Value Of Autonomy Research Articles

Mental Health Patients' Expectations about the Non-Medical Care They Receive in Primary Care: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.

A health system’s responsiveness is the result of patient expectations for the non-medical care they receive. The objective of this study was to assess mental patients’ responsiveness to the health system in primary care, as related to the domains of dignity, autonomy, confidentiality, and communication. Data were collected from 215 people over the age of 18 with mental disorders, using the Multi-Country Survey Study (MCSS) developed by the World Health Organization. Of them, 95% reported a good experience regarding the dignity, confidentiality, communication, and autonomy domains. Regarding responsiveness, patients valued the dignity domain as the most important one (25.1%). Among the patients who experienced poor confidentiality, five out of seven earned less than 900 euros per month (Χ2 = 10.8, p = 0.004). Among those who experienced good autonomy, 85 out of 156 belonged to the working social class (90.4%), and among those who valued it as poor (16.1%), the highest proportion was for middle class people (Χ2 = 13.1, p = 0.028). The two students and 87.5% of retirees experienced this dimension as good, and most patients who valued it as poor were unemployed (43.5%) (Χ2 = 13.0, p = 0.011). Patients with a household income higher than 900 euros more frequently valued responsiveness as good, regarding those domains related to communication, with OR = 3.84, 95% CI = 1.05–14.09, and confidentiality, with OR = 10.48, 95% CI = 1.94–56.59. To conclude, as regards responsiveness in primary care, the dignity domain always obtained the best scores by people with mental disorders. Low economic income is related to a poor assessment of confidentiality. Working class patients, students, and retirees value autonomy as good.

A study about social values and psychological well-being in young people: implications for educational social work

ABSTRACT Education represents one of the pillars of well-being in any state or society. In turn, educational social work is a profession that intervenes in people’s psychosocial relationships and, in particular, plans different social programs that try to apply successful itineraries in young school children. Social workers acting in the field of education should know what social values interact in young people and the differences that exist based on their sex and age. To this end, an investigation is presented that aims to analyze the psychological well-being of young people in relation to their social values. A quantitative, descriptive, correlational and ex post facto study was carried out, with 385 Spanish youth between 13 and 19 years old. It is concluded that young people prefer values of self-direction, conformity, hedonism and security. Likewise, there is a correspondence between high scores in the dimensions of psychological well-being: self-acceptance, positive relationships, autonomy, domain of the environment, personal growth and purpose of life with high scores of the values benevolence, security, conformity, tradition, achievement, stimulation and self-direction. This relationship takes special relevance in the intervention methods carried out from the Educational Social Work.

Contested values and climate change mitigation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Contested values and climate change mitigation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Culture in prison, culture on the street: the convergence between the convict code and code of the street

ABSTRACT The convict code guides behaviors, beliefs, and interactions of incarcerated people by encouraging them to mind their own business, never back down, keep to themselves, and not get too close with correctional officers. Within communities, a similar subculture exists, termed the code of the street, which values respect, toughness, autonomy, and anti-police sentiments. Despite the overlap in their themes, these cultures have been theorized and analyzed independently. Yet, with 600,000 people entering and leaving prisons annually, it is possible that these seemingly distinct cultures blend together through the transition of people into and out of prison, raising theoretical and empirical questions about their independence. We examine the overlap between the convict code and code of the street in a representative sample of prisoners. Our results indicate that the code of the street and convict code are moderately correlated (r = 0.368 to r = 0.591), although the code of the street indicator overlaps mainly with the convict code dimension for masculinity. A sizeable group (47%) of individuals held converging beliefs regarding these two constructs. Convergence was explained primarily by years in prison, prison misconduct, gang membership, and neighborhood quality. Implications for an integrated model of culture are discussed.

Sexual Nostalgia as a Response to Unmet Sexual and Relational Needs: The Role of Attachment Avoidance.

Romantic relationships help people meet needs for connection and emotional and sexual fulfillment. In the current research, we investigate an unexplored response to feeling sexually and relationally unfulfilled: reflecting on positive sexual experiences with past partners (or sexual nostalgia). Across three studies, people low in attachment avoidance (i.e., comfortable with closeness) who were (a) single or (b) sexually or relationally dissatisfied reported greater sexual nostalgia, whereas people high in attachment avoidance (i.e., value autonomy) did not calibrate their feelings of sexual nostalgia based on their current relationship status or satisfaction. Sexual fantasies about past partners (i.e., sexual nostalgia) were distinct from other types of sexual fantasies (Study 1) and the effects could not be attributed to general nostalgia (Study 2) or sexual desire (Study 3). Chronic sexual nostalgia detracted from satisfaction over time. The findings have implications for theories of nostalgia and attachment and for managing unfulfilled needs in relationships.

ANDERSON ON VULNERABILITY

Recently, feminists have begun to draw attention to the vulnerability of human beings. This theoretical perspective lies in contrast to an element of the philosophical tradition that values autonomy and freedom. I would like, in this paper, to engage with some of the work of the feminist philosopher Pamela Anderson on the notion of vulnerability. I think that Anderson’s recognition of vulnerability is important but I’d like to suggest a different way of thinking about this issue from Pamela’s. I think there are more difficulties than Anderson recognizes with Kant’s view of autonomy. Anderson argues that Kant’s theory can be adapted to cover the relationality of human beings with each other. However, I don’t think that this can be done without distorting Kant. Linked to this, she suggests that feminists ought to take into account existing “narrative identities.” However, these existing “narrative identities” may be detrimental to their interests. Subjects may be “constituted” by injurious social norms. It seems to me that there is an ontological and normative dimension of the problem that is insufficiently articulated in Pamela’s account. Kant’s view of autonomy leaves no room for vulnerability in the sense of relationality. Drawing on Simone de Beauvoir I would like to suggest a different concept of freedom and autonomy from that of Kant that allows for vulnerability. De Beauvoir argues that the freedom of each of us requires the freedom of others. Additionally I will suggest that de Beauvoir offers an account of the conditions for the removal of oppression, including the elimination of ethically detrimental aspects of vulnerability.

Chinese and Development Assistance Committee (DAC) development cooperation and development finance: implications for the BRI and international governance

ABSTRACTA comparison of Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and Chinese models of development cooperation and finance is indicative of whether or not the principles underling the Belt and Road Initiative differ significantly from those of the western-dominated liberal order. In spite of superficial similarities, the Chinese model rests on a different conception of international relationships: western models derive from an experience of colonialism and are evident in interventionist models (of coordination, harmonization, monitoring and evaluation and accountability requirements) designed to expand private ownership and western governance models. The Chinese model, while reflecting China’s interests, derives from China’s distinctive historical experience of engagement with its peripheries as one of “chao gong” (朝贡 tribute to an Emperor), China’s own experiences of colonialism and socialist development, Confucian values of self-reliance, mutual benefit (win-win) and noninterference and a concept of common values (共性 gòng xìng).

Values and career behaviours of entrepreneurs and employees

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the differences in the values and behaviours of employees and entrepreneurs and to develop guidelines for employers to foster entrepreneurial thinking in their organisations.Design/methodology/approachTo determine individual behaviours, the authors used the career adaptability scale developed by Savickas and Porfelli (2012), complemented with the statements regarding relationships in the workplace and reward, designed by Gattiker and Larwood (1986). The individual values were evaluated by Schwartz’s individual value framework. The career success of individuals was defined by income level and job satisfaction. Data from a sample of 473 respondents were analysed using structural equation modelling.FindingsThis paper reveals that there are differences in the behaviours and the values of employees and entrepreneurs. Employees are more concerned with relationships at the workplace, rewards and confidence, whereas entrepreneurs focus solely on relationships. Self-direction value has a direct positive impact. Universalism, conformism, achievement, stimulation and safety have indirect positive effects on career success for employees. There is no specific individual value driving career success for entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThis paper follows the recent trends in organisational culture development whereby organisations seek to incorporate the entrepreneurial mindset at all levels of the organisation. Until now, there has been scarce empirical evidence on the differences between entrepreneurial and employee values. This research provides evidence that the value gap between these two distinct groups is considerable enough to question the ability of the average employee to adopt the entrepreneurial behaviour required by modern organisations.

A basic human values approach to migration policy communication

AbstractThis article considers what types of strategic communication messaging regarding migration policy are likely to be more or less effective. To do so, the article summarizes the literature to, first, note the broadly postulated effectiveness of value-based messaging and, second, note how underdefined this concept remains. To overcome this shortcoming, I introduce Schwarz’s psychological theory of “basic human values” and use European Social Survey data to visualize the relationship between these values and attitudes to immigration. I argue that messaging with a value-basis that is concordant with that of its audience is more likely to elicit sympathy, whereas that which is discordant with the values of its audience is more likely to elicit antipathy. Given the value-balanced orientations of those with moderate attitudes to immigration, persuasive migration messaging should attempt to mobilize values of its opposition; that is pro-migration messaging should mobilize Schwarz’s values of conformity, tradition, security, and power, whereas anti-migration messaging should mobilize values of universalism, benevolence, self-direction, and stimulation. I then turn to an inventory of 135 migration communication campaigns provided by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development. I show that few pro-migration campaigns contained value-based messaging, whereas all anti-migration campaigns did. Similarly, very few pro-migration campaigns included values besides “universalism” and “benevolence,” whereas anti-migration campaigns included values associated with both pro- and anti-migration attitudes. I visually demonstrate examples of each case before discussing ramifications for policy communication.

Kontribusi Cultural Values Terhadap Kecenderungan Residivisme Pada Narapidana Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas Iia Jember

Research on recidivism tendencies which is influenced by internal factors that have been carried out is related to psychological problems (2014), self-regulation (2016) and self-control (2017). Based on this research it appears that there is a missing link related to the source of initial encouragement that comes from within the individual as a process of interaction and internalization of the initial experiences of individuals with parents, ancestors and other significant people. Related to this, this study aims to determine the effect of Cultural Value on the Trend of Recidivism in Jember Class IIA Prisoners. This type of research is associative quantitative that is to determine the relationship between one variable with another variable and the effect of a variable on other variables. There are two psychological scales used in this study, the Cultural Values scale adapted from The Potrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-RR) compiled by Schwartz and the Residivism Tendency scale adapted from the Psychopathy Check List-Revised (PCL-R) compiled by Hare . The results of this study are expected to be input/reference in developing community values-based community intervention programs. The results showed a calculated F value of 0.471 with a significance level of 0.493> 0.05, which means that there was no influence of Cultural Value on the Trend of Residivism. Descriptive test shows that as many as 107 prisoners (56%) have high cultural values and 84 inmates (44%) have low cultural values. This means that prisoners tend to use cultural values as a reference in behavior, but they do not necessarily have compliance with the values that exist in the community. The highest percentage is the value of Universalism, Achievement, and Security. While the lowest percentage is the value of Stimulation, Benevolence Care, and Self Direction.

Exploring Human Values in the Design of a Web-Based QoL-Instrument for People with Mental Health Problems: A Value Sensitive Design Approach.

Quality of life (QoL) is an important outcome measure in mental health care. Currently, QoL is mainly measured with paper and pencil questionnaires. To contribute to the evaluation of treatment, and to enhance substantiated policy decisions in the allocation of resources, a web-based, personalized, patient-friendly and easy to administer QoL instrument has been developed: the QoL-ME. While human values play a significant role in shaping future use practices of technologies, it is important to anticipate on them during the design of the QoL-instrument. The value sensitive design (VSD) approach offers a theory and method for addressing these values in a systematic and principled manner in the design of technologies. While the VSD approach has been applied in the field of somatic care, we extended the VSD approach to the field of mental healthcare with the aim to enable developers of the QoL-instrument to reflect on important human values and anticipate potential value conflicts in its design. We therefore explored how VSD can be used by investigating the human values that are relevant for the design of the QoL-ME. Our exploration reveals that the values autonomy, efficiency, empowerment, universal usability, privacy, redifinition of roles, (redistribution) of responsibilites, reliability, solidarity, surveillance and trust are at stake for the future users of the technology. However, we argue that theoretical reflections on the potential ethical impact of a technology in the design phase can only go so far. To be able to comprehensively evaluate the usability the VSD approach, a supplementary study of the use practices of the technology is needed.

Young People's Response to Six Smartphone Apps for Anxiety and Depression: Focus Group Study.

BackgroundSuicide is one of the most frequent causes of death in young people worldwide. Depression lies at the root of this issue, a condition that has a significant negative impact on the lives of those who experience it and on society more generally. However, 80% of affected young people do not obtain professional help for depression and other mental health issues. Therefore, a key challenge is to find innovative and appealing ways to engage young people in learning to manage their mental health. Research suggests that young people prefer to access anonymous Web-based programs rather than get face-to-face help, which has led to the development of numerous smartphone apps. However, the evidence indicates that not all of these apps are effective in engaging the interest of young people who are most in need of help.ObjectiveThe study aimed to investigate young people’s response to six currently available smartphone apps for mental health and to identify features that young people like and dislike in such apps.MethodsFocus groups were conducted with 23 young people aged 13 to 25 years in which they viewed and used six smartphone apps for mental health. A general inductive approach following a realist paradigm guided data analysis.ResultsThe results revealed that young people value autonomy and the opportunity to personalize experiences with these apps above other things. Finding a balance between simplicity and informativeness is also an important factor.ConclusionsApp developers need to consider using participant-design frameworks to ensure that smartphone apps are providing what young people want in a mental health app. Solutions to the need for personalization and increasing user engagement are also crucially needed.

From Fear of Loss to Shalom : Theological Reflection on Dementia

Modern society values competence, intelligence and autonomy, it devalues those who are unable to demonstrate their ability to communicate and experience problems with cognition. Beyond the question of why dementia occurs, what this means for those living with dementia gives families and friends a significant challenge. The challenge which dementia brings raises questions regarding not only what it means to remember, but also what it means to be human. As a theological discussion, this paper considers the stories of people living with dementia and how the scientific discovery of dementia brings fear of loss of self and relationships around us, where assumptions are made about people with dementia accompanied with the fear of embarrassment by stigma. After a few theological considerations, I recount the stories of people living with dementia and reflect on them, particularly regarding the issue around the meaning of loss. This paper also suggests ways in which the church community may respond to the need to care for people with dementia and their families; by holding the person’s identity rather than being threatened by them after the diagnosis; and by being attentive to the need for moral solidarity and care for people with dementia. As implicated, the radical gesture of Christian hospitality in communion is proposed for the Church to demonstrate the imminent presence of God’s shalom to hold people with dementia and their identity together in the body of Christ. This paper is also a small tribute for my dear friend, Ruth, who had lived her life in honoring Jesus regardless of Alzheimer’s related dementia.

A profile of the popular entrepreneur: a value-based approach

PropósitoEl objetivo de este trabajo es identificar cuáles son las características personales y los valores individuales de los emprendedores populares venezolanos, según el marco teórico del modelo de Schwartz.Diseño/Metodología/EnfoqueSe seleccionó una muestra probabilística estratificada de 416 individuos, de una base de datos de clientes de Bangente beneficiarios de microcréditos entre 1999 y 2016, del Distrito Capital de Venezuela. Se aplicó el Portrait Value Questionnarie (PVQ) (Schwartz, 2003; Peiró y Palencia, 2009) para medir los valores poder, autodirección, estimulación y logro. Se midió el locus de control (Schjoedt y Shaver, 2012) y se recopiló información sobre algunas variables personales. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos para agrupar clientes con características similares y un análisis discriminante para caracterizar los grupos obtenidos.ResultadosLos valores de Schwartz seleccionados, el locus de control y las características personales (como nivel educativo, edad y género) mostraron ser eficientes para discriminar de forma significativa entre cuatro grupos o perfiles de emprendedores populares: “orientados al progreso por esfuerzo,” “jóvenes independientes y ambiciosos,” “focalizados en el poder y logro” e “indiferentes.” Los resultados del análisis de conglomerados fueron validados por análisis discriminante, que permitió identificar las variables de mayor impacto para la caracterización de cada grupo. Los coeficientes de las funciones discriminantes permitirían clasificar a un nuevo individuo solicitante de microcréditos en alguno de los grupos obtenidos; esta es una propuesta complementaria a los mecanismos de selección actualmente utilizados para decidir la concesión de los créditos, que deberá ser validada en estudios concluyentes.Limitaciones de la investigación/implicacionesNo se pueden generalizar los resultados hasta que el estudio se replique en muestras representativas en otras entidades del sector microfinanciero.Originalidad/valorLa mayor contribución de este trabajo está en la integración de los valores individuales en la descripción del perfil de los emprendedores populares y en el uso de estrategias estadísticas como el análisis de conglomerados y la función discriminante. La naturaleza del estudio es exploratoria: el desarrollo de esta línea de investigación puede orientar en el futuro las decisiones acerca de a cuáles clientes (de acuerdo con sus valores, características personales y locus de control) podrían dirigir su apoyo financiero. Al considerar estas variables no tradicionales en el contexto de la banca, se pretende enriquecer el conocimiento sobre los emprendedores populares.

The Evolution of Human Values – A Comparative Study of Values in Adolescents and Emerging Adults

From pre-history to present days, the evolution of human culture implied the evolution of human values as well. During their lifetime, people develop a set of values and accept certain standards or norms by which their conduct is judged. Although the development of values starts in the early childhood, is not until adolescence that a person builds and defines his or hers own set of values and principles. A sample of 1250 participants, between 16 and 25 years of age, has been assessed with a V21 Questionnaire of Values, from Cognitrom Assessment System. The objectives and hypotheses of the study highlight the existence of differences between the evolution of human values in adolescence and emerging adulthood, based on certain demographic variables, like gender, age, provenience and level of studies. We discovered some statistically significant differences, such as: (1) women value professional recognition, social relationships, autonomy, safety, compliance to rules and challenges, more than men; (2) university students value autonomy more than high-school students; (3) people in urban areas value autonomy more than those in rural areas; (4) emerging adults value autonomy more than teenagers. In the end of the study, there is a debate on the conclusions and practical implication of this research.

Values and women-led social entrepreneurship

Purpose This paper aims to identify and categorise the values expressed in women-led social entrepreneurship based on a typology of universal values. It explores the influence of gender and religious faith on the values that inspire social entrepreneurial organisations to engage in positive social change. Design/methodology/approach Inductive multiple case study research investigates the values manifest in five social entrepreneurial organisations founded and led by women in three Southeast Asian countries. Findings Organisations and their women-leaders express values related to benevolence, universalism, self-direction and security. Gender and religious faith are found to be mediators that influence approaches to social transformation. Research limitations/implications Purposive sampling and interpretive research design favour rich description but limit the generalisability of the findings. Further enquiry is needed into the gender-values-religion nexus in social entrepreneurship. Practical implications Social entrepreneurship is shown to be a process embedded in and motivated by prosocial values of benevolence and social justice and other values of self-direction and security. Findings provide evidence for the critical but often overlooked influence of gender and religious faith on the values foundation of social entrepreneurship. Social implications Social entrepreneurial organisations led by women contribute to positive social change through the values they incorporate and express. Originality/value Research on the link between gender, values and religious faith in social entrepreneurship is virtually non-existent.

We-Thou Communion

The author proposes a communal model for the church, We-Thou Communion, to improve inclusivity, particularly for people with dementia. Written from the subjective viewpoint of a person living with dementia, it provides a unique insider’s perspective of the church as a place of welcome and support. We all share vulnerability before God, despite our varying cognitive, emotional, and physical capacities, yet this is seldom recognized in today’s society, which values autonomy and independence. We-Thou Communion can provide a way for the faith community to better welcome, support, and include all people despite their limitations. The focus of this article is on people with dementia.

The teacher as an island? A mixed method study on the relationship between autonomy and collaboration

This study assessed how teachers understand and value autonomy, collaboration and the relationship between both. Quantitative analyses (N1 = 1610, N2 = 1408) included a multilevel SEM model and identifying teacher profiles based upon perceived autonomy (curricular, didactical-pedagogical) and autonomy attitude (individualistic/reactive, collaborative/reflective). Interviews (N = 17) were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Three teacher profiles were identified: autonomous collaborative, autonomous individualistic and low curricular autonomy collaborative. Teachers in the first profile reported most collaboration. Results demonstrate the need to take the interaction between autonomy and attitude into account. However, small effect sizes and qualitative results indicate that other factors play an important role. Didactical-pedagogical autonomy should be split up into content-related and classroom teaching–related aspects (demonstrating higher sensitivity to external influences). Moreover, while quantitative results demonstrate a unified collaborative attitude, qualitative findings indicate that openness towards deep-level collaboration differs depending on the domain of autonomy. Finally, besides individual autonomy, autonomy at the level of collaboration is influential.

A mixed-methods study on the values and motivations of voluntourists

ABSTRACTIn this theoretically grounded mixed-methods study, we explored the motivational values of voluntourists and examined the perceived impacts of voluntourism programmes. Surveys suggested that voluntourists (n = 82) had high self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and self-direction (freedom in thought and action) values. Eleven retrospective interviews with young adult voluntourists also suggested that participants were primarily driven to both benefit the host community and promote personal learning. Although participants gained personal learning and growth, they felt frustrated by voluntourism's limited benefits to host communities. Additionally, social justice education that participants received after the experience led participants to become more critical of voluntourism. Together, this research describes a subset of unskilled, well-intentioned, and self-transcendent voluntourists and provides recommendations on how voluntourism providers may better meet their needs and create more sustainable voluntourism programmes. Furthermore, we demonstrate how values research and retrospective interviews can deepen our understanding of both the experiences and perceived personal impacts of voluntourism.

Out With The Old, In With The New: A Nuanced Approach To Self-Stigma Among Veterans

Self-stigma can generate significant public health costs because of its implications concerning underutilization of treatment. Veterans are particularly vulnerable to the effects of self-stigma because of the military’s value of self-reliance, which may compound negative feelings toward receiving treatment. Few intervention studies to reduce veteran self-stigma apply the Corrigan and Watson (2002) model of self-stigma to the veteran experience. Doing so may yield additional insight into factors driving self-stigma. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to apply this model to veterans from recent generations of war. The authors conducted a constant-comparative method between the Corrigan and Watson self-stigma model and a variation of a stigma model among military personnel with mental illness to identify similarities, differences, and any unaccounted factors. Contextual factors, such as identify development, military cultural values, and family concerns, that have been noted in recent research as factors impacting stigma, were not accounted for in the Corrigan and Watson model. The proposed model encompasses those nuanced contextual factors. The newly proposed model and underlying reasons for behaviors differed from the Corrigan and Watson self-stigma framework regarding the following components: 1) resistance; 2) differentiate; and 3) protect. The model is meant to disseminate novel issues that compound the effects of veteran self-stigma. Future research needs to assess the adequacy of this model, and if it is consistent with the lived experience of veterans, develop interventions that target the corresponding issues within each component.