Value Of Time Delay Research Articles

Framework to estimate the Benefit–Cost Ratio of establishing minimum pavement friction levels for roadway networks

ABSTRACT Low values of pavement friction increase crash rates. Some agencies such as FHWA and AASHTO have provided guidelines for the management of pavement friction, including the definition of minimum friction thresholds for roadway networks. Additionally, FHWA lists the Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) as one of the methodologies that can assist decision makers in the definition of these thresholds. However, there are limited studies that quantified the BCR of establishing minimum friction thresholds. The objective of this paper is to fill this research gap by providing a methodology to quantify the BCR of establishing minimum friction thresholds for roadway networks. Benefits are estimated in terms of the monetary value of crash reductions. Costs are estimated by considering: a) the cost for treating pavement sections, b) the monetary value of travel time delays, and c) the monetary value of road safety risks associated with work zones. The proposed framework was applied to a roadway network of 993 highway sections in Texas. The analysis was performed for Interstate Highways, Urban Freeways, and Arterials and Collectors. The proposed methodology can provide transportation agencies with an analytical tool to effectively estimate the BCR of maintenance policies intended to establish a minimum SN for a roadway network.

Justification of the possibility of car tires recycling as part of coal-water composites

The results of experimental studies of ignition processes of multi-component fuel droplets based on coal, water and synthetic oil (synthetic-oil (SO)): water/coal/synthesis-oil (WCF-Oil) are presented. The liquid fuel component (SO) of the fuel is obtained by steam gasification of crushed rubber of used car tires. Integral characteristics of the ignition process of three-component fuel particles under high-temperature heating conditions were established during experimental studies.High prospects of tires utilization unsuitable for further use by pyrolysis and combustion of thermal decomposition products in the composition of coal-water fuel are shown. It was found that addition of liquid rubber pyrolysis products to the structure of coal-water slurry leads to a significant acceleration of the ignition processes. A detailed analysis of the video footage showed that ignition process of fuel particles proceeds, as a rule, in several stages. In this case, ignition occurs in the gas phase.New (significantly different from the known) mathematical model of the ignition process of significantly inhomogeneous multicomponent fuel has been formulated based on the results of experiments. The model describes the processes of heat and mass transfer that occur together under conditions of intensive phase and thermochemical transformations in a small neighborhood and in the pore structure of the fuel particle. The mathematical model was verified by a comparative analysis of the results of numerical modeling with experiment. A good correspondence between the theoretical and experimental values of the ignition delay times of fuel particles has been established.

Cluster synchronization and firing rate oscillation induced by time delay in random network of adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire neural system

Both time delay and coupling form are the most important factors in neural networks. The properties of firing rate oscillation and cluster synchronization induced by time delay are studied in random network of different coupling neurons. In previous work, the firing rate oscillation of cortical network was observed at the presence of three factors (time delay, weak sinusoidal signal, and noise). Here, we found that the firing rate oscillation can be induced only by the time delay, and the spike train can be propagated at a certain interval time, which is consistent with the value of delay time. Furthermore, the phenomenon of cluster synchronization occurs in random network, which may originates from network structure, and this connection between the neurons trigger spikes within a time-restricted window, resulting in cluster synchronization between corresponding neurons. These numerical results provide a potential theoretical basis for certain pathological brain rhythms associated with epileptic seizures.

The analysis of a time delay fractional COVID-19 model via Caputo type fractional derivative.

Novel coronavirus (COVID‐19), a global threat whose source is not correctly yet known, was firstly recognised in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Now, this disease has been spread out to many countries in all over the world. In this paper, we solved a time delay fractional COVID‐19 SEIR epidemic model via Caputo fractional derivatives using a predictor–corrector method. We provided numerical simulations to show the nature of the diseases for different classes. We derived existence of unique global solutions to the given time delay fractional differential equations (DFDEs) under a mild Lipschitz condition using properties of a weighted norm, Mittag–Leffler functions and the Banach fixed point theorem. For the graphical simulations, we used real numerical data based on a case study of Wuhan, China, to show the nature of the projected model with respect to time variable. We performed various plots for different values of time delay and fractional order. We observed that the proposed scheme is highly emphatic and easy to implementation for the system of DFDEs.

PERENCANAAN LAJUR KHUSUS SEPEDA MOTOR PADA RUANG HENTI KHUSUS TERHADAP TINGKAT PELAYANAN SIMPANG BERSINYAL JAMBO TAPE

Special Stopping Space(RHK) is one of the facilities for motorcycles to stop at intersections during the red phase. RHK functions to separate motorbikes from other vehicles and is expected to reduce the obstacles that come from motorbikes. This Special Stop Room has been tested on a limited scale to support motorbike movement at signaled intersections in major cities in Indonesia. So far RHK at the Jambo Tape intersection has not been optimally functioning because there are still many motorcycle that cannot enter RHK. Therefore, this study aims to determine the level of service on Jambo Tape Intersection. The research was carried out using the simulation method using VISSIM software. The advantage of VISSIM is that it can model simulations in the form of video and get the value of the queue length and the value of time delay just by inputting the data of vehicles passing through the intersection. Traffic volume data is taken on Monday and Wednesday with direct observations in the field. RHK is considered unable to function optimally because there are still many motorbikes that cannot enter RHK. The closure of access (RHK) by four-wheeled vehicles is one of the reasons. Therefore, this study aims to plan the dimensions of motorcycle lanes in Special Stop Space (RHK), and analyze the effect of the level of crossing services using VISSIM software simulation . The advantage of VISSIM is that it can model simulations in the form of video and get the value of the queue length and the value of time delay just by inputting the data of vehicles passing through the intersection. In this study, a survey was conducted to obtain traffic volume, local and geometric velocity. The highest length of the Queue is at arm C, which is on T. Hasan Dek road at 163.36 m. The highest vehicle average delay is 132.119 seconds, the service level category F is greater than 80 seconds. By applying a special route to RHK, the highest volume occurred on Jalan T. Nyak Arief with the existing volume on the T. Nyak Arief road arm at 437 to 520 two-wheeled vehicles / Hour on RHK conditions using motorcycle lanes.

Experiment and Analysis of Active Vibration Suppression via an Absorber with a Tunable Delay

A time-delayed absorber is utilized to suppress the vibration of a primary system excited by a simple harmonic force. The inherent and intentional time delays in the feedback control loop are taken into consideration. The value of the former is fixed, while the value of the latter is tunable in the controller. To begin with, the mechanical model of the system is established and the acceleration transfer functions of the system are derived. Consequently, the stability analysis of the coupled system is carried out. Finally, the experimental studies on the performance of the time-delayed absorber are conducted. Both experimental and theoretical results show that the time-delayed absorber with proper values of feedback gain coefficient and intentional time delay greatly suppresses the vibration of the primary system. The numerical results validate the correctness of the experimental and theoretical ones.

Bifurcation analysis of a fractional-order SIQR model with double time delays

In this paper, a fractional-order delayed SIQR model with nonlinear incidence rate is investigated. Two time delays are incorporated in the model to describe the incubation period and the time caused by the healing cycle. By analyzing the associated characteristic equations, the stability of the endemic equilibrium and the existence of Hopf bifurcation are obtained in three different cases. Besides, the critical values of time delays at which a Hopf bifurcation occurs are obtained, and the influence of the fractional order on the dynamics behavior of the system is also investigated. Numerically, it has been shown that when the endemic equilibrium is locally stable, the convergence rate of the system becomes slower with the increase of the fractional order. Besides, our studies also imply that the decline of the fractional order may convert a oscillatory system into a stable one. Furthermore, we find in all these three cases, the bifurcation values are very sensitive to the change of the fractional order, and they decrease with the increase of the order, which means the Hopf bifurcation gradually occurs in advance.

Enhancement of synchronized chaotic state in a delay-coupled complex neuronal network

Synchronized firing of neurons is considered as one of the crucial characteristics for signal transmission and neuronal coding. In this article, spatiotemporal synchronization of coupled chaotic Chialvo maps is studied over a network where the connection topology changes at every time instance with chaotically changing rewiring probability. However, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of time delay in the ensemble behavior of neurons. As it is well known that delay is unavoidable in neuronal system, we introduce a delay parameter in the coupling term. Examining the bifurcation diagrams, we observe interesting changes in the synchronization behavior with the increment of delay. These results are complemented by the linear stability analysis of the synchronized state of the system using master stability function technique. Moreover, effects of time delay on synchronization behavior of the coupled system are investigated by evaluating average synchronization error and synchronization time. We observe non-monotonic variation of synchronization time with respect to coupling strength for non-delayed system, whereas this characteristic does not persist with the increment of delay. It is observed that the synchronized region of the considered model appears as a combination of homogeneous steady state and homogeneous chaotic state for both delayed and non-delayed systems. Our key finding in this study is the enhancement of synchronized chaotic region and consequently reduction of synchronized steady state with the increasing values of time delay in the system. Global stability of the synchronized state is examined by basin stability measure. It is also observed that depending on different values of delay, the system exhibits various spatiotemporal patterns.

Effect of data length on time delay and embedding dimension for calculating the Lyapunov exponent in walking.

The Lyapunov exponent (LyE) is a trending measure for characterizing gait stability. Previous studies have shown that data length has an effect on the resultant LyE, but the origin of why it changes is unknown. This study investigates if data length affects the choice of time delay and embedding dimension when reconstructing the phase space, which is a requirement for calculating the LyE. The effect of three different preprocessing methods on reconstructing the gait attractor was also investigated. Lumbar accelerometer data were collected from 10 healthy subjects walking on a treadmill at their preferred walking speed for 30 min. Our results show that time delay was not sensitive to the amount of data used during calculation. However, the embedding dimension had a minimum data requirement of 200 or 300 gait cycles, depending on the preprocessing method used, to determine the steady-state value of the embedding dimension. This study also found that preprocessing the data using a fixed number of strides or a fixed number of data points had significantly different values for time delay compared to a time series that used a fixed number of normalized gait cycles, which have a fixed number of data points per stride. Thus, comparing LyE values should match the method of calculation using either a fixed number of strides or a fixed number of data points.

A Class of Shock Wave Solution to Singularly Perturbed Nonlinear Time-Delay Evolution Equations

Nonlinear singularly perturbed problem for time-delay evolution equation with two parameters is studied. Using the variables of the multiple scales method, homogeneous equilibrium method, and approximation expansion method from the singularly perturbed theories, the structure of the solution to the time-delay problem with two small parameters is discussed. Under suitable conditions, first, the outer solution to the time-delay initial boundary value problem is given. Second, the multiple scales variables are introduced to obtain the shock wave solution and boundary layer corrective terms for the solution. Then, the stretched variable is applied to get the initial layer correction terms. Finally, using the singularly perturbed theory and the fixed point theorem from functional analysis, the uniform validity of asymptotic expansion solution to the problem is proved. In addition, the proposed method possesses the advantages of being very convenient to use.

PENGARUH PERSENTASE BIODIESEL MINYAK JELANTAH - SOLAR TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK PEMBAKARAN DROPLET

Fossil fuels need to be replaced with alternative energy sources such as household waste, used cooking oil. This research utilizes household waste such as used cooking oil as an alternative fuel. In this research biodiesel used waste cooking oil mixed with diesel with a percentage of 50%: 50%, 60%: 40%, 70%: 30%, 80%: 20%, and 90%: 10%. The mixture of waste cooking oil and diesel biodiesel was then made into a 1 mm droplet grain, then a droplet combustion test was carried out. The test results show that the value of ignition delay time increases with increasing percentage of biodiesel used waste cooking oil. The burning rate value increases with the increase in the percentage of used waste cooking oil biodiesel. The temperature value increases with the increasing percentage of biodiesel used waste cooking oil. The maximum fire height value that can be achieved decreases with increasing percentage of used waste cooking oil biodiesel.

Emergence of time‐asymptotic flocking for a general Cucker–Smale‐type model with distributed time delays

In this paper, we analyze the asymptotic flocking behavior for a Cucker–Smale‐type model with a disturbed delayed coupling, where delays are information processing and reactions of individuals. By constructing a new energy functional combined with L2‐analysis, we obtain the uniform bound of particle velocities, and then by establishing a system of dissipative differential inequalities together with L∞‐analysis, we prove the existence of asymptotic flocking solutions when the maximum value of time delays is sufficiently small.

Estimation of Rate and Time Delay for underground Mumbai Metro Corridor by using Monte Carlo Simulation

Globally the utilization of metros is incredibly common for transportation for convey individuals at one place to a different for convey individuals at one place to a different with ease. Infrastructure os Asian nation project ill-framed for time delay and rate value flooded. Globally there many analysis for estimating cost and time delay with analytical, case study and downside that are the factors inflicting time delay and rate value flooded which are found by using Rankin’s constant techniques, Risk performance technique, Time delay and cost overrun index, CPM & PERTS, Monte’s Carlo Simulation Techniques, Budget dominant and change and Milestone chart etc are such type of methodologies applies to seek out project’s time delay and cost overrun in Infrastructure project. This paper the methodology accustomed ascertain expected time and cost in Mumbai underground metro rail passageway (MUMRP) by victimization application of Monte’s Carlo Simulation Techniques (MCST), during this we have a tendency to use network flow chart for locating out trial and error based mostly to create activities as essential path technique (EPT) by given downside statement and also outcome in terms of results and conclusion.

Robust controller design: Recent emerging concepts for control of mechatronic systems

The recent industrial revolution puts competitive requirements on most manufacturing and mechatronic processes. Some of these are economic driven, but most of them have an intrinsic projection on the loop performance achieved in most of closed loops across the various process layers. It turns out that successful operation in a globalization context can only be ensured by robust tuning of controller parameter as an effective way to deal with continuously changing end-user specs and raw product properties. Still, ease of communication in non-specialised process engineering vocabulary must be ensured at all times and ease of implementation on already existing platforms is preferred. Specifications as settling time, overshoot and robustness have a direct meaning in terms of process output and remain most popular amongst process engineers. An intuitive tuning procedure for robustness is based on linear system tools such as frequency response and bandlimited specifications thereof. Loop shaping remains a mature and easy to use methodology, although its tools such as Hinf remain in the shadow of classical PID control for industrial applications. Recently, next to these popular loop shaping methods, new tools have emerged, i.e. fractional order controller tuning rules. The key feature of the latter group is an intrinsic robustness to variations in the gain, time delay and time constant values, hence ideally suited for loop shaping purpose. In this paper, both methods are sketched and discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. A real life control application used in mechatronic applications illustrates the proposed claims. The results support the claim that fractional order controllers outperform in terms of versatility the Hinf control, without losing the generality of conclusions. The paper pleads towards the use of the emerging tools as they are now ready for broader use, while providing the reader with a good perspective of their potential.

Influence of human operator on stability of haptic rendering: a closed-form equation

In this paper an analytical stability criterion for linear haptic devices is determined, in the presence of the operator. The model of the haptic device and the virtual environment are assumed as mass-damper and spring-damper, respectively. Two different models for operator’s hand are assumed, and the stability boundaries are derived analytically. The main contribution of this paper is the analytical formulation of a closed-form stability equation in the presence of the operator; which can predict the stability boundary with small and even large values of virtual damping and time delay. This closed-form stability criterion can be useful in applications such as haptic rendering of deformable objects using finite element method, where the computational time delay is considerable. The influence of operator’s hand and effective mass on the stability is studied analytically and verified by simulations and experiments on a KUKA Light Weight Robot.

A Mathematical Model For The Study Of Diabetes Mellitus

This paper focuses on a latest approach to study the diabetes mellitus. A new mathematical model of all glucose-insulin interactions is proposed by the incorporation of time delay. Then the mathematical model is formulated, and after that the analysis of the model is discussed. In order to confirm the theoretical results, we carried out the numerical simulations. Computer simulations are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed work. Also, the behaviour of proposed mathematical model for different values of time delay will be shown.

Vibration control of nonlinear vibration of suspended cables based on quadratic delayed resonator

Based on Galerkin method and multiple scales method, the first-order symmetric mode responses the suspension cable under longitudinal time-delayed velocity feedback control are obtained. The influence of system parameters, such as time delay, control gain and excitation amplitude on the controlled system, is investigated by the numerical examples. According to the feedback gain increasing, the amplitude of the system response is significantly suppressed. And the efficiency of vibration control can be improved by selecting control gain and the time-delay value.

High accuracy on H0 constraints from gravitational wave lensing events

In light of the newly opened and rapidly growing gravitational waves window in multi-messenger astronomy, in order to fully take advantage of the new opportunities we are provided with, new ideas are required for a better and deeper employ of the state-of-the-art probes we handle. Following this goal, here we suggest a method to constrain the cosmological background, and the Hubble constant in particular, by future observations of gravitationally lensed radiation emitted by a single source in both the gravitational wave and the electromagnetic regimes. The lensing of the gravitational wave radiation, in fact, can leave a clear imprinting in the corresponding waveform, and we want to analyze if such kind of measurements can be successfully employed to better constrain the cosmological background. Thus, by making use of wave optics for the gravitational wave lensed signal, and of standard geometrical optics approximation for the electromagnetic one, we study the impact of different cosmological parameters on the value of the arrival time delay due to gravitational lensing, given specific gravitational wave frequencies, mass models of the lens, and redshifts and positions (with respect to the lens) of the source. Although the rate of lensing of gravitational waves is expected to be low, we show that even one single lensing event, combined with a prior on $\Omega_m$ from \textit{Planck}, could provide us with an uncertainty on $H_0$ comparable with present independent probes in a "pessimistic" scenario (with a pulsar population similar to present Pulsar Timing Array state), and of two orders smaller in an optimistic one (with a number of observed pulsars as large as that expected from the Square Kilometer Array). Thus, its role in the solution of the Hubble tension could be decisive.

Ignition of Coal-Water Fuel with the Addition of the Liquid Fraction of Rubber Pyrolysis Products

The results of experimental studies of the ignition process of droplets of multicomponent coal-water suspensions based on long flame coal with the addition of liquid pyrolysis products of rubber waste are presented. The heating, ignition and combustion processes were observed using a high-speed video camera (up to 3600 frames per second), which provides highly reliable results. The experiments were performed in an oxidizing environment (still air) heated to high temperatures (873–1273 K). It was found that the value of the stable ignition delay time of droplets decreases by 21–54 % under conditions corresponding to the combustion chambers (temperature 1273 K) and with the mass concentration of the liquid combustible component at 3–8 %.

Speed control of DC motor based on wireless networked control system with time delay and saturation parameters

The integration of a wireless network in a closed-loop control system can provide several benefits such as flexibility, installation, and maintenance. However, the presence of time delay in the network system can reduce the control performance. On the other hand, control signal saturation is also the problem that must be overcome in designing a controller. This study aims to design a DC motor speed control by integrating wireless network in its closed-loop system. This concept is known as the Wireless Networked Control System (WNCS). The network parameter used in this study is focused on the time delay. In the controller side, we use a saturation parameter which usually occurs due to limitations of the input signal. The PI-AW controller is used due to having the ability to overcome the saturation of the control signal. The simulation results show that the PI-AW controller can produce the best responses if compared with PI linear and PI saturated with settling time under 1.5 seconds and overshoot less than 8% for three constant values of time delay. The control signal generated also does not exceed the maximum limit of 12 V.