CTDIvol Values Research Articles

Establishing Local Diagnostic Reference Levels for CT Angiography Examinations

Objective: Computed tomography angiography (CTA) examinations are performed to diagnose blood vessel anomalies. However, this examination results in a significant radiation dose being received by the patient. Local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) are necessary for determining the extent of radiation dose during examinations. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to establish local DRL values for CTA examinations.Material and Methods: In this study, a total of 213 participants underwent CTA examination; wherein: 67 underwent computed tomography (CT) cerebral angiography (CTCA), 80 underwent CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), 40 underwent CT lower limb angiography with aortogram (CTLLA), and 26 underwent CT upper limb angiography (CTULA). Body mass index along with the circumference of the body were calculated. A number of dose descriptors; such as computed tomography dose index volume (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP), were collected, and DLP was used to calculate the effective dose, using the conversion factor.Results: For the angiography phase, CTCA, CTPA, CTLLA, and CTULA had median CTDIvol values of: 31.62, 6.38, 12.16, and 10.12 mGy, respectively. Median DLP and effective dose for CTCA were: 1388.64 mGy*cm & 4.30 mSv, CTPA were 243 mGy*cm & 3.41 mSv, CTLLA were 1855.86 mGy*cm & 12.06 mSv, and CTULA were 945.98 mGy*cm & 2.93 mSv, respectively. Conclusion: The estimated local DRLs were lower than the international standard for the angiographic phase; however, the dose exceeded the international standard when the entire examination was considered. This study revealed the need for dose optimization in CTA examinations.

Multiplanar reconstructions of the thoracic spine in a photon counting dual-source CT scanner: comparison to EID-CT.

Photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) is a groundbreaking technology with promising results for visualization of small bone structures. To analyze the delineation of the thoracic spine in multiplanar reconstructions (MPR) on PCD-CT compared to energy-integrating detector (EID)-CT. Two euthanized mice were examined using different scanners: (i) 20-slice EID-CT and (ii) dual-source PCD-CT at various CTDIVol values. Readers evaluated the thoracic spine and selected series with best visualization among signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-matched pairs. SNR was significantly higher in PCD-CT reconstructions (Br68) and lower in Hr98 reconstructions compared to EID-CT. Bone detail visualization was superior in PCD-CT (especially in Hr98 reconstructions) compared to EID-CT. MPR on a PCD-CT had a higher SNR and better bone detail visualization even at lower radiation doses compared to EID-CT. PCD-CT with bone reconstructions showed the best delineation of small bone structures and might be considered in clinical routine.

Development of Acceptable Quality Dose (AQD) and image quality-related diagnostic reference levels for common computed tomography investigations in a tertiary care public sector hospital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

To describe the first experience of patient dose optimization in developing AQD, SSDE and image quality-related DRLs for common CT examinations in the adult age group using the concept of AQD. The recent published IQSC from 0 to 4 were used by radiologists for the assessment of image quality. The entire data were collected for five types (brain CT, chest CT, chest HRCT, abdomen KUB CT and abdomen + pelvic CT) CT investigations based on anatomic region (head, chest and abdomen + pelvic). The entire datasets of 264 patients were categorized into three groups based on their weights: group-1 (41-60kg), group-2 (61-80kg) and group-3 (81-100kg). Only score-3 images were considered to assess median and 75th percentile values of CTDIvol and DLP to obtain AQDs and DRLs, respectively. Following the practical training of four radiologists on image quality scoring criteria for CT images, 264 (92%) out of 288 patient images were clinically acceptable as per IQSC for the study. The AQD (median) values in terms of CTDIvol for the mentioned weight groups were 25.8, 2.7, and 30.6mGy, while the median DLP values for these groups were 496, 510 and 557 mGycm, respectively, for brain CT. The 75th percentile values in terms of CTDIvol were 30.2, 35.3 and 36.2mGy, while in terms of DLP, they were 583, 619 and 781 mGycm for brain CT, respectively. Similar results are presented for the above-mentioned procedures, as well as in terms of SSDE. The first ever experience in obtaining AQD, SSDE and DRLs values for specific CT procedures couples image quality with dose indices, showing comparable values with other relevant studies. Hence, it will provide a baseline for comparison within the facility for future studies and facilitate dose optimization for other facilities aiming for improvement.

Evaluation of an in-use chest CT protocol in lung cancer screening - A single institutional study.

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide and therefore there has been a growing demand for low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) protocols. To investigate and evaluate the dose and image quality of patients undergoing lung cancer screening (LCS) using LDCT in Norway. Retrospective dosimetry data, volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP), from 70 average-size and 70 large-size patients who underwent LDCT scan for LCS were included in the survey. Effective dose and size-specific dose were calculated for each examination and were compared with the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) requirement. For a quantitative image quality analysis, noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were determined for different regions in the chest with two iterative reconstruction techniques, iDose and Iterative Model Reconstruction. Differences in dose and image quality between average-size and large-size patients were evaluated by Independent sample t test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test within the same patient group. The independent sample t test revealed significant differences (p < .05) in dose values between average-size and large-size patients. Mean CTDIvol and DLP for average-size patients were 2.8mGy and 115mGy.cm, respectively, with appropriate increment for the large-size patients. Image quality (image noise, SNR, and CNR) did not significantly differ between patient groups when images were reconstructed with a model based iterative reconstruction algorithm. The screening protocol assessed in this study resulted in CTDIvol values that were compliant with AAPM recommendation. No significant differences in objective image quality were found between patient groups.

Establishing Diagnostic Reference Levels and Radiation Dose for Pediatric Head Age-Based Using Computed Tomography in Khartoum State

Computed tomography (CT) is a powerful clinical tool for the diagnosis and management of patients, enabling faster and more accurate diagnosis and the avoidance of interventional surgical techniques. A diagnostic reference level (DRL) is a tool used to aid in optimization of protection in the medical exposure of patients for diagnostic and interventional procedures. It is used in medical imaging with ionizing radiation to indicate whether, in routine conditions, the patient dose or administered activity (amount of radioactive material) from a specified procedure is unusually high or low for that procedure. Radiation dosage variance is one of the topics that arise when dealing with CT devices within medical imaging centers. Diagnostic reference levels have not been established in Sudan. The aim of this study is to propose DRLs for CT of the head for 4 pediatric age groups. The 2 levels that this study covers are volume CT dose index based on a 16-cm phantom (CTDIvol [mGy]) and the dose-length products (DLPs [mGy • cm]). These levels were investigated by conducting a survey to 6 healthcare facilities. The survey consists of questions focused on pediatric exposure parameters, CT protocols, and radiation doses for pediatric age groups &lt;1, 1-5, 5-10, and 10-16 years. For the 4 age groups in the 6 facilities that responded, the mean, 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile values of CTDIvol (mGy) for head CT were for infants (&lt;1 year), 21.2, 14.4, 17.6, and 27.0, respectively; for 1-5 years, 36.5, 15.7, 34.5, and 38.1, respectively; for 5- to 10-year group, the CTDIvol was found to be 40, 15.7, 33.5, and 47.6, respectively, and for the last group of 10-16 years, 41.6, 15.7, 37.4, and 58.3, respectively. The corresponding DLP (mGy • cm) for head CT, the mean, 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile values were as follows: for infants (&lt;1 year), 472.9, 326.9, 385.3, and 545.5, respectively; for 1-5 years, 742.9, 509.1, 689.3, and 902.9, respectively; for 5-10 years, 1,130.4, 501.7, 924.2, and 1,667.4, respectively; for 10-16 years, 1,226.4, 595.4, 870.1, and 1,255.3, respectively. The total mean CTDIvol (mGy) was 38.0, and the total mean DLP (mGy · cm) was 1,001.6. These values have been compared with other values from other similar studies; the summary for these comparisons concluded that the majority of CTDIvol 16-cm phantom and DLP 16-cm phantom values for the head were higher than DRLs reported from other studies in other countries. Therefore, for risk reduction, it is necessary to establish DRLs for pediatric CT in Sudan.

Computed tomography system performance for different iterative reconstruction algorithms

The number of the Computed Tomography (CT) examinations has increased greatly over the past decade; This has made CT doses the largest source of the individual effective dose from medical exposures worldwide. Evaluation of image quality in CT is an important issue to ensure diagnostic accuracy, while keeping the radiation dose especially to the pediatric patient as low as reasonably possible. The purpose of this study was to assess the physical and psychophysical image quality in pediatric CT for different iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms. The image quality was measured on each CT system using pediatric QRM abdomen and thorax phantoms for clinical thorax and abdomen examination scanning parameters and using the Catphan 600 phantom for head examination scanning parameters. The performance of each CT systems was evaluated individually using conventional filtered back-projection (FBP) and IR algorithm employed in that system. Noise, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), inverse image quality figure (IQFinv), modulation transfer function (MTF) and noise power spectrum (NPS) were assessed for FBP and wide range of iteration level of different IR algorithms. Figure of Merit (FOM) parameter was calculated to characterize the dose efficiency of each CT system. The CTDIvol values were changed from 20.6 to 45.7, 0.9 to 7.4 and 2.4–9.6 mGy for pediatric head, thorax and abdomen scanning protocols between CT systems, respectively. With increasing iteration level, image noise decreased while CNR and IQFinv increased. NPS peak was decreased with increasing iteration level for both two (2D) and three dimensional (3D) NPS and the ratio of the 3D NPS to 2D NPS varied from 4.5 to 8.3 for pediatric head, from 4.6 to 8.7 for pediatric thorax and from 4.0 to 14.0 for pediatric abdomen scanning protocols. For all IR algorithms employed with CT systems used in this study, the FOM values were increased with increasing iteration level.

The impact of automatic tube current modulation related settings of a modern GE CT scanner on image quality and patient dose; details do matter.

To investigate the operation principles of the automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) of a modern GE healthcare CT scanner, and the impact of related settings on image quality and patient dose. A dedicated phantom (Mercury 4.0) was scanned using two of the most frequently used clinical scanning protocols (chest and abdomen-pelvis). The preset protocol settings were used as starting points (reference conditions). Scan direction, scan mode (helical vs. axial), total beam width, tube potential (kVp), and ATCM settings were then modified individually to understand their impact on radiation dose and image quality. Regarding the ATCM settings, the SmartmA minimum and maximum mA limits, and the noise index (NI) values were varied. As surrogates of patient dose, the CTDIvol and DLP values of each scan were used. As surrogates of image quality were used the image noise and the detectability index (d') of five different materials (air, solid water, polystyrene, iodine, and bone) embedded in the Mercury phantom calculated with the ImQuest software. The scanning direction did not have any effect on ATCM curves, unlike what has been observed in CT scanners from other manufacturers. Total beam width does matter, however, the SmartmA limit settings and kVp selection had the greatest impact on image quality and dose. It was seen that improper minimum mA limit settings practically invalidated the ATCM operation. In contrast, when full modulation was allowed without restrictions, noise standard deviation, and detectability index became much more consistent across the wide range of phantom diameters. For lower kVp settings an impressive dose reduction was observed that requires further investigation. SmartmA is a tool that if not properly used may increase the patient doses considerably. Therefore, its settings should be carefully adjusted for each preset different clinical protocol.

Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism: when photon-counting-detector CT replaces energy-integrating-detector CT in daily routine.

To compare the diagnostic approach of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) with photon-counting-detector CT (PCD-CT) and energy-integrating-detector CT (EID-CT). Two cohorts underwent CT angiographic examinations with EID-CT (Group 1; n = 158) and PCD-CT (Group 2; n = 172), (b) with two options in Group 1, dual energy (Group 1a) or single energy (Group 1b) and a single option in Group 2 (spectral imaging with single source). In Group 2, all patients benefited from spectral imaging, only accessible to 105 patients (66.5%) in Group 1, with a mean acquisition time significantly shorter (0.9 ± 0.1 s vs 4.0 ± 0 .3 s; p < 0.001) and mean values of CTDIvol and DLP reduced by 46.3% and 47.7%, respectively. Comparing the quality of 70 keV (Group 2) and averaged (Group 1a) images: (a) the mean attenuation within pulmonary arteries did not differ (p = 0.13); (b) the image noise was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in Group 2 with no difference in subjective image noise (p = 0.29); and (c) 89% of examinations were devoid of artifacts in Group 2 vs 28.6% in Group 1a. The percentage of diagnostic examinations was 95.2% (100/105; Group 1a), 100% (53/53; Group 1b), and 95.3% (164/172; Group 2). There were 4.8% (5/105; Group 1a) and 4.7% (8/172; Group 2) of non-diagnostic examinations, mainly due to the suboptimal quality of vascular opacification with the restoration of a diagnostic image quality on low-energy images. Compared to EID-CT, morphology and perfusion imaging were available in all patients scanned with PCD-CT, with the radiation dose reduced by 48%. PCD-CT enables scanning patients with the advantages of both spectral imaging, including high-quality morphologic imaging and lung perfusion for all patients, and fast scanning-a combination that is not simultaneously accessible with EID-CT while reducing the radiation dose by almost 50%.

Universal 120-kV Dual-Source Ultra-High Pitch Protocol on the Photon-Counting CT System for Pediatric Abdomen of All Sizes: A Phantom Investigation Comparing With Energy-Integrating CT.

The purpose of this study is to determine if a universal 120-kV ultra-high pitch and virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) protocol on the photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) system can provide sufficient image quality for pediatric abdominal imaging, regardless of size, compared with protocols using a size-dependent kV and dual-source flash mode on the energy-integrating CT (EICT) system. One solid water insert and 3 iodine (2, 5, 10 mg I/mL) inserts were attached or inserted into phantoms of variable sizes, simulating the abdomens of a newborn, 5-year-old, 10-year-old, and adult-sized pediatric patients. Each phantom setting was scanned on an EICT using clinical size-specific kV dual-source protocols with a pitch of 3.0. The scans were performed with fixed scanning parameters, and the CTDI vol values of full dose were 0.30, 0.71, 1.05, and 7.40 mGy for newborn to adult size, respectively. In addition, half dose scans were acquired on EICT. Each phantom was then scanned on a PCCT (Siemens Alpha) using a universal 120-kV protocol with the same full dose and half dose as determined above on the EICT scanner. All other parameters matched to EICT settings. Virtual monoenergetic images were generated from PCCT scans between 40 and 80 keV with a 5-keV interval. Image quality metrics were compared between PCCT VMIs and EICT, including image noise (measured as standard deviation of solid water), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) (measured at iodine inserts with solid water as background), and noise power spectrum (measured in uniform phantom regions). Noise at a PCCT VMI of 70 keV (7.0 ± 0.6 HU for newborn, 14.7 ± 1.6 HU for adult) is comparable ( P > 0.05, t test) or significantly lower ( P < 0.05, t test) compared with EICT (7.8 ± 0.8 HU for newborn, 15.3 ± 1.5 HU for adult). Iodine CNR from PCCT VMI at 50 keV (50.8 ± 8.4 for newborn, 27.3 ± 2.8 for adult) is comparable ( P > 0.05, t test) or significantly higher ( P < 0.05, t test) to the corresponding EICT measurements (57.5 ± 6.7 for newborn, 13.8 ± 1.7 for adult). The noise power spectrum curve shape of PCCT VMI is similar to EICT, despite PCCT VMI exhibiting higher noise at low keV levels. The universal PCCT 120 kV with ultra-high pitch and postprocessed VMIs demonstrated equivalent or improved performance in noise (70 keV) and iodine CNR (50 keV) for pediatric abdominal CT, compared with size-specific kV images on the EICT.

Paediatric cancer risks associated with chest computed tomography (CT) scans: comparison of routine chest and COVID-19 diagnosis CT protocols

The aim of this study is to compare the radiation dose and cancer incidence risk associated with two chest Computed Tomography (CT) protocols: routine chest CT (RC-CT) and COVID-19 Diagnosis CT protocol (CD-CT). The study included 254 pediatric patients divided into three age groups: G1 (&lt;5), G2 (5–&lt;10), and G3 (10–15). The effective diameter, volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP), size specific dose estimate (SSDE), organ doses, and cancer incidence risk were calculated for the two protocols. Organ doses (mSv) and effective dose (mSv) were estimated using the National Cancer Institute dosimetry system for CT (NCICT) software. Estimation of cancer incidence risks were conducted according to the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII report. The oldest group (G3) in two protocols exhibited the greatest values for CTDIvol, DLP, effective dose and SSDE. The results showed that CD-CT protocol resulted in statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) lower organ doses and cancer incidence risk. The cancer incidence risk for both protocols did not exceed the reference levels reported in literature surveys on pediatric CT chest radiation dose for all age groups. It can be concluded that the choice of CT protocol can significantly impact the radiation dose received by pediatric patients during CT imaging, highlighting the importance of carefully selecting the appropriate protocol to minimize radiation exposure.

A CT deep learning reconstruction algorithm: Image quality evaluation for brain protocol at decreasing dose indexes in comparison with FBP and statistical iterative reconstruction algorithms

PurposeTo characterise the impact of Precise Image (PI) deep learning reconstruction algorithm on image quality, compared to filtered back-projection (FBP) and iDose4 iterative reconstruction for brain computed tomography (CT) phantom images. MethodsCatphan-600 phantom was acquired with an Incisive CT scanner using a dedicated brain protocol, at six different dose levels (volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol): 7/14/29/49/56/67 mGy). Images were reconstructed using FBP, levels 2/5 of iDose4, and PI algorithm (Sharper/Sharp/Standard/Smooth/Smoother). Image quality was assessed by evaluating CT numbers, image histograms, noise, image non-uniformity (NU), noise power spectrum, target transfer function, and detectability index. ResultsThe five PI levels did not significantly affect the mean CT number. For a given CTDIvol using Sharper-to-Smoother levels, the spatial resolution for all the investigated materials and the detectability index increased while the noise magnitude decreased, slightly affecting noise texture. For a fixed PI level increasing the CTDIvol the detectability index increased, the noise magnitude decreased. From 29 mGy, NU values converged within 1 Hounsfield Unit from each other without a substantial improvement at higher CTDIvol values. ConclusionsThe improved performances of intermediate PI levels in brain protocols compared to conventional algorithms seem to suggest a potential reduction of CTDIvol.

Improving the Quality of CT Images of Stroke Patients Using the SSDE and K-Means Segmentation in the Radiology Installation of RSUD A.W. Sjahranie Samarinda

Stroke examination using a CT scan is a technique that produces 3D brain images without having to do surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the dose received by each patient who underwent a CT-scan procedure and to improve the image quality of the results. Optimization of the dose for each patient is based on a comparison between the calculated SSDE value and the DRL in the form of CTDIvol and DLP, which are implemented in Indonesia. Improving the quality of CT-Scan images through digital processing using the segmentation method to determine the stroke area. The method used is K-Means segmentation. The results obtained for the SSDE value are the dose received by the patient which is higher than the dose issued by the device or the value. However, the SSDE, CTDIvol, and DLP values are still below the DRL standard range set by BAPETEN, so they are still within the safe inspection threshold. The average CTDIvol value, which is the output dose value of the device from 22 patients, was 41.84 mGy and the 75th percentile value was 42.7 mGy. The average DLP value is 1054.08 mGy.cm and the 75th percentile value of the DLP value is 964.13 mGy.cm. The average value of the SSDE value which is the value of the dose received by the patient is 43.39 mGy and the 75th percentile value is 42.440 mGy. Based on these results, the value of the dose received by the patient is higher than the value of the dose issued by the device. Segmentation using the K-Means method with the number of clusters k = 3 produces an accuracy of 86.3%. This means that the patient receives a dose of CT-Scan radiation within safe limits and his image can be processed properly, as evidenced by the high success of the segmentation process.

Thin slice photon-counting CT coronary angiography compared to conventional CT: Objective image quality and clinical radiation dose assessment.

Photon-counting CT (PCCT) is the next-generation CT scanner that enables improved spatial resolution and spectral imaging. For full spectral processing, higher tube voltages compared to conventional CT are necessary to achieve the required spectral separation. This generated interest in the potential influence of thin slice high tube voltage PCCT on overall image quality and consequently on radiation dose. This study first evaluated tube voltages and radiation doses applied in patients who underwent coronary CT angiography with PCCT and energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT). Next, image quality of PCCT and EID-CT was objectively evaluated in a phantom study simulating different patient sizes at these tube voltages and radiation doses. We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical doses of patients scanned on a conventional and PCCT system. Average patient water equivalent diameters for different tube voltages were extracted from the dose reports for both EID-CT and PCCT. A conical phantom made of polyethylene with multiple diameters (26/31/36cm) representing different patient sizes and containing an iodine insert was scanned with a EID-CT scanner using tube voltages and phantom diameters that match the patient scans and characteristics. Next, phantom scans were made with PCCT at a fixed tube voltage of 120kV and with CTDIVOL values and phantom diameters identical to the EID-CT scans. Clinical image reconstructions at 0.6mm slice thickness for conventional CT were compared to PCCT images with 0.4mm slice thickness. Image quality was quantified using the detectability index (d'), which estimated the visibility of a 3mm diameter contrast-enhanced coronary artery by considering noise, contrast, resolution, and human visual perception. Alongside d', noise, contrast and resolution were also individually assessed. In addition, the influence of various kernels (Bv40/Bv44/Bv48/Bv56), quantum iterative reconstruction strengths (QIR, 3/4) and monoenergetic levels (40/45/50/55keV) for PCCT on d' was investigated. In this study, 143 patients were included: 47 were scanned on PCCT (120kV) and the remaining on EID-CT (74 small-sized at 70kV, 18 medium-sized at 80kV and four large-sized at 90kV). EID-CT showed 7%-17% higher d' than PCCT with Bv40 kernel and strength four for small/medium patients. Lower monoenergetic images (40keV) helped mitigate the difference to 1%-6%. For large patients, PCCT's detectability was up to 31% higher than EID-CT. PCCT has thinner slices but similar noise levels for similar reconstruction parameters. The noise increased with lower keV levels in PCCT (≈30% increase), but higher QIR strengths reduced noise. PCCT's iodine contrast was stable across patient sizes, while EID-CT had 33% less contrast in large patients than in small-sized patients. At 120kV, thin slice PCCT enables CCTA in phantom scans representing large patients without raising radiation dose or affecting vessel detectability. However, higher doses are needed for small and medium-sized patients to obtain a similar image quality as in EID-CT. The alternative of using lower mono-energetic levels requires further evaluation in clinical practice.

Evaluasi Nilai Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) pada pemeriksaan CT Scan Thorax Kontras klinis tumor paru di RS X Jakarta

A contrast thorax CT scan is a CT scan procedure in the chest area (thorax) that uses a contrast agent to improve visualization of organs and structures in the chest. Lung tumors are the growth of abnormal lumps in lung tissue which can be benign or malignant. Awareness of the potential and increasing radiation dose in all CT scan examinations encourages radiographers to want and be able to minimize radiation exposure as the main goal in radiological examinations and also strive for radiation protection during examinations. CT scan radiation dose accounts for 70% of the total dose received from medical imaging. High or low doses of radiation received can increase the risk of cancer. The large dose of radiation received by a patient during a CT scan, therefore regulations are needed that will guarantee monitoring of the radiation dose received by the patient to ensure that the dose received is commensurate with medical purposes. The radiation dose to the patient needs to be optimized by applying the Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) to optimize medical exposure protection for the patient. Dosage evaluation in clinical contrast chest CT scan examinations for lung tumors and the application of DRL in these examinations have never been carried out at RS X Jakarta. Objective: This study aims to determine the DRL value in clinical contrast thorax CT scan examination of lung tumors at RS CTDIvol and DLP values from clinical contrast Thorax CT Scan examination of lung tumors. The DRL value is calculated at Quartile 3 (75 percentile) using the descriptive frequency test and Wilcoxon test in the SPSS application, then compared with the latest IDRL value. Results: Quartile 3 value (75 percentile) from CTDIvol and DLP CT scan chest contrast clinical lung tumors, namely The CTDIvol value was 12.55 mGy and the DLP was 439 mGy.cm. Conclusion: The DRL value in the clinical contrast thorax CT scan for lung tumors at Hospital X Jakarta. is still below the recommended standard, which shows that the radiation output dose in this examination practice is within normal limits and is classified as safe.

Patient radiation doses from adult CT examinations at the Souss Massa Regional Hospital

Objective: This study aimed to assess patient radiation doses, and to establish diagnostic reference levels for Adult CT examinations at the Souss Massa Regional Hospital, Morocco. Method: Data from 6 CT examinations were collected between January and June 2023 at the Souss Massa Regional Hospital, including patient age, sex, weight, and height, as well as scanner acquisition parameters such as the number of series, use of contrast media, rotation time plus slice thickness, the displayed Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIvol), and the Dose Length Product (DLP). Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) were calculated for each type of CT examination by estimating the 75% percentile of CTDIvol and DLP. The effective dose is calculated using the following formula: E(mSv) = EDLP × DLP (mGy.cm). The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 software. Results: DRLs in terms of CTDIvol, and DLP for the brain without contrast media are 64,45 mGy, and 1405,77 mGy.cm respectively. For chest CT without contrast media, they are 11,13 mGy, and 417,73 mGy.cm respectively. The data from the abdominal CT show that the CTDIvol (9,74 mGy) and DLP (529,31 mGy.cm) values with contrast media are higher than those without contrast media, which are (9,35 mGy) and (515,21 mGy.cm) respectively. DRls in terms of CTDIvol and DLP for abdomen and pelvis (AP) CT with contrast media are 8,14 mGy and 444,51 mGy.cm respectively. For chest abdomen and pelvis (CAP) with contrast media they are 8,51 mGy, and 571,30 mGy.cm respectively. The effective doses were 2,37, 6,50, 6,24, 6,76, 5,07, 7,13 mSv for the brain without contrast media, chest without contrast media, abdomen without contrast media, abdomen with contrast media, AP with contrast media, and CAP respectively. Conclusion: Adapting CT protocols according to the morphology of patients and the conditions under which each examination is performed can help maintain the doses received by patients at an optimum level.

Assessment of radiation exposure among pediatric patients referred for CT imaging at three government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Due to the high sensitivity of their growing tissues to ionizing radiation, pediatric patients are at a greater risk of cancer development. This study aimed to evaluate the level of radiation exposure experienced by pediatric patients undergoing a common CT examination at the three government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Structured formats were designed for data collection at three government hospitals, and then information about pediatric patients' demography, CT protocols, and CT systems was retrieved and recorded from March 2018 up to July 2018. CT dose indicators: CTDIvol (mGy) and DLP (mGy.cm) values for abdomen, chest, and head CT scans were recorded based on pediatric patients' age ⩽1, (1-5], (5-10], and (10-15] years old. The data were analyzed through SPSS version 25 software. Finally, the third quartile values of CTDIvol and DLP were determined and compared with other international DRLs. The third quartile values of radiation dose descriptors for abdomen, chest, and head CT scans, respectively, in terms of CTDIvol (mGy): 58, 10, 17, 51; 23, 23, 34, 51; 62, 41, 50, 51; and in terms of DLP (mGy.cm), 377, 314, 624, 664; 523, 571, 406, 739; 927, 806, 929, and 1197 corresponded to pediatric patients of age ⩽1, (1-5], (5-10], and (10-15] years old, respectively. There were significant differences in the radiation dosage of some CT examinations between the same age groups, indicating a need for dose optimization. Therefore, this study recommends the need for enhancing radiation safety, ensuring appropriate imaging practices, and prioritizing the well-being of pediatric patients who visit CT examinations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Radiological imaging protection: a study on imaging dose used while planning computed tomography for external radiotherapy in Japan.

Previous studies have primarily focused on quality of imaging in radiotherapy planning computed tomography (RTCT), with few investigations on imaging doses. To our knowledge, this is the first study aimed to investigate the imaging dose in RTCT to determine baseline data for establishing national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in Japanese institutions. A survey questionnaire was sent to domestic RT institutions between 10 October and 16 December 2021. The questionnaire items were volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol), dose-length product (DLP), and acquisition parameters, including use of auto exposure image control (AEC) or image-improving reconstruction option (IIRO) for brain stereotactic irradiation (brain STI), head and neck (HN) intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (lung SBRT), breast-conserving radiotherapy (breast RT), and prostate IMRT protocols. Details on the use of motion-management techniques for lung SBRT were collected. Consequently, we collected 328 responses. The 75th percentiles of CTDIvol were 92, 33, 86, 23, and 32mGy and those of DLP were 2805, 1301, 2416, 930, and 1158mGy·cm for brain STI, HN IMRT, lung SBRT, breast RT, and prostate IMRT, respectively. CTDIvol and DLP values in institutions that used AEC or IIRO were lower than those without use for almost all sites. The 75th percentiles of DLP in each treatment technique for lung SBRT were 2541, 2034, 2336, and 2730mGy·cm for free breathing, breath holding, gating technique, and real-time tumor tracking technique, respectively. Our data will help in establishing DRLs for RTCT protocols, thus reducing imaging doses in Japan.

An evaluation of CT radiation doses within the Yorkshire Lung Screening Trial.

To evaluate radiation doses for all low-dose CT scans performed during the first year of a lung screening trial. For all lung screening scans that were performed using a CT protocol that delivered image quality meeting the RSNA QIBA criteria, radiation dose metrics, participant height, weight, gender, and age were recorded. Values of volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) were evaluated as a function of weight in order to assess the performance of the scan protocol across the participant cohort. Calculated effective doses were used to establish the additional lifetime attributable cancer risks arising from trial scans. Median values of CTDIvol, DLP, and effective dose (IQR) from the 3521 scans were 1.1mGy (0.70), 42.4mGycm (24.9), and 1.15mSv (0.67), whilst for 60-80kg participants the values were 1.0mGy (0.30), 35.8mGycm (11.4), and 0.97mSv (0.31). A statistically significant correlation between CTDIvol and weight was identified for males (r = 0.9123, P < .001) and females (r = 0.9052, P < .001), however, the effect of gender on CTDIvol was not statistically significant (P = .2328) despite notable differences existing at the extremes of the weight range. The additional lifetime attributable cancer risks from a single scan were in the range 0.001%-0.006%. Low radiation doses can be achieved across a typical lung screening cohort using scan protocols that have been shown to deliver high levels of image quality. The observed dose levels may be considered as typical values for lung screening scans on similar types of scanners for an equivalent participant cohort. Presentation of typical radiation dose levels for CT lung screening examinations in a large UK trial. Effective radiation doses can be of the order of 1mSv for standard sized participants. Lifetime attributable cancer risks resulting from a single low-dose CT scan did not exceed 0.006%.

A 3-year national DRL for CT in hybrid imaging study in Kuwait health environment-impact and implementation.

Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for CT in PET-CT are limited, and published DRLs from other countries may not be directly applicable to the State of Kuwait (KW). The authors aimed to carry out the final phase of a 3-year study on DRLs in KW, supporting optimization and dose reduction as imaging technology advances. In this cohort study, 400 adult oncology patients from 8 PET-CT centres were included, following the same procedures as in the first (2018) and second (2020) years, in accordance with the MOH-KW Ethical Committee's recommendations. The CT dose index (CTDIvol), dose-length product (DLP), and scan length were recorded, and the median, mean, standard deviation, as well as the 75th and 25th percentiles, along with the whole-body (WB) effective dose (ED), were calculated. Comparative studies were conducted to track implementation and identify any shortfalls. In this study, half-body (HB) and WB scans accounted for 66% and 34% of the total 400 cases, respectively. The proposed local DRL practice among the 8 centres in the 2022 study exhibited a maximum variation of 25%, showing a 30% improvement over 2020. The achievable local DRL remained consistent with 2020 levels. Comparative results of the third quartile DLP (476 mGy cm) and CTDIvol (4 mGy) values for 2022 indicated lower values for the third phase (400 entries) compared to 2020, with a 1.5-fold variation in DLP. The calculated ED for WB scans ranged from 2.6 to 7.1 mSv, with mean values of 4.7 ± 1.25 mSv, using a conversion factor (k = 0.0093 mSv/mGy/cm). The 2022 proposed national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) for HB (469 mGy cm, 4.0 mGy) were lower than the Swiss National Data (620 mGy cm, 6.0 mGy) and France (628 mGy cm, 6.6 mGy), but slightly higher than those of the United Kingdom (400 mGy cm, 4.3 mGy), despite the Swiss having about 5000 entries, France 1000 entries, and the United Kingdom 370 HB entries. There was a 11.1% continuous improvement in NDRL for 2022 compared to 9.1% in 2020 and 13% in 2018, demonstrating a trend of enhanced optimization. The data established a trend of NDRL for WBCT (PET-CT) that can serve as a national databank for ongoing optimization. This promotes improvements in patient protection and quality care within the clinical environment of the State of Kuwait, aligning with the strategic goals of Kuwait Vision-2035.

Penentuan Nilai Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) pada Pasien Abdomen menggunakan CT-Scan 128 di Instalasi RSUD A.W. Sjahranie Samarinda

Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) is a form of investigative level used as a tool to help optimize protection in radiation exposure for diagnostic and interventional procedures. In simple terms, DRL is the amount of dose that is set and becomes a reference in identifying the reception of high radiation doses received by patients for certain types of examinations. DRL aims to optimize the use of radiation in medicine and help avoid overexposure to radiation. The purpose of this study was to determine the local DRL value on the examination of the abdomen at the Radiology Installation of A.W. Sjahranie Hospital Samarinda. Data processing in this study was carried out with quantitative analysis techniques, namely descriptive statistics. This analysis technique used secondary data obtained from the results of recaptures or archival books for examination of the abdomen. Data processing was carried out with a measure of diversity through the calculation of the third quartile (Q3) in the data distribution. It was assumed that 75% of patients performed examinations with a common diagnosis. The results of these calculations are visualized in the form of a graph of the relationship of CTDIvol with the number of patients and a graph of the relationship of DLP with the number of patients. In the abdomen examination, a CTDIvol value of 12 mGy and a DLP value of 1545.5 mGy.cm. The conclusion obtained from this study is the DRL value at A.W. Sjahranie Hospital Samarinda is relatively low, but it still needs to be optimized by medical physicists.