Relative Intensity Values Research Articles

<SUP>57</SUP>Feメスバウアー効果によるFe<SUB>3</SUB>Si合金の長距離規則度測定

The site population analysis of iron atoms in Fe3Si alloys wtih D03 superlattice structure was performed in the 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy for crushed and annealed powder specimens with silicon concentrations of 23.3 at% and 25.5 at%. The obtained Mössbauer spectra were analyzed as superpositions of at least three six-line components. Relative intensity for each component has been analyzed using thin foil approximation. The atomic configuration, the relative number of iron atoms of the component and, therefore, the short-range-order parameter were determined from the values of hyperfine field and relative intensity for each component.In order to determine the long-range-order parameters of the alloys, the procedure having two steps was performed: At first, the perfectly ordered D03 lattice of 25 at%Si was constructed by computer simulation, and then atoms were replaced randomly to reach any desired value of the alloy concentration and of the degree of order. By comparing the simulation with the result of Mössbauer experiment, the long-range-order parameters, S(D03) and S(B2), were determined. The values agreed well with those obtained by the powder X-ray diffraction technique.

Account of the nonideal character of the contact between a sample and the reflecting element in the quantitative ATR infrared analysis of polymers

A method is proposed whereby account is taken of the nonideal character of contact between a polymer sample and the reflecting element in determination of true relative intensity values for bands in the ATR spectra of solid polymer samples. The method is based on a normalization of peak intensities of bands for ( λ− C), where λ is the wavelength relating to a given band, and C is a special parameter that depends both on the quality of contact between the ATR element and the sample, and on the wavelength of absorption bands that are being compared. Equations for determination of C have been derived. Examples illustrating the possibilities arising from use of this method are presented.

The application of high resolution gamma ray spectrometry to actinide decay scheme studies and analysis

High resolution γ spectrometry is being used to determine Iγ relative and absolute intensity values of transactinium nuclides. Initial results for237Np and233Pa are presented. The rapid determination of Pu isotopic composition by γ spectrometry and isotopic correlation is also discussed. The most important conclusion to be drawn is that the calibration of the detector and the quality of the data used for this calibration is the most crucial part of most measurements.

A rapid method for determining compositional phases in electron diffraction patterns using computer simulation

A method for obtaining computer-generated electron diffraction patterns for thin polycrystalline films is described. In this method, data for d-spacings and their corresponding relative intensity values are supplied from either available JCPDS X-ray diffraction file or theoretically-computed values which can be obtained from single-crystal data. This information is then given as input into a computer, and finally the electron diffraction pattern is produced directly on a photographic copy in the form of a two-dimensional intensity map, using modern image processing devices. The comuter-generated electron diffraction pattern was found to be extremely useful for the rapid identification of several crystalline phases in thin polycrystalline films. Advantages of using this phase identification technique over the conventional numerical matching of d-spacings and intensities are: (1) the magnitude of intensity for each diffraction line can be compared visually with experiment; and (2) the visual matching of the location of systematic reflection lines effectively eliminates a labor for measuring experimental d-spacings, which often cannot be determined accurately in the case of transmission electron microscopy. Examples of this powerful technique are demonstrated from our recent AuSn thin-film interdiffusion studies.

Luminescence decay in condensed argon under high energy excitation

α and β particles were used to study the luminescence of condensed argon. The scintillation decay has always two components independently of the phase and the kind of the exciting particles. Decay time constants are given for solid, liquid and also gaseous argon. Changes in the relative intensity values of the two components are discussed in terms of track effects.

Raman intensity and conjugation. IV‐determination of the conjugation between a phenyl ring and a carbonyl group by Raman intensity

AbstractThe Raman intensities SCO and S8a,b of the CO‐stretching vibration and the 8a, b‐ring vibrations of some compounds of type C6H5‐CO‐X (X = NHNH2, NH2, OC2H5, OCH3, CH3, CH2Cl, H, CL, CF3, CN) have been measured using the excitation lines of an argon ion and a krypton ion laser. The intensities in the two series are linearly related and the (RI)1/2 values correlate both with Hammett substituent parameters and with the extinction coefficients of the longest wavelength u.v. absorption band. The results are interpreted by showing that the intensities here are almost independent of the resonance Raman effect and thus reflect the conjugation effect. Relative Raman intensity values can thus be used to measure the conjugation between a phenyl ring and various carbonyl groups.

Proton NMR Study of Copolymer Composition in Styrene—Methyl Methacrylate System under Magnetic Saturation-Free Condition

In the 1H NMR spectroscopy of styrene—methyl methacrylate copolymers, relative intensity values are influenced by the effect of magnetic saturation if the effective H1 field is larger than 50 db. However, the spectra in the saturation-free condition are poor in signal-to-noise ratios. Multiscanned spectra were observed in the saturation-free condition, and the numerical data of the relative intensities from multiscanned spectra show that the copolymerization process obeys a simple Markovian process in the selection of monomer species, while it does a Bernoullian trial in the tactic placement.

Principal emission lines of the M series

AbstractA table of the principal emission lines from the M series has been compiled using Bearden's data, supplemented by new measurements. Curve fitting methods have been used to fill additional gaps in the data sets. Measurements have also been made to establish the average relative intensity values of the stronger lines.

A Study on the Sintered Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-MgO System

Studies were made on the sintered Si3N4 with an addition of MgO, hot-pressed at the temperature of 1730°C.The following results were obtained. At low concentration of MgO, only β-Si3N4 phase was observed. When MgO concentration was increased, the formation of MgSiN2 was found. Further increase of MgO concentration gave rise to the formation of MgSiN2 and 2 MgO⋅SiO2. The X-ray diffraction angles or the lattice constants of β-Si3N4 were unchanged by the addition of MgO. The linear coefficient of the thermal expansion was increased with MgO concentration. MgO was inferred to dissolve into β-Si3N4. The solubility limit of MgO at 1730°C was estimated to be about 30mol%. In the solid solution, oxygen atoms are substituted for nitrogen atoms, a half of the dissolved magnesium atoms for silicon atoms and the rest magnesium atoms are located in the interstitial spaces, which are situated in some of the “tunnels” intrinsically present in the β-Si3N4 structure. The dissolution of four MgO molecules introduces one vacancy at the site of silicon. This interpretation for the solid solution was supported by the good agreement between calculated and observed values of both specific gravity and relative X-ray intensity. From the inferred structure of the solid solution and the agreement between the activation energy of sintering for Si3N4 containing MgO and that for Si3N4 containing Al2O3, enhanced sintering of β-Si3N4 added with MgO may be attributed to the diffusion of the silicon site vacancies introduced in the solid solution.

Monte Carlo calculations of relative efficiencies of Ge(Li) detectors

Abstract By means of a Monte Carlo computer program the relative full energy peak efficiency and relative double escape peak efficiency for gamma rays of a cylindrical Ge(Li) detector with volume of 50 m 3 , a rectangular Ge(Li) detector with volume of 30 cm 3 and a trapezoidal Ge(Li) detector with volume of 50 cm 3 has been calculated. The gamma source was assumed to be a point placed 10 cm from the detector. The calculated efficiency curves for the cylindrical detector were compared with the curves experimentally obtained by other authors. The agreement was found to be within quoted errors. The calculated efficiency curves of all three detectors have been used to determine the gamma ray relative intensities in the decays of 22 Na, 60 Co, 56 Co and 226 Ra. It has been found that the relative intensity values of gamma rays for the above sources can be reproduced within 5%.

Geochemical application of spark source mass spectrography—II. Photoplate data processing

The limited response of photoplates to incident mass necessitates multiple successive exposures to cover the range of isotopic concentrations measurable by spark source mass spectrography. Isotopic intensity ratios from single exposures are used to obtain the photoplate intensity vs. density relationship, which is effectively linear if a Seidel function ( log do d -l ) is used. The slope of this line is used to obtain relative intensity values from densitometer readings obtained on individual exposures. These intensity values are ratioed to internal standard intensity values obtained on the same exposure. This procedure overcomes the difficulties in accurate measurement of relative exposures, but requires an internal standard line of appropriate intensity for each exposure. Lutetium, which has two isotopes Lu 175 and Lu 176 with a mass ratio of 37.61 is suitable. Where accurate analytical data are available, elements present in the sample may serve as internal standards. If such elements occupy the same lattice site as those being determined, mixing problems are avoided. Data obtained for Apollo 12 lunar soil sample 12070 using Lu as internal standard, shows good agreement with values obtained by neutron activation and isotope dilution techniques.

Gamma-ray measurements with a bent-crystal spectrometer

A two-meter bent-crystal spectrometer has been used to obtain high-precision γ-ray energy and relative intensity values. Low-energy transitions following the decay of 128I, 152Eu, 155Sm, 155Eu, 175Yb and 180mHf were investigated. From the relative intensities of the 175Yb γ-rays and the Lu K X-rays a value of 1.90 ± 0.08 was obtained for the K conversion coefficient for the 113.8 keV transition in 175Lu. The 180Hf level energies of 93.332 ± 0.006 keV (2 +), 308.583 ± 0.014 keV (4 +), 640.89 ± 0.04 keV (6 +) and 1084.07 ± 0.06 keV (8 +) are compared with several models. The decay of 155Eu to 155Gd is discussed.

A mass‐spectral study of exo‐ and endo‐2‐norbornyl bromide and exo and endo‐8‐bromobicyclo[3.2.1]octane by photoionization

AbstractThe photoionization, as well as the electron‐impact, mass spectra of exo‐and endo‐norbornyl bromide and of exo‐and endo‐8‐bromobicyclo[3.2.1]octane show that exo‐Br loss is more facile than endo‐Br loss in formation of C7H11⊕ and C8H13⊕, respectively. The relative intensity values are compared with solvolysis data from the same systems.

Low-Frequency Vibrations of Some Organotrichlorosilanes

The far infrared (33–500 cm−1) spectra of a series of organotrichlorosilanes have been recorded. The Raman spectra (0–600 cm−1) have also been measured and the relative intensity and depolarization values of lines are tabulated. The spectra have been interpreted in detail and some low-frequency “group frequencies” are proposed for the SiCl3 moiety. The infrared (3200–33 cm−1) and Raman (0–3200 cm−1) spectra of α-chlorovinyltrichlorosilane have been recorded and a complete vibrational assignment is presented. Torsional oscillations of the SiCl3 group were observed for two of the molecules; barriers of 1.7 kcal/mole and 2.7 kcal/mole were calculated for the motion around the C—Si bonds of the vinyltrichlorosilane and the ethyltrichlorosilane molecules, respectively. The results are briefly discussed. Thermodynamic properties have been calculated for the latter two molecules.

A high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopic study of the decay [formula omitted

The energy and relative intensity values of 82 gamma rays following the decay of 77Ge have been measured. The energy values of seven of these lines were measured using a 2 m curved-crystal spectrometer; the other measurements were made using Ge(Li) spectrometers. A level scheme was constructed which included 28 excited levels and places 74 transitions. The energies of the levels (in keV) are 215.5, 264.5, 459.6, 461.4, 475.5, 613.6, 632.1, 784.8, 875.3, 914.2, 1189.7, 1202.7, 1280.8, 1319.6, 1398.4, 1457.7, 14579.9, 1539.6, 1560.6, 1717.4, 1719.7, 2000.2, 2109.0, 2143.7, 2303.5, 2341,7 and 2513.2.

Interference Effect Between Magnetic-Dipole and Electric-Quadrupole Radiation in the Atomic Spectra of Lead*

When a transition is of a mixed type, that is allowed for magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole radiation, the corresponding intensities of Zeeman components are not simply additive but are modified by interference terms which are different for different components and vary with direction of observation. The only instance in which this interference effect has been observed is the case of the transverse Zeeman effect in the line 7330 Å of Pb i (Jenkins and Mrozowski, 1941). In the present work both the transverse and the longitudinal Zeeman effects were investigated in two lines of lead using a Fabry–Perot interferometer and a three-prism spectrograph. The relative intensities of the π components of the line 7330 Å. (1D2−3P1) of Pb i were found to be about 20:20:10 and 38:11:2 for the transverse and longitudinal views, respectively, and for the line 7099.8 Å ( P212°-P212°) of Pb ii about 29:21 for the longitudinal view. The reproducibility of these relative intensity values was about ±10%. Using theoretical formulas developed by Gerjuoy for the Pb i line 7330 Å, good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for 4%±1% electric-quadrupole radiation relative to total radiation intensity. For the Pb ii line 7099.8 Å the contribution of the electric-quadrupole radiation is found to be 3%±1%, the interference effect being inverted in comparison to the effect in the line 7330 Å.

STUDIES ON HEAT-TREATMENT OF THE DRAWN POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FIBERS

Effects of temperature by heating, heating media and draw ratio on the contribution of crystalline and non-crystalline birefringence in drawn and heated, at a constant length, polyethylene terephthalate (P. E. T.) filaments were investigated by X-ray and optical polarized microscope. Results obtained are shown as follows:1) Both density and crystallinity (X-ray) Xx increase with rising temperature, and their values by wet-heat-set are larger than by dry-heat-set under same heated temperature. Relation between Xx (X-ray) and specific volume V calculated from density values may be a linear, independent of draw ratio and heating conditions. Xx=-8.01V+6.002) Relation between Xx (X-ray) and crystallinity Xd deduced from density may be a linear. Effects of draw ratio on the slope of line is small by dry-heat-set, but its slope in lower stretched filaments becomes as much as double higher stretched filaments.3) Both optical birefringence Δn and degree of crystalline orientation π increase with rising temperature. And crystalline orientation factor fx increases with rising temperature, while it may approach to a saturated value at elevated temperature by wet-heat-set.4) Total-birefringence is divided from the contribution of crystalline and non-crystalline birefringences. The contribution of crystalline birefringence Δnc•Xx increases with rising temperature independent of heating condition in drawn filaments. On the other hand the contribution of amorphous birefringence Δna (1-Xx) decreases in higher stretched filaments on dry-heat-set, while it varies little in low stretched.5) The crystalline birefringence Δnc is always larger than the amorphous birefringence Δna. For higher stretched filaments, both Δnc and Δna do not vary much by dry-heat-set, while for lower stretched ones, Δnc, varies a little and Δna increases rapidly with rising temperature.6) Relation between over-all birefringence and amorphous birefringence is a linear in both drawn filaments. And_??_ relative intensity value I(100)/I(110), and total-birefringence are linealy related to each other.

Double-Minimum Potentials in Hydrogen-Bonded Solids

Using a simple one-dimensional model of H bonds, vibrational-energy eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, transition moments, and absorption intensities are calculated for a series of symmetric and asymmetric double-minimum (D.M.) potentials. On the basis of the results obtained, the necessary requirements for observing doublets in the infrared spectra of H-bonded solids are given. In most cases an asymmetric D.M. potential does not give rise to such doublets. Attention is drawn to the rapid ``switch-over'' from even-odd, odd-even to ``left-left,'' ``right-right'' selection rules when a slight asymmetry is introduced into a symmetric D.M. potential. Also, a very rapid uncoupling of resonance interaction between accidentally coincident ``left'' and ``right'' levels of strongly asymmetric D.M. potentials is predicted. The importance of obtaining accurate relative intensity values and of determining the infrared and Raman spectra of both the H-bonded solids and their deuterated analogs at several temperatures is emphasized.

Spectral sensitivity of retina and visual cortex in the rabbit

The spectral sensitivity of the retina and visual cortex has been analysed in the unanaesthetized rabbit. For this purpose the logarithmic reciprocal values of relative intensity of chromatic stimuli evoking retinal responses of a definite amplitude (or latency) have been considered in relation to various wavelengths. The spectral sensitivity curves of the retina correspond in form and distribution to the absorption curve of rhodopsin. These results, and the absence of a typical Purkinje shift, indicate that the rabbit's retina, consisting mainly of rods, perceives chiefly variations in luminosity. The spectral sensitivity curve of the visual cortex corresponds to the retinal sensitivity curve. This proves that cortical activity depends mainly on peripheral retinal events. The retinocortical times, measured from retinal responses of equal amplitude, confirm this conclusion, since they do not show important variations with different wavelengths. However, transmission of retinal messages to the visual cortex is in some animals more rapid in response to blue-green stimuli (498 mμ); this fact cannot be attributed solely to retinal processes.

A Note on the X-Ray Absorption Method of Determining Fluid Saturation in Cores

Lipson has recently presented a technical note wherein theoreticalconsiderations were used to demonstrate "… that the adsorption vssaturation relation for a linear absorption method is not necessarily a singlevalued function of saturation." It was concluded that the absorption vssaturation relationship is subject to the same hysteretic effect as is the flowbehavior between the drainage and imbibition systems. It is the purpose of thisnote to show, by experimental results, that for the manner in which fluids aredistributed in porous materials during fluid flow, the relative X-rayabsorption vs saturation relationship is single-valued regardless of thesaturation history. The design of the apparatus used to measure relative X-ray absorption ofcores undergoing fluid flow tests is similar to that described by Morgan, McDowell and Doty. A few modifications have been incorporated in the design toincrease sensitivity and simplicity of measurement. The sensitivity is suchthat for usual types of cores a recording pen movement of approximately 12linear in. is occasioned between the recording of the core dry and when it iscompletely full of an absorbing liquid, a solution of approximately five percent by volume of iodobenzene in a close-cut hydrocarbon fraction, or asolution of 50,000 ppm sodium iodide in water. Two types of experiments were conducted, one in which the liquid was insidethe core, and the other with the liquid outside the core. Tests with the liquidinside the core were run to cover the saturation range encountered in both thedrainage (gas drive) and imbibition (liquid flood) flow systems. It is pointedout that the same core was used, but the tests were conducted at differenttimes with the recording mechanism balanced at a different position. Therefore, the absolute values of relative X-ray intensity at any saturation are not thesame in each test. In the second type of test the same core was used, but this time its porespace contained only gas, and various thicknesses of oil contained in plasticcells were placed in front of the dry core. T.N. 110