Value Of Travel Time Research Articles

Users’ Perception of Value of Travel Time and Value of Ridesharing Impacts on Europeans’ Ridesharing Participation Intention: A Case Study Based on MoTiV European-Wide Mobility and Behavioral Pattern Dataset

Ridesharing as a form of mobility service increased significantly and has become a popular concept in recent years among users, mobility authorities, and transport service providers. This research focused on exploring an emerging view of value of travel time (VTT) from the traveler’s perspective, based on the stated travel time worthwhileness, preferences and motivations on their intention towards participation in ridesharing to evaluate individual’s perception of VTT and perceived value of ridesharing (VRS) impacts on intentions to participate in car sharing for their daily commuting using multinomial logit (MNL) model. This is particularly relevant today, as peer-to-peer mobility services are on the one hand shaping and redefining the value of technologies, and services, and on the other hand introducing new actors in the mobility eco-system. This study describes a survey of 278 people in 4 European countries: Finland, Portugal, Spain, and Slovakia as part of the “Mobility and Time Value” (MoTiV) H2020 project EU-wide data collection. In short, the empirical analysis indicates the high significance of enjoyment in terms of travel time worthwhileness on ridesharing adoption for commuting trips. Results also revealed economic benefit and enjoyment of being social as major motivators for participation in ridesharing. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for urban and transport planners, policy makers, and authorities to implement in shared mobility planning and to prepare transport policies which are tailored to individuals’ ridesharing needs and travel preferences and count also on travel happiness factors to better reflect the traveler’s personal ambitions. Suggestions for future research on shared mobility planning are outlined in conclusion.

How do passengers allocate and evaluate their travel time? Evidence from a survey on the Shanghai–Nanjing high speed rail corridor, China

Although previous studies have demonstrated that travel time is not wasted, only a limited number of studies have conducted an in-depth investigation of how passengers allocate their travel time and what factors will impact their subjective valuation of travel time (SVTT). Investigating such questions will uncover some of the possible economic, social, technological and behavioral reasons that influence SVTT. Using a survey of 822 passengers traveling along the Shanghai-Nanjing high speed rail (HSR) corridor in 2016, this study examines passengers' allocation of their travel time, and explores the determinants of SVTT for business and non-business travelers, respectively. Empirical results indicate that around half of the respondents spend the longest amount of travel time on ICT discretionary activities, but there are some differences across trip purpose. Ordered logit models suggest that SVTT is determined by a range of factors, which are classified into travel time allocation, HSR environment, travel attributes, and socio-demographic characteristics. However, the specific factors associated with SVTT are somewhat different between business and non-business trips. The findings of this study provide a better understanding of the perceived value of travel time in a supportive travel environment and in a typical e-society of a developing country, and offer implications for more comprehensively exploring determinants of SVTT in the future.

Estimation of the value of travel time and of travel time reliability for heterogeneous drivers in a road network

Travel time reliability has been recognized as an important factor in cost–benefit analysis in a transportation network. To estimate the benefit and cost of travel time reliability, several network models have been proposed to estimate the monetary values both of travel time and of travel time reliability based on the driver’s route choice behavior. In this study, we propose a network model that addresses monetary values that are specific to each origin–destination pair in a road network. The proposed model is formulated as a utility maximization problem with constraints in a manner similar to studies that address the value of travel time only. The proposed model has the same equilibrium conditions as a multiclass user equilibrium traffic assignment problem with elastic demand in which the risk-averse driver’s route choice behavior is explicitly considered. By accounting for data availability, we propose a parameter estimation method based on the maximum likelihood method with two alternative approaches; namely link flow-based and route flow-based approaches. However, the two proposed methods require link flow data only. Numerical experiments are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the two proposed methods together with some insightful findings.

Integrated planning of static and dynamic charging infrastructure for electric vehicles

This paper investigates the optimal deployment of static and dynamic charging infrastructure considering the interdependency between transportation and power networks. Static infrastructure means plug-in charging stations, while the dynamic counterpart refers to electrified roads or charging lanes enabled by charging-while-driving technology. A network equilibrium model is first developed to capture the interactions among battery electric vehicles’ (BEVs) route choices, charging plans, and the prices of electricity. A mixed-integer bi-level program is then formulated to determine the deployment plan of charging infrastructure to minimize the total social cost of the coupled networks. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate travel and charging plans of BEV drivers and the competitiveness of static and dynamic charging infrastructure. The numerical results on three networks suggest that (1) for individual BEV drivers, the choice between using charging lanes and charging stations is more sensitive to parameters including value of travel time, service fee markup, and battery size, but less sensitive to the charging rates and travel demand; (2) deploying more charging lanes is favorable for transportation networks with sparser topology while more charging stations can be more preferable for those denser networks.

Will autonomous vehicles change auto commuters’ value of travel time?

This paper examines the potential impact of autonomous vehicles on commuters’ value of travel time (VOTT). In particular, we focus on the effect on auto commuters in small and medium-sized metropolitan areas, concerning the spatial variability across urban areas, suburbs, and rural areas. We design a stated choice experiment to elicit potential changes in 1,881 auto commuters’ valuation of travel time in autonomous vehicles and apply a mixed logit model to quantify the changes in the value of travel time if taking autonomous vehicles. The results of this study suggest that the effect of autonomous vehicles on the VOTT is spatially differentiated. We find that riding in a private autonomous vehicle reduces the commuting VOTT of suburban, urban, and rural drivers by 32%, 24%, and 18%, respectively, compared to 14%, 13%, and 8% for riding in a shared autonomous vehicle. Finally, we discuss the implications of these lower values of time on transportation and land use planning.

A critical appraisal of the use of simple time-money trade-offs for appraisal value of travel time measures

Stated choice surveys have established themselves as the preferred approach for value of travel time elicitation with the help of choice models. However, major differences exist in the approach used across regions and contexts. In Europe (particularly Northern Europe), value of travel time is often estimated in large national studies, which continue to rely extensively on simple time-money trade-offs. On the other hand, studies in Australia and South America in particular tend to have a more local focus and follow the notion that more complex setups are preferable. The European studies however are also those where the results are actually used in cost–benefit analysis and data from European studies have formed a testbed for many advanced model specifications. The present paper aims to provide a critical appraisal of the use of simple time-money trade-offs, drawing from our experience in recent European studies. We highlight a number of issues, in terms of differences in valuations across formats as well as a lack of clarity on how respondents actually interpret travel time in these simple time-money trade-offs.

Comparing values of travel time obtained from workplace and short-term decisions

The value of travel time is an important element in cost-benefit analysis of transportation projects, by encapsulating the willingness to pay of the population for improvements in the transport system. Those values are typically obtained from mobility behavior data from revealed or stated preference surveys. Although short-term decisions are typically used for this purpose, a growing number of authors is arguing that long-term decisions might provide more meaningful values for the evaluation of transportation projects, as those decisions have a longer-lasting effect on the experienced travel times. This paper uses data which contains both short- and long-term experiments to investigate the impact of different time horizons on the valuation of time. Using a joint model including all short term, together with workplace choice situations, the differences in the valuation of time coming from different kinds of experiments are investigated. The results reveal difficulties to isolate the willingness to pay from other aspects of monetary compensation, such as income as a status or career progression symbol. The results confirm that the chosen time horizon has a significant effect on the valuation of travel time and cost. The richer data, compared to previous attempts at such an estimation, does reveal, however, potential pitfalls in the underlying theory, namely that there is a perfect substitution between travel costs and income. In particular, focusing on salary neutral situations instead of situations with salary gains changes the direction of the effect of long term decisions. Recommendations are derived for forthcoming studies.

Ticket Price Sensitivity of Airport Rail Link—a Case Study of Changsha Maglev Express

There is difference between airport rail link and urban rail transit in service tenet and service object. Urban rail transit serves mostly for urban residents, to meet their needs of commuting and daily life, while the chief target passengers of airport rail link consist of air passengers whose trip purposes are connecting flights from or to the city. The travel time value and price sensitivity of passengers who take the airport rail link are quite different from those who take the urban rail transit.Changsha Maglev Express Line, opened in May of 2016, is an airport link rail applying the technology of urban maglev transportation. Before the opening of commercial operation, the authors conducted a sample survey on passengers and staffs at Changsha Huanghua International Airport, to get information of the willingness of the target passenger’s ridership and acceptable fares of the rail. Passenger’s price sensitivity of Changsha Maglev Express is calculated, and the price deciding work of Changsha Maglev Express is contributed. The paper could provide some useful reference to the study of pricing and incomes on other airport link rails.

НОВИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ПРОПУСКНОЇ ЗДАТНОСТІ НЕРЕГУЛЬОВАНИХ ПЕРЕХРЕСТЬ

Предметом вивчення в статті є новий підхід визначення параметрів руху транспортних засобів і осості визначення пропускної здатності (ПС) нерегульованих перехресть різного типу. Метою є розробка способу визначення ПС міських нерегульованих перетинів, який дозволяє отримати і Дольний комплекс критеріальних оцінок якості функціонування таких перехресть. Завдання дослідження: аналіз су-суспільством і розробка нових підходів, методів і алгоритмів визначення ПС нерегульованих перехресть, які враховують у новій пропозиції позитивних якостей відомих рішень; розширення функціональних віз-можностей відомих рішень для отримання широкого комплексу критеріїв оцінки якості функціонування перехресть; пропозиція і розробка такого способу, який відповідав би вимогам універсальної адаптивної системи, що дозволяє ефективно в динаміці реагувати на всілякі зміни умов руху транс-кравців потоків (ТП) на перехресті. Отримані наступні результати. Розкрито деякі особливості сучас-менной організації моніторингу ТП на локальних об'єктах, а також проаналізовано їх основні переваги та недоліки. Представлений новий підхід визначення ПС нерегульованих перехресть в умовах динамічного изме-нения параметрів руху ТП і адаптивного реагування системи на дорожню ситуацію. Показано особливості реалізації алгоритмів визначення ПС для різного типу перетинів. Висновки. Запропонована технологія изме ренію комплексу параметрів руху ТП одночасно позволяє здійснювати оцінку якості функціонування нерегульованих перетинів за критерієм ПС і в динаміці контролювати цей параметр. Визначення ПС таким способом з високой частотою сканування і за реальними значеннями часу роз'їзду на перехресті різних типів транспортних засобів, дає можливість істотно підвищити точність вимірювання кінцевих параметрів. Пропозиція і розробка способу визначення ПС нерегульованих перехресть за такою технологією відповідає вимогам універсальних адаптивних систем, які еффективно в динаміці реагують на всілякі зміни умов руху ТП на перехресті і УДС міста

The Determinants behind the Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles: A Systematic Review

Excessive dependence on autonomous vehicles (AVs) may exacerbate traffic congestion and increase exhaust emissions in the future. The diffusion of AVs may be significantly affected by the public’s acceptance. A few factors that may affect people’s acceptance of AVs have been researched in the existing studies, one-third of which cited behavioral theories, while the rest did not. A total of seven factors with behavior theories are screened out that significantly affect the acceptance intention, including perceived ease of use, attitude, social norm, trust, perceived usefulness, perceived risk, and compatibility. Six factors without behavior theories are summed up that affect AV acceptance, namely safety, performance-to-price value, mobility, value of travel time, symbolic value, and environmentally friendly. We found that people in Europe and Asia have substantial differences in attitudes toward AVs and that safety is one of the most concerned factors of AVs by scholars and respondents. Public acceptance of the different types of AVs and consumers’ dynamic preferences for AVs are highlighted in the review too. The quality of literature is systematically assessed based on previously established instruments and tailored for the current review. The results of the assessment show potential opportunities for future research, such as the citation of behavior theories and access to longitudinal data. Additionally, the experimental methods and the utilization of mathematical and theoretical methods could be optimized.

Bus headway optimization with consumer surplus as a measure of societal benefit

ABSTRACT This paper derives the square root bus dispatch optimization developed by Newell from consumer surplus rather than the original cost minimization function. We then extend the model to consider dispatch-variant demand and outline its property relative to the original model by Newell. Demand elasticity is introduced via a multinomial logit mode choice model. Results are tested for City of Edmonton mode choice and ridership. The sensitivity of the function to wait time cost and passenger demand is tested. For the observed passenger demand and value of travel time, our analysis suggests there is a portion of riders who are captive and will suffer increasing wait time costs, but many passengers will make the choice to utilize other modes of travel when faced with increasing bus headways.

Toll-managed lanes: A simplified benefit-cost analysis of seven US projects

Toll managed lanes are expressway lanes where tolls are used—often in combination with preferred access for high occupancy vehicles and other special traffic management techniques—to improve the highway's capacity, speed or reliability. Such lanes have become popular with transportation policymakers as a way of maintaining free-flowing traffic on certain sections of the highway while also, in some cases, financing the construction of new lanes in congested urban areas. This study examines whether toll-managed lanes are as beneficial as they are popular. The heart of the analysis is the application of a simplified social benefit-cost analysis (BCA) to seven projects. In brief, our results paint a complicated picture of toll-managed lane efficacy. Only two of the seven projects have benefit-cost (B/C) ratios above 1.0 using our base case assumptions about the value of travel time saved and the discount rate, although three others approach or exceed 1.0 with more optimistic but plausible assumptions. The most successful generate not only a significant savings of around 4–5 min per trip for motorists who switch to the managed lane but also smaller per-trip savings for the large majority of motorists who continue to use the general-purpose lanes. It is important to acknowledge, however, that these calculations depend upon some uncertain assumptions about the value of travel time savings and improved reliability.

On the impact of vehicle automation on the value of travel time while performing work and leisure activities in a car: Theoretical insights and results from a stated preference survey – A comment

On the impact of vehicle automation on the value of travel time while performing work and leisure activities in a car: Theoretical insights and results from a stated preference survey – A comment

Traffic management for MRT construction phase II bundaran HI – kota

MRT Construction Phase II, which is planned to be carried out in 2020, will cross Sarina, Harmoni, Glodok, Sawah Besar, Mangga Besar, and Kota Stations. The impact of this project during construction makes the road narrowing and causes longer queue length and delay of Harmoni Intersection, and vehicle travel time passes the site of construction. This research aims to determine traffic management and modeling using VISSIM, Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI) 1997, and Indonesian Highway Capacity Guidance (PKJI) 2014 on Harmony Central. The value of queue length, delay, and travel time obtained from the existing condition will be used to estimate the traffic performance during construction. The increased queue length, delay, and travel time along the construction site will cause congestion to the previous intersection. The diversion plan needs to be done before the vehicle meets the busway flow that will be diverted caused by the relocation of the terminal to reduce the density of vehicles going into the Signalized Intersection Harmoni.

DESIGN RELAYOUT COMPANY WITH WEIGHTED DISTANCE METHOD FOR MINIMIZE OF TRAVEL TIME

PT IJS is a company engaged in logistics services in the Perak area of ​​Surabaya. PT IJS was founded in 1984 when the need for container depots was urgently needed around the Tanjung Tanjung port area to unravel the shipping queues and shorten licensing. One of the services provided by PT IJS is bounded warehouse rental services. Bounded warehouse owned by PT IJS is currently not able to provide maximum service because there are still many late deliveries which do not result in the sending of goods to the port and there is a closing time that is detrimental to the customer. The length of the delivery process is due to several factors, one of which is a less effective company layout. Travel time is the time required for a vehicle to carry out goods loading activities at PT. IJS from arrival to exit company. Based on travel time calculations when using the initial layout, the travel time value of T = 2002 seconds. The weighted-distance method is a mathematical model used to evaluate the layout based on proximity factors. The design of the relayout design using the weighted-distance method produces alternative layouts that produce shorter travel time calculations, alternative layout with T = 1849 seconds.

Desain Relayout Gudang dengan Metode Weighted Distance untuk Meminimasi Travel Time

PT IJS is a company engaged in logistics services in the Perak area of ​​Surabaya. PT IJS was founded in 1984 when the need for container depots was urgently needed around the Tanjung Tanjung port area to unravel the shipping queues and shorten licensing. One of the services provided by PT IJS is bounded warehouse rental services. Bounded warehouse owned by PT IJS is currently not able to provide maximum service because there are still many late deliveries which do not result in the sending of goods to the port and there is a closing time that is detrimental to the customer. The length of the delivery process is due to several factors, one of which is a less effective company layout. Travel time is the time required for a vehicle to carry out goods loading activities at PT. IJS from arrival to exit company. Based on travel time calculations when using the initial layout, the travel time value of T = 2002 seconds. The weighted-distance method is a mathematical model used to evaluate the layout based on proximity factors. The design of the relayout design using the weighted-distance method produces alternative layouts that produce shorter travel time calculations, alternative layout with T = 1849 seconds

Trade-off between environmental benefits and time costs for public bicycles: An empirical analysis using streaming data in China.

In recent years, bicycle sharing has become more popular in cities and towns around the world. Public bicycles are one of the important forms of bicycle sharing. The use of public bicycles instead of motor vehicles has brought about changes in environmental benefits for the society, and at the same time, it has also changed the travel time of residents. Because these changes are potential and cannot be measured directly, we put forward the calculation methods of environmental benefits and time costs of public bicycles according to the concept of opportunity cost. Taking Hohhot, the capital city of Inner Mongolia, as an example, according to the streaming data of 9.76×106 valid orders of public bicycle trips in 2016, we found that the use of public bicycles could reduce consumption of standard coal by as much as 5,796.11 tons (accounting 0.16‱ of the total coal consumption in Inner Mongolia) and carbon emissions were reduced by 4,381.28 tons (accounting 0.30‱ of the total carbon emissions in Inner Mongolia). However, the promotion of public bicycles is not without disadvantages. The use of public bicycles has increased the average travel time of residents by 0.06 hours, which is neglected in previous studies. The contribution of public bicycles to saving 1kg standard coal corresponds to 0.10 hours of travel time waste. Thus, reducing 1kg of carbon emissions is corresponding to a waste of 0.14 hours of travel time. The use of public bicycles varies among different income groups, which is caused by the value of travel time. Low-income groups use more frequently than high-income groups. Generally speaking, low-income groups bring more environmental benefits to society through the use of public bicycles, but bear more time costs. Therefore, we propose a carbon tax on high-carbon transportation modes to encourage green travel and balance the environmental benefits and time costs of public bicycles.

Estimation of travel time distributions for urban roads using GPS trajectories of vehicles: a case of Athens, Greece

Investigating travel time distribution and associated variability is important for a variety of transport planning, traffic management, and control projects. Studies that investigated travel time distribution tend to be limited to explore changes in characteristics of distribution with respect to space and time of day. Given the availability of big dataset that contains seven different types of vehicle trajectories in the city of Athens for around 56,000 trips which are traversing on more than 1.8 million road links, this study presents the detailed investigation of travel time distribution in different spatiotemporal settings. The study considered four different types of urban roads and six time intervals along with consideration of weekdays and weekends. The empirical investigation employed Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests to fit travel time data into seven unimodal statistical distributions that are found in the literature to describe travel time distribution. It is found that lognormal distribution outperformed other distribution, and all of the considered categories of travel time data are well-fitted to this distribution. Additionally, parameters of lognormal distribution for different categories of travel time data are not significantly different from each other, which led to the conclusion that travel time distribution is roughly independent of space and time, which is in agreement with a few earlier studies that are limited in their scope especially in relation with availability of data. With this important finding, this study estimate values of travel time variability for different classes of individuals employing a standard approach that requires time of day independent standardized distribution of travel time. It is estimated that for Athens population value of travel time variability is approximately half of the value of travel time. This is useful to carry out cost-benefit analyses for mobility-related projects in Athens, Greece.

Why do (or don’t) people carpool for long distance trips? A discrete choice experiment in France

Abstract Long-distance carpooling is an emerging mode in France and Europe, but little is known about monetary values of this mode attributes in transport economics. We conducted a discrete choice experiment to identify and measure the values of attributes of long-distance transport modes for a trip as a driver and as a passenger, with a special focus on carpooling. Around 1.700 French individuals have been surveyed. We use discrete mixed logit models to estimate the probability of mode choice. We find that the value of travel time for a driver who carpools is on average 13% higher than the value of travel time when driving alone in his/her car. The average value of travel time for a carpool trip as passenger is around 26 euros per hour, 60% higher than for a train trip and 20% higher than for a bus trip. Moreover, our study confirms a strong preference for driving solo over taking carpoolers in one’s car. We also show that individuals traveling as carpool passenger incur a “discomfort” cost of on average 4.5 euros per extra passenger in the same vehicle. Finally, we identify robust socio-economic effects affecting the probability of carpooling, especially gender effects. When they drive a car, females are less likely to carpool than male, but they prefer to carpool two passengers over only one passenger.

Regulating Ride-sourcing Services with Product Differentiation and Congestion Externality

This paper proposes a model of the ridesourcing market in presence of traffic congestion and with the provision of both solo and pooling services. Our analysis of the first-best solution shows that, under a highly congested scenario, the ridesourcing platform may enjoy non-negative profits. However, when congestion is low, the ridesourcing market must be subsidized due to low marginal costs of operation. This mirrors previous findings in the traditional taxi literature. We also demonstrate that a commission cap on the solo service combined with a congestion toll (however small) on ridesourcing vehicles can induce any desired, sustainable equilibrium under the assumption of homogeneous value of travel time and sufficient supply of homogeneous drivers. Furthermore, numerical experiments suggest that the most important problem that a regulator should address when faced with a monopoly may not be that of congestion but rather that of market power. Indeed, when congestion is high, similar to previous findings in the literature, decisions by the monopolist tend to mirror that of the regulator. This is because customers on the platform must also bear the congestion cost, which hurts the platform’s revenues. Additionally, numerical examples reveal that, even when accounting for heterogeneity in the value of travel time, the commission cap is able to achieve the second-best–whether combined with a toll or not. This confirms the effectiveness of the commission cap strategy illustrated in previous literature and provides decision makers with a simple, non-intrusive mechanism for regulating the market.