research proposes a new design that consolidates common movements at three consecutive signalized intersections into strategic fixed locations along the arterial. The consolidation of common movements allows the intersections to cycle between only two critical phases, which, in turn, promotes shorter cycle lengths, lower delay, and better progression. This research tested the consolidated intersection concept by modeling a real-world site in microsimulation software and obtaining values for delay and travel time for multiple vehicle paths along the corridor and adjacent commercial developments in both existing and proposed conditions. With the exception of unsignalized right turns at the periphery of the study area, all non-displaced routes showed a reduction in travel time and delay. Additional research is needed to understand how additional travel through the commercial developments adjacent to the arterial may effect travel time and delay. Other expected benefits of the proposed design include a major reduction in conflict points, shorter pedestrian crossing and wait times, and the opportunity to provide pedestrian refuge areas in the median.

Illustrating the Monetary Impact of Transportation Projects/Alternatives using the Values of Travel Time and Travel Time Reliability

State agencies, regional agencies, cities, towns, and local municipalities design and maintain transportation systems for the benefit of users by improving mobility, reducing travel time, and enhancing safety. Cost–benefit analysis based on travel time savings and the value of reliability helps these agencies in prioritizing transportation projects or when evaluating transportation alternatives. This paper illustrates the use of monetary values of travel time savings and travel time reliability, computed for the state of North Carolina, to help assess the impact of transportation projects or alternatives. The results obtained indicate that, based on the illustration of the effect and impact of various transportation projects or alternatives, both improved travel time and reliability on roads yield significant monetary benefits. However, from cost–benefit analysis, it is observed that greater benefits can be achieved through improved reliability compared with benefits from a decrease in travel time for a given section of road.

Double-frequency ground penetrating radar for measurement of ice thickness and water depth in rivers and canals: Development, verification and application

In situ measurement of the ice thickness and water depth distributions in a river, canal, or lake is one of the most important means of measuring and responding to an ice flood. In view of the shortcomings of the use of single-frequency ground penetrating radar (GPR) for simultaneous measurement of ice thickness and water depth, a double-frequency GPR with 100 and 1500 MHz antennas was developed in the present study. To avoid interference between the two antennas with different frequencies, there is a 15-ms time-sharing operation. Similarity analysis of neighboring GPR signals was used to obtain the accuracy value of two-way travel time. The proposed GPR system also enables the real-time determination of the longitude and latitude coordinates of the measurement site using a real-time kinematic (RTK) system. The system measured the ice thickness and water depth at 97 and 99 sites, respectively, in the Mohe section of the Heilongjiang River, and the Togtoh, Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River; both in China. Comparison of the measurements to those obtained by traditional drill-hole methods, yielded a mean value of absolute errors of 0.12 m and 0.04 m for water depth and ice thickness, respectively. The system was further used to measure the distribution of the ice thickness and water depth over a distance of 0.5 km in the Longdao Wharf section of the Heilongjiang River, and over a distance of 67 km in the Mohe section of the river,between the entrance of the Luogu River and Beiji village. The measurement results indicate that the developed double-frequency GPR is suitable for in situ measurement of ice thickness and water depth in rivers during ice periods.

Managing congestion and emissions in transportation networks with dynamic carbon credit charge scheme

Traffic congestion contributes to the air pollution problem due to the increased idling, braking and acceleration behaviors. This research puts forward an optimal dynamic credit charge scheme that can redistribute the traffic flows to attain mobility and emission goals. First, cell transmission model is used as dynamic network loading model to capture the flow propagation and dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) is formulated to investigate the flow redistribution in terms of simultaneous path and departure time choices under carbon credit charge scheme. Based on that, a bi-level formulation is proposed to describe the Stackelberg game between road manager and road users. For the higher level, road manager seeks to minimize system travel time and emissions by implementing credit charge schemes. For the lower level, heterogeneous users find dynamic user equilibrium by simultaneous path and departure time choices under given credit charge schemes. Given the non-convex property of the bi-level model, this paper proposes the pattern search algorithm embedded with projection method. Computational results on X-shape, Ziliaskopolous’ and Nyguen-Dupuis network are given to show the applicability of the proposed algorithm on reasonable-size networks. Results show that minimum travel time design does not always generate effective path and departure time switches across all user groups, especially for users with high value of travel time, while minimum emissions credit design yields desirable behavioral adjustments. Besides, minimum travel time credit design does not always generate minimum carbon emissions in the network, especially in networks with complex O–D pairs and paths. This research casts light on how to schedule a time-varying credit charge scheme to attain mobility and emission goals. Policy implications of credit charge scheme are provided.

Assessment of emission reduction potential of Mumbai metro rail

Abstract First line of Mumbai metro rail system was implemented in 2014 for reduction in traffic congestion and to provide a better connectivity between eastern and western suburbs of Mumbai metropolitan region (MMR). Apart from connectivity, reduction in greenhouse gases (GHG), gaseous pollutants like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM) were the main goal behind implementation of metro. In this study, we analyse the reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) and other emissions due to shift of commuters to metro from other mode of transportation. In addition, monetary savings in travel time is also determined as travel time is the main attraction for using metro. The emissions were estimated through modal shift of passengers by converting the ridership data to equivalent number of vehicles on road. Our analysis shows modal shift resulted in reduction of 22.7 tonne of CO2 emission per day but ∼75.6 tonne of CO2 is emitted per day from the electricity consumed in metro operation. However, pollutants like CO, HC were reduced by metro and high savings in value of travel time was obtained. Overall, the results illustrate that so far the metro rail is yet to achieve reduction in greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions since a major shift occurred from public transportation. However, with increase in ridership metro rail can achieve the benefits in reduction of emissions.

Value of travel time as a function of comfort

The value of travel time can theoretically be defined as the opportunity cost of travel minus the direct utility from spending the time during the trip. This paper searches for empirical evidence to support this formulation. We show that travellers who indicate that a shorter trip duration is useful or a longer trip duration is very inconvenient have a higher value of travel time. Furthermore, we show that people who can spend their travel time usefully have a lower value of travel time. Finally, the availability of a computer, laptop etc. during the trip increases the probability of travel time being useful. This study determines the sizes of these effects in a case study for The Netherlands. This is important since the value of travel time is likely to change over time. The outcomes of this paper can be used to estimate the size of the expected reduction in value of travel time as a result of future comfort improvements that increase the possibility to work, read a book, watch a movie and communicate during a trip.

Revisit to the Value of Travel Time in the Seoul Metropolitan Area

Revisit to the Value of Travel Time in the Seoul Metropolitan Area

A meta-analysis and synthesis of public transport customer amenity valuation research

ABSTRACTThis paper synthesises published research concerned with the valuation of public transport customer amenities. It includes normalisation of published values to equivalent terms, a meta-analysis of factors influencing these values, a review of valuation methods and issues faced in applying these methods, and an identification of gaps in knowledge. Some 57 separate research publications in this area were identified. Valuation methods adopted included stated preference, revealed preference, customer ratings, priority evaluator, maximum difference scaling and benefit/value transfer. Of these, stated preference was the most common published approach, however in practice benefit/value transfer is the most common method to apply values in project appraisal. Key issues associated with valuation include substantial variation in values (which are often context dependant) and the adoption of different units for expressing values, thereby limiting their transferability. Some 556 separate customer amenity values were identified relating to 97 separate amenity types. Almost all valuations were below 2 minutes of equivalent in-vehicle travel time value. Meta-analysis identified five types of significant predictors of values (R2 = 0.23): study location (Scandinavia), valuation method (stated preference), mode (train/metro), amenity group (access) and journey stage (boarding/alighting). Future research needs to disaggregate valuations by market segment.

Roads in transition: Integrated modeling of a manufacturer-traveler-infrastructure system in a mixed autonomous/human driving environment

This paper develops an integrated model to characterize the market penetration of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in urban transportation networks. The model explicitly accounts for the interplay among the AV manufacturer, travelers with heterogeneous values of travel time (VOTT), and road infrastructure capacity. By making in-vehicle time use more leisurely or productive, AVs reduce travelers’ VOTT. In addition, AVs can move closer together than human-driven vehicles because of shorter safe reaction time, which leads to increased road capacity. On the other hand, the use of AV technologies means added manufacturing cost and higher price. Thus, traveler adoption of AVs will trade VOTT savings with additional out-of-pocket cost. The model is structured as a leader (AV manufacturer)-follower (traveler) game. Given the cost of producing AVs, the AV manufacturer sets AV price to maximize profit while anticipating AV market penetration. Given an AV price, the vehicle and routing choice of heterogeneous travelers are modeled by combining a multinomial logit model with multi-modal multi-class user equilibrium (UE). The overall problem is formulated as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPCC), which is challenging to solve. We propose a solution approach based on piecewise linearization of the MPCC as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) and solving the MILP to global optimality. Non-uniform distribution of breakpoints that delimit piecewise intervals and feasibility-based domain reduction are further employed to reduce the approximation error brought by linearization. The model is implemented in a simplified Singapore network with extensive sensitivity analyses and the Sioux Falls network. Computational results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the solution approach and yield valuable insights about transportation system performance in a mixed autonomous/human driving environment.

In-store or online shopping of search and experience goods: A hybrid choice approach

This paper aims at explaining the choice between online and in-store shopping for typical search and experience goods (standard electronic appliances and groceries) within an artificial experimental setting assuming no privately owned cars. We present the first alternative-specific integrated choice and latent variable (ICLV) model using stated preference data in the field of shopping behavior research, explicitly asking respondents to trade-off attributes specific to each shopping channel.Respondents with pro-online shopping attitudes have a higher shopping cost sensitivity, which can be explained by the expanded choice set when effectively considering both purchasing channels. They also exhibit a higher choice probability of online shopping for groceries compared to electronic appliances, given the nature of experience goods being preferably purchased in-store, while the pleasure of shopping shows no substantial effect on choice behavior.Results reveal a user profile of pro-online shoppers that is mainly characterized by a technology-oriented generation of younger and well-educated men. Also, given the relatively high value of travel time compared to the value of delivery time, we show that especially for electronic appliances, avoiding a shopping trip produces more benefits than waiting for the delivery of ordered products.

Optimization of Urban Public Transportation System in Vijayawada - A Case Study

The recent scenario of Public transportation in most of the Indian cities shows only 20% to 30% of the total passengers utilizing any public transit as their mode of travel. Rapid growth in vehicles population has put enormous strains in all urban roads in Vijayawada, due to high vehicle ownership and poor supporting public transport facilities specially in the cities where the population is between 1 to 2 million. With more private vehicles on roads, pollution as well as congestion levels in the cities are also expected to increase. The major factor is very low ridership in public transport due to poor service quality and more travelling time. Hence there is a need to make the public transit a favorable mode of transport for the passengers. This study is concerned of assessment of public transport demand for Vijayawada and identifies the major factors for poor ridership with estimation of the probable shift of personal vehicle users to bus due to the increase in its level of service also identifies ways to account qualitative factors in the public transport project evaluation by adjusting travel time values to reflect comfort and convenience.

The Study of Car Sharing Algorithm Based on the Time Value

With the development of the theory of car-sharing, Uber developed from single network cars to car sharing. Uber+ had realized many features of the car sharing, but it was only the basis for judging the travel time, ignoring the travel costs of passengers. This paper analyzes the subjective and objective factors of the travel time value, quantifies and estimates them to establish the travel time value model; Combining Uber travel time prediction, we can get the travel costs; Determining based on the travel costs, we can choose the car sharing of similar travel direction without influence the front passengers’ travel costs, take the car to determine whether shared, in order to achieve Uber effective integration about network cars and car sharing, improve operational efficiency.

A distribution-fitting-free approach to calculating travel time reliability ratio

Empirical studies have revealed that travel time variability (TTV) can significantly affect travelers’ behaviors and planners’ cost-benefit assessment of transportation projects. It is therefore important to systematically quantify the value of TTV (VTTV) and its impact. Recently, Fosgerau’s valuation method makes this quantification possible by converting the value of travel time (VTT) and the VTTV into monetary unit. Travel time reliability ratio (TTRR), defined as a ratio of the VTTV to the VTT, is a key parameter in Fosgerau’s valuation method. Calculating TTRR involves an integral of the inverse cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the standardized travel time distribution (STTD), i.e., the mean lateness factor. Using a well-fitted STTD is a straightforward way to calculate TTRR. However, it will encounter the following challenges: (1) determination of a well-fitted STTD; (2) non-existence of an algebraic expression for the CDF and its inverse CDF; and (3) lack of a closed-form expression to efficiently calculate TTRR. To circumvent the above issues, this paper proposes a distribution-fitting-free analytical approach based on the Cornish-Fisher expansion as an alternative way to calculate TTRR without the need to fit the whole CDF. The validity domain is rigorously derived for guaranteeing the accuracy of the proposed method. Realistic travel time datasets that cover 17 links are used to systematically explore the feature and accuracy of the proposed method in estimating TTRR. The comparative results demonstrate that the proposed method can efficiently and effectively estimate TTRR. When travel time datasets satisfy the validity domain, the proposed method outperforms the distribution fitting method in estimating TTRR.

The Psychological Value of Time

Abstract Much research in the field of public transport takes the approach that ravel time is lost time and values time as the ratio of the marginal utilities of time and money. As such, travel time is considered as a disutility or cost, but a view is emerging that some people actually enjoy travel time in the act of travel itself, and that travel time can be experienced intrinsically as meaningful and pleasurable. Although time can be spent on different activities (e.g., work, leisure, travel), people only have a limited amount of time to spent, (i.e., twenty-four hours per day), and they will allocate time and money budgets dependent on context and motivation. Following the pioneering work of Becker on the allocation of time, it can be postulated that an hour spent on a meaningful activity is more valuable than an hour spent on a less valuable activity. As such, the value of travel time is not only related to hours and money spent but also to the value of time as experienced by the passenger. In this article we present what the impact is when we look at the psychologically experienced time, using two case studies which show the impact on the service quality of a railway operator.

Experimental and numerical analysis of friction stir welded dissimilar copper and bronze plates

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a type of solid-state welding process that involves joining of metals without fusion or filler materials. The frictional heat is produced by a rapid rotating non-consumable high strength tool pin that extends from a cylindrical shoulder. In this paper 6mm, thick copper and bronze plates are friction stir welded at different tool rotational speeds of 800, 1000 and 1200 RPM, with a constant travel speed of 40 mm/min and an axial force of 10 kN. Tests like Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Microhardness is done to identify the metallography studies. The friction stir welding experiments are carried out with the transverse speed of 40 mm/min of the tool. Vickers hardness test, microstructure analysis is performed on the welded material. The ANSYS model analysis is done in FSW process and the various temperature distributions during different travel time values are evaluated. The findings from these investigations are presented and discussed.

Travel Time Prediction: Based on Gated Recurrent Unit Method and Data Fusion

Travel time prediction is the basis for the implementation of advanced traveler information systems and advanced transport management systems in intelligent transportation systems. Many studies have shown that the fusion of multi-source data can achieve higher precision prediction of travel time than the travel time prediction based on single source data. In recent years, with the continuous development of China’s expressways, traffic detectors such as dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and remote transportation microwave sensors (RTMS) have been installed on both sides of the road, which provides a basis for the prediction of travel time by fusing multi-source data. At the same times, the deep learning methods show good performance in prediction. So, this paper uses the deep learning algorithm to realize the travel time prediction based on DSRC data and the RTMS data. First, the travel times are, respectively, extracted based on the DSRC data and the RTMS data. Then, both travel time values are input into the gated recurrent unit (GRU) model to obtain travel time prediction results based on multi-source data. Finally, based on the data of the Jinggangao Highway, the accuracy of the algorithm is verified and compared with the traditional data fusion method. The results show that the GRU model can achieve better accuracy of travel time prediction with data fusion.

Congestion cost analysis of Condongcatur signalized intersection Sleman, D.I. Yogyakarta using PTV. Vissim 9

The congestion cost is one of the most important consideration when congestion happens. One of the most frequent congestion is in the intersection. And one of the intersections in Yogyakarta Special Region is Condongcatur signalized intersection, Sleman. This study aims to analyze the congestion cost of intersection by using PYV. Vissim 9 as a traffic microsimulation model. For the congestion costs, the author uses Tzedzakis, 1998 approach. The results show that in the existing condition, the average delay is 103.72 determining Vehicle Operating Cost (BOK), Existing Speed is 70 km/H for primary road and 60 km /H for secondary road, travel time value is KB : Rp. 4.970, KR: Rp. 1.925, and SM : Rp. 315. Therefore, the total congestion cost is Rp. 5.663.790, -/hour.

Estimating freeway route travel time reliability from data on component links and associated cost implications

ABSTRACTTypically, data on travel time (speed) and traffic volume are collected for relatively short homogenous links of a roadway (e.g. every ½ to 2 miles or 0.8–3.2 km) and not for particular routes from origins to destinations. To accurately estimate a traveller’s trip, there is a need to build information on an entire route from data collected at the link level. Because it can be resource-intensive to define specific routes for the entire network of interest, route reliability performance measures are sometimes estimated using a vehicle-miles of travel (VMT)-weighted average of performance indices from links.In performance measurement, travel time index (TTI) is the ratio of average travel time and free-flow travel time while planning time index (PTI) is the ratio of 95th percentile travel time and free-flow travel time. TTI is considered a mobility measure while PTI reflects system reliability. Using indices based on free-flow (uncongested) travel time, this study finds that the VMT-weighting of link indices to get the corresponding route index gives reasonable results for the travel time index (TTI). However, this approach overestimates the planning time index (PTI). This highlights the statistical insufficiency of estimating route PTI values from link PTI values weighted by VMT. It points to the subsequent need to incorporate factors for dispersion and skewness characteristics of travel time distributions on constituent links. This paper introduces a promising method to estimate freeway route reliability considering these dispersion and skewness properties.For statewide Virginia Interstates considered here, economic analyses based on the value of travel time demonstrate that incorrect travel time reliability estimates result in upwards of 200% higher user costs. Researchers anticipate that the information documented in this paper will be useful for those conducting performance monitoring activities to estimate route reliability with limited resources when only link data are available.

Integrating non-colocated well and geophysical data to capture subsurface heterogeneity at an aquifer recharge and recovery site

Geophysical data have proven to be very useful for lithological characterization. However, quantitatively integrating the information gained from acquiring geophysical data generally requires colocated lithological and geophysical data for constructing a rock-physics relationship. In this contribution, the issue of integrating noncolocated geophysical and lithological data is addressed, and the results are applied to simulate groundwater flow in a heterogeneous aquifer in the Prairie Waters Project North Campus aquifer recharge site, Colorado. Two methods of constructing a rock-physics transform between electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data and lithology measurements are assessed. In the first approach, a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is used to fit a bimodal lognormal distribution to horizontal crosssections of the ERT resistivity histogram. In the second approach, a spatial bootstrap is applied to approximate the rock-physics relationship. The rock-physics transforms provide soft data for multiple point statistics (MPS) simulations. Subsurface models are used to run groundwater flow and tracer test simulations. Each model's uncalibrated, predicted breakthrough time is evaluated based on its agreement with measured subsurface travel time values from infiltration basins to selected groundwater recovery wells. We find that incorporating geophysical information into uncalibrated flow models reduces the difference with observed values, as compared to flow models without geophysical information incorporated. The integration of geophysical data also narrows the variance of predicted tracer breakthrough times substantially. Accuracy is highest and variance is lowest in breakthrough predictions generated by the MLE-based rock-physics transform. Calibrating the ensemble of geophysically constrained models would help produce a suite of realistic flow models for predictive purposes at the site. We find that the success of breakthrough predictions is highly sensitive to the definition of the rock-physics transform; it is therefore important to model this transfer function accurately.