Values Of Cross Sections Research Articles

Comprehensive study on structural, optical, mechanical and radiation blocking nature of Eu3+-doped bismuth tellurite glasses

A novel glass system B2O3–SiO2–Bi2O3–TeO2–BaO–ZnO doped with Eu2O3 (x = 0–4 mol%) is fabricated through melt-quench technique and coded as BiTeEu-x. Density and refractive index measurements done on the glasses resulted in the increase up to 5.4377 gcm−3 and 1.99, respectively, for 4 mol% addition of Eu2O3. Vickers micro-indentation measurements done on synthesized glasses gave increasing microhardness values with Eu3+ doping due to higher bond strength of Eu–O bond compared to Te–O bond. The Phy-X/PSD simulation software utilized for obtaining radiation shielding parameters produced highest range of mass attenuation coefficient (63.878–0.036 cm2/g) and lowest range of half-value layer (0.002–3.551 cm) for the same glass proving its superiority in radiation attenuating capacity. This article addresses the theoretical analysis of photon buildup occurring inside the fabricated glasses in 0.015–15 MeV energy range with respect to different penetration depths. Neutron shielding ability of BiTeEu-4 glass was found to be impressive with fast neutron removal cross section (FNR) value of 0.10362 cm−1.

IRSL properties of HfO2 obtained by the precipitation method and its correlation to ESR centres

Infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) emission and its characterisation are reported for the first time for HfO2 synthesised by the precipitation method and its electron spin resonance (ESR) centres properties are shown in this study. IRSL spectrum has a broad emission band in the blue region, which is centred at about 2.49 eV. A similar emission was observed for the radiofluorescence (RF) with a band centred at 2.52 eV. RF signal intensity decreases with the readout temperature, which might indicate a thermal quenching process.IRSL signal is strongly affected by the readout temperature, as part of its emission is related to the presence of shallow traps (<100 °C). The IRSL shine-down curve is composed of two components with decay times of 15.7 and 800 s, and photoionisation cross-section values of about 1.20 × 10−19 and 2.35 × 10−21 cm2, respectively, based on IRSL carried out at 100 °C after 2 Gy of beta irradiation dose, using a general-order kinetic model. Dosimetric analyses indicated that there is a reproducible signal in IRSL, with a coefficient of variation lower than 9 % for repeatability and 3 % for reproducibility measurements. The dose-response curve has a linear trend in the dose range of 0.3–2.0 Gy. Regarding the photon energy study, it shows an overresponse for photo energy values below 200 keV. Fading of about 40 % after one day of storage was observed.Bleaching measurements indicated that the TL peaks located between 100 and 250 °C share the same trap levels as the IRSL ones. In addition, a possible charge transference is observed from the peak at 330 °C to lower temperature peaks. ESR analyses identified that oxygen vacancies of V+ type in a four-coordinated arrangement are induced by irradiation and are temperature-sensitive. Based on the bleaching and ESR measurements, it is reasonable to infer that V+ type vacancies are likely responsible for the IRSL, and its blue emission.

Measurement of vector boson production cross sections and their ratios using pp collisions at [formula omitted] TeV with the ATLAS detector

Fiducial and total W± and Z boson cross sections, their ratios and the ratio of top-antitop-quark pair and W-boson fiducial cross sections are measured in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of s=13.6TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 29 fb−1 of data collected in 2022 by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. The measured fiducial cross-section values for W+→ℓ+ν, W−→ℓ−ν¯, and Z→ℓ+ℓ− (ℓ=e or μ) boson productions are 4250±150pb, 3310±120pb, and 744±20pb, respectively, where the uncertainty is the total uncertainty, including that arising from the luminosity of about 2.2%. The measurements are in agreement with Standard-Model predictions calculated at next-to-next-to-leading-order in αs, next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy and next-to-leading-order electroweak accuracy.

Characterization and Quantitation of Anthocyanins of the Pigmented Tea Cultivar TRI 2043 (Camellia sinensis L.) from Sri Lanka

Tea leaves are rich in diverse bioactive compounds. The tea accession TRI 2043 is unique due to its pigmented leaves caused by anthocyanins, clonal origin, resistance to blister blight disease, and high pubescence density. Because of its peculiarity, TRI 2043 is used to produce high-quality silver tip tea, a premium type of tea that commands high prices. This study was carried out to clarify and elucidate the types of anthocyanins in this particular accession. Four different anthocyanin species were identified and quantitated as cyanidin-3-O-β-d-galactoside and delphinidin-3-O-β-d-galactoside equivalents for leaf blades and stems of the cultivar TRI 2043. The characterization was performed by comparison with commercially available reference substances and further confirmed using ion mobility high-resolution time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (IMS-HRTOF-MS). Quantitation was carried out using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet–visible detection (UHPLC-UV-vis) with cyanidin-3-O-β-d-glucoside as an internal standard. E- and Z-geometric isomers of 6-p-coumaroyl derivates of delphinidin and cyanidin-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosides were observed, and collision cross section (CCS) values were determined for all four different anthocyanidin species. The content of anthocyanins in leaf blades of cultivar TRI 2043 was 856.32 ± 41.56 µg/g dry weight, with cyanidin being the more abundant anthocyanin (69.8%). Conversely, the stem material contained an anthocyanin amount of 459.5 ± 44.7 µg/g dry weight, with a higher content of delphinidin (69.6%). In summary, an enrichment strategy using analytical membrane chromatography was established to fully elucidate and quantify the anthocyanin profile of plant samples such as the special tea variety TRI 2043.

Utilization of bis-MPA Dendrimers for the Calibration of Ion Mobility Collision Cross Section Calculations.

Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has become increasingly popular with the rapid expansion of available techniques and instrumentation. To enable accuracy, standardization, and repeatability of IM-MS measurements, the community requires reliable and well-defined reference materials for calibration and tuning of the equipment. To address this need, synthetic dendrimers of high chemical and structural purity were tested on three ion mobility platforms as potential calibrants. First, synthesized dendrimers were characterized by drift tube ion mobility (DTIMS), using an Agilent 6560 IM-qTOF-MS to assess their drift tube collision cross section (DTCCS) values. Then, assessment of obtained CCS values on trapped ion mobility (TIMS) and traveling wave ion mobility (TWIMS) ion mobility platforms were compared to those found by DTIMS. Across all three systems, dendrimers were found to have high potential for m/z and ion mobility calibration in the CCS range of 160-1700 Å2. To further validate their use as calibrants, drift tube calculated CCS values for dendrimers were utilized to calibrate calculations of CCS for known standards including Agilent Tuning mix, the CCS Major mix from Waters, and SPLASH LIPIDOMIX. Additionally, structures of sodiated dendrimers were computated along with theoretical CCS values which showed good agreement with the experimental CCS values. On the basis of the results presented, we recommend the use of dendrimers as alternatives and/or complementary compounds to commonly used calibrants for ion mobility platforms.

Extension of evaluated cross section database for charged particle monitor reactions

The evaluation and deduction of recommended cross section values allowing extension of the database to monitor energy and intensity parameters of charged particle beams is presented. Included are 53 charged particle (p, d, 3He, 4He) induced reactions on suited C, Al, Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, Nb and Au targets. The new data allow more systematic simultaneous use of multiple reactions on the same target and promote the backings of electrodeposited and sedimented targets as monitoring aids. Where possible the energy range is extended to above 100 MeV. Integral yield curves over the studied energy range are derived and compared to experimentally measured yields at specific energy points. A comparison with the theoretical excitation curve prediction of the TALYS-code as available in the TENDL 2021–2023 libraries is shown.

Radiation shielding properties of composites of TiZrNbHfTa refractory high entropy alloy reinforced with TiZrNbHfTaOx high-entropy oxide

Radiation shielding materials play a critical role in advancing the next generation of nuclear reactors. Among these, high-entropy materials with refractory properties emerge as a new category for radiation shielding applications. This study introduces TiZrNbHfTa-TiZrNbHfTaOx composites tailored for such purposes. Initially, a TiZrNbHfTa refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) is synthesized via mechanical alloying, followed by the oxidation of the alloy to obtain its refractory high-entropy oxide (RHEO), TiZrNbHfTaOx. Composites are then prepared by blending 5%, 10%, and 20% weight fractions of RHEO with RHEA using mechanical alloying. Comparative analysis of shielding properties reveals a decrease in mass attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number with increasing RHEO content. While RHEA exhibits superior shielding performance against gamma photons and neutrons, the composite containing 20% RHEO emerges as the optimal shield against alpha and proton irradiations. The equivalent neutron dose rate and removal cross-section values are obtained 49.8% and 0.142 for the composite with 20% RHEO, respectively. These findings, supported by computational simulations in this study, contribute valuable insights for the advancement of novel shielding materials crucial for future nuclear reactor technologies.

Ionization of sulfur clusters, S[formula omitted] (n = 2−8) by electron collisions

This article reports the electron scattering ionization cross sections for S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8 target molecules essential to many fields like radiation chemistry, atmospheric, astrophysical, and astrochemical modeling. The theoretical approach utilizes a complex scattering potential ionization contribution method. The computation is carried from the ionization threshold of the target molecule to 5000 eV to investigate the entire energy range, which is significant to the ionization process of the molecules. A simple additivity rule is applied to study complex and non-spherical cases. Further, screening correction is implemented within the molecular system to reduce the overestimation in cross section values due to the overlapping charge density. A high correlation was obtained for the maximum ionization cross section value and the square root of the ratio of polarizability to the target molecule’s ionization energy, indicating the present method’s accuracy. Besides the Astro modeling applications, the cross section values also find utility in industrial plasma, sulfur lamps, lithium-sulfur batteries, and mass spectrometry.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, structural, and radiation shielding properties for transparent borosilicate glasses

The current work investigates the impact of SrO content on the structural, physical, and shielding properties of xSrO-10TiO2–10SiO2-(65-x) B2O3, where (15 ≤ x ≤ 30) glasses. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and radiation shielding features were utilized to investigate the samples’ features. XRD results affirmed the amorphous behavior. The FTIR values presented many peaks attributed to SiO2 and B2O3. The Sr30B50 sample (3.048 g/cm3) showed the highest density, followed by Sr25B55 (2.936 g/cm3), Sr20B60 (2.720 g/cm3) and Sr15B65 (2.679 g/cm3). The XPS analysis of Ti 2p core level spectra reveals that Ti ions exist in both Ti4+ and Ti3+ oxidation states, with the content of Ti4+ increasing with the SrO ratio in the glass sample. The XPS analysis of O 1s core level spectra revealed that the number of non-bridging oxygen atoms is enhanced with an increase in SrO content, indicating the weakening of the glass structure. Furthermore, neutron and photon shielding properties were calculated theoretically using Phy-X software. The gamma shielding properties were enhanced with increasing SrO, while the neutron attenuation was equivalent to water. For example, the fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS) values are 0.101, 0.098, 0.102, and 0.101 cm−1 for Sr15B65, Sr20B60, Sr25B55, and Sr30B50, respectively. The findings suggest that the SrO improved radiation shielding properties while decreasing glass stability.

Measurement of third order coherence by in situ autocorrelation for determining three-photon cross-sections.

We show theoretically that the third order coherence at zero delay can be obtained by measuring the second and third order autocorrelation traces of a pulsed laser. Our theory enables the measurement of a fluorophore's three-photon cross-section without prior knowledge of the temporal profile of the excitation pulse by using the same fluorescent medium for both the measurement of the third order coherence at zero delay as well as the cross-section. Such an in situ measurement needs no assumptions about the pulse shape nor group delay dispersion of the optical system. To verify the theory experimentally, we measure the three-photon action cross-section of Alexa Fluor 350 and show that the measured value of the three-photon cross-section remains approximately constant despite varied amounts of chirp on the excitation pulses.

A computational- experimental model of reactor kinetic for investigating the linearity response of in-core neutron detectors of a low power research reactor

In this study, the linear response of fission chamber (FC) neutron detectors in Isfahan miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR) is investigated through experiments and calculations at different powers of the reactor. The linearity of the response of the main neutron detector in the MNSR is important due to its safety functions in reactor power control. Additionally, determining the linear response region of this detector presents a linear neutron dosimetry field even outside of the reactor core, i.e. at the outlet of external beam tubes. Moreover, it is very difficult to remove and calibrate this neutron detector that has been installed in the reactor core for a long time. For this purpose, an alternative method for measuring the linearity of the response of a neutron detector is extended by investigating the kinetic behavior of reactor. The aim of this method is to calculate the delayed neutrons population in the reactor core and compare with the FC detector response. In this method, the numerical solution method is used to solve the point kinetic equation with 15 delayed neutron groups (6 delayed neutron groups and 9 photo-neutron groups) after inserting a large negative reactivity into the MNSR core by considering temperature and xenon reactivity feedbacks during a coupling procedure. To obtain the xenon reactivity feedback, xenon concentration is calculated by coupling the 135Xe and 135I production equations and the εpPFnlPTnl parameter is obtained by an experimental method. Furthermore, the value of fission cross section (Σf) is calculated using a validated model in the Dragon code. The large reactivities are inserted at two initial power of 150 W and 30 kW to investigate the response of the main FC neutron detector in a cold xenon-free condition and by considering temperature and xenon reactivity feedbacks, respectively. The results demonstrate that the response of the MNSR FC detector is linear in the neutron flux range between 5 × 107 to 1 × 1012 n.cm−2.s−1, which is equivalent to reactor power of 1.5 W to 30 kW. This innovative method can be applied to calibrate the neutron detectors in other research and power reactors.

Investigation of the Cd-Ratio difference method to measure the cross section of 186W(n,γ)187W at the Jordan Research and Training reactor

The neutron capture cross section of 186W(n,γ)187W was measured at different energies, including the thermal capture cross section (0.025 eV) and resonance integral. Neutron capture cross section values were determined using the activation technique and by applying the Cadmium-ratio difference method. Two irradiation locations at the Jordan Research and Training Reactor (JRTR) were used (NAA1 and NAA2). The thermal capture cross section values were determined to be 39.56 ± 0.69 ± 2.58b and 32.17 ± 3.72 ± 2.00b at NAA1 and NAA2, respectively. While resonance integral values were found to be 113.93 ± 8.20 ± 16.87b and 69.35 ± 26.63 ± 29.69b at NAA1 and NAA2, respectively. The present results of the resonance integral are not in good agreement with the most of the previous experimental and evaluated data as well as the theoretical calculations.

Ion-molecule collision cross-section calculations using trajectory parallelization in distributed systems

Ion Mobility coupled with Mass Spectrometry (IM-MS) stands as a strong analytical method for structurally characterizing complex molecules. In IM-MS, the sample under investigation is ionized and propelled by an electric field into a drift tube, which collides against a buffer gas. The separation of the ion gas phase is then measured through the differences in their rotationally averaged Collision Cross-Section (CCS) values. The effectiveness of the measured Collision Cross-Section (CCS) for structural characterization critically depends on the validation against theoretical calculations. This validation process relies on intensive molecular mechanics simulations, which can be computationally demanding, especially for large systems such as molecular assemblies and viruses. Therefore, reliable and fast CCS calculations are needed to help interpret IM-MS experimental data. This work presents the MassCCS software, which considerably increases the CCS simulation performance by implementing a linked-cell-based algorithm, incorporating High-Performance Computing (HPC) techniques. We performed extensive tests regarding the system size, shape, and number of CPU cores. Experimental results reveal speedups up to 3 orders of magnitude faster than Collision Simulator for Ion Mobility Spectrometry (CoSIMS) and High-Performance Collision Cross Section (HPCCS), optimized solutions for CCS simulations, for a single node execution. In addition, we extended MassCCS at the inter-node level by employing OpenMP Cluster (OMPC). OMPC is an innovative programming model designed for the development of HPC applications. It streamlines the development process and simplifies software maintenance using only OpenMP directives. Notably, OMPC delivers a performance level comparable to a pure MPI implementation. This enhancement enabled expensive CCS calculations using nitrogen buffer gas for large systems such as human adenovirus with ∼11 million atoms in just ∼4 min, making MassCCS the most performant software nowadays, to the best of our knowledge. MassCCS is available as free software for Academic use at https://github.com/cces-cepid/massccs.

Gas Phase Reactivity of Isomeric Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls.

Identification of stereo- and positional isomers detected with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is often challenging due to near-identical fragmentation spectra (MS2), similar retention times, and collision cross-section values (CCS). Here we address this challenge on the example of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) with the aim to (1) distinguish between isomers of OH-PCBs using two-dimensional ion mobility spectrometry (2D-IMS) and (2) investigate the structure of the fragments of OH-PCBs and their fragmentation mechanisms by ion mobility spectrometry coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (IMS-HRMS). The MS2 spectra as well as CCS values of the deprotonated molecule and fragment ions were measured for 18 OH-PCBs using flow injections coupled to a cyclic IMS-HRMS. The MS2 spectra as well as the CCS values of the parent and fragment ions were similar between parent compound isomers; however, ion mobility separation of the fragment ions is hinting at the formation of isomeric fragments. Different parent compound isomers also yielded different numbers of isomeric fragment mobilogram peaks giving new insights into the fragmentation of these compounds and indicating new possibilities for identification. For spectral interpretation, Gibbs free energies and CCS values for the fragment ions of 4'-OH-CB35, 4'-OH-CB79, 2-OH-CB77 and 4-OH-CB107 were calculated and enabled assignment of structures to the isomeric mobilogram peaks of [M-H-HCl]- fragments. Finally, further fragmentation of the isomeric fragments revealed different fragmentation pathways depending on the isomeric fragment ions.

Structural Engineering of Hierarchical Magnetic/Carbon Nanocomposites via In Situ Growth for High-Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

HighlightsHierarchical Fe3O4-Fe@CNFs/Al-Fe3O4-Fe nanocomposites were constructed by in situ growth, vacuum-assisted filtration, and self-reduction methods.The carbon framework, with in situ grown magnetic nanoparticles, supports two-dimensional magnetic nanosheets, achieving excellent electromagnetic performance and good impedance matching.Excellent reflection loss value (− 59.3 dB), broadband wave absorption (5.6 GHz at 2.2 mm thickness), and low radar cross-section value were achieved.

Experimental study on the radiation-induced destruction of organic compounds on the surface of the Moon

Volatile organic molecules and a complex organic refractory material were detected on the Moon and on lunar samples. The Moon’s surface is exposed to a continuous flux of solar UV photons and fast ions, e.g. galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar wind (SW), and solar energetic particles (SEPs), that modify the physical and chemical properties of surface materials, thus challenging the survival of organic compounds. With this in mind, the aim of this work is to estimate the lifetime of organic compounds on the Moon’s surface under processing by energetic particles. We performed laboratory experiments to measure the destruction cross section of selected organic compounds, namely methane (CH4), formamide (NH2CHO), and an organic refractory residue, under simulated Moon conditions. Volatile species were deposited at low temperature (17 - 18 K) and irradiated with energetic ions (200 keV) in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. The organic refractory residue was produced after warming up of a CO:CH4 ice mixture irradiated with 200 keV H+ at 18 K. All the samples were analyzed in situ by infrared transmission spectroscopy. We found that destruction cross sections are strongly affected (up to one order of magnitude) by the dilution of a given organic in an inert matrix. Among the selected samples, organic refractory residues are the most resistant to radiation. We estimated the lifetime of organic compounds on the surface of the Moon by calculating the dose rate due to GCRs and SEPs at the Moon’s orbit and by using the experimental cross section values. Taking into account impact gardening, we also estimated the fraction of surviving organic material as a function of depth. Our results are compatible with the detection of CH4 in the LCROSS eject plume originating from layers deeper than about 0.7 m at the Moon’s South Pole and with the identification of complex organic material in lunar samples collected by Apollo 17 mission.

Chemical and physical analysis of synthesized coumarin compounds: Investigating responses to gamma and neutron radiations

This research investigates the chemical and physical characteristics of three recently synthesized coumarin compounds produced via the von Pechmann condensation mechanism. These compounds were successfully and precisely synthesized, as confirmed by a comprehensive understanding of their chemical composition obtained through combined infrared and NMR analyses. The compounds underwent examination regarding their responses to gamma and neutron radiations, and their mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) were determined using both GATE/Geant4 simulation and NIST-XCOM data. Additionally, the effective removal cross-section values for fast neutrons were calculated employing various methods. All acquired data has been compared with that of water and other materials in the existing literature. Although coumarin compounds might not have intrinsic shielding properties, they have the potential to be part of composite materials designed for specific applications. Comparative analysis with established radiation dosimetry systems showed the coumarin compounds’ attenuation coefficients closely aligning with water, indicating their potential suitability for nuclear applications requiring water-equivalent properties. Further assessment with Geant4 simulation under linac photon beams demonstrated the water-equivalent properties of the coumarin compounds for 6 MV and 18 MV.

Titanium alloys: A closer-look at mechanical, gamma-ray, neutron, and transmission properties of different grade alloys through MCNPcode application

Titanium alloys play a vital role in optimizing the effectiveness and security of nuclear reactors, strengthening structural durability, and facilitating the effective handling of nuclear waste. The aim of this study is to investigate the gamma-ray, neutron, and transmission properties of four common titanium alloys through the examination of the deposited energy amount in the liquid sodium coolant material, in relation to the mechanical properties of these alloys. MCNP (version 6.3) is utilized for designing the titanium pipes. Next, the pipes were re-designed considering the elemental mass fractions and densities of the investigated titanium alloys. Grade 26 sample is reported with the highest values of mass attenuation coefficients and the lowest HVL values among those investigated alloys. Grade 26 is reported to have the lowest TF value, whereas Grade 12 demonstrated the highest TF value. The highest Effective Removal Cross Section (ΣR, 1/cm) value against fast neutrons is reported for Grade 26. The utilization of Grade 26 sample as pipe material resulted in the lowest deposited energy amount (MeV/g) and subsequent lowest contamination in the coolant material. Out of the alloys that were chosen for analysis, it has been determined that Grade 26 exhibits the highest level of strength. It can be concluded that the Grade 26 alloy exhibits desirable characteristics for applications in nuclear technologies that require superior gamma-ray and neutron absorption properties, as well as exceptional mechanical properties. Nevertheless, it is essential to emphasize the importance for ongoing studies to enhance the existing material properties of Grade 26, with the aim of achieving improved safety and efficacy in nuclear applications.

Monte Carlo simulation of O2− ion transport and rate properties in noble gases with O2 addition

The kinetics of O2− ions were numerically studied in He and Ar with a small admixture of O2 in a strong electric field through a Monte Carlo simulation. Cross sections for elastic scattering between O2− ions and He and Ar atoms were determined by adjusting cross section values to obtain good agreement between calculated and measured ion mobilities in pure helium and argon. Ion transport coefficients, mean energy, and detachment rate were calculated for various mole fractions of O2 and values of the reduced electric field. It was shown that the O2− ion mobility, mean energy, and detachment rate in He:O2 mixtures are much higher than those in Ar:O2 mixtures and air. A great difference between the properties of O2− ions in He–O2 and Ar–O2 mixtures was explained on the basis of the difference in the polarizability and mass for He and Ar atoms. Calculated detachment rates can be used for simulating guided ionization waves in He and Ar flows ejected into ambient air.

Enhancement of Small Ship Detection Using Polarimetric Combination from Sentinel−1 Imagery

Speckle noise and the spatial resolution of the Sentinel−1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image can cause significant difficulties in the detection of small objects, such as small ships. Therefore, in this study, the Polarimetric Combination-based Ship Detection (PCSD) approach is proposed for enhancing small ship detection performance, which combines three different characteristics of polarization: newVH, enhanced VH, and enhanced VV. Employing the Radar Cross Section (RCS) value in three stages, the newVH was utilized to detect Automatic Identification System (AIS) -ships and small ships. In the first step, the adaptive threshold (AT) method was applied to newVH with a high RCS condition (&gt;−10.36 (dB)) for detecting AIS-ships. Secondly, the first small ship target was detected with the maximum suppression of false alarms by using the AT with a middle RCS condition (&gt;−16.98 (dB)). In the third step, a candidate group was identified by applying a condition to the RCS values (&gt;−23.01 (dB)), where both small ships and speckle noise were present simultaneously. Subsequently, the enhanced VH and VV polarizations were employed, and an optimized threshold value was selected for each polarization to detect the second small ship while eliminating noise pixels. Finally, the results were evaluated using the AIS and small fishing vessel tracking system (V-Pass) based on the detected ship positions and ship lengths. The average matching results from 26 scenes in 2022 indicated a matching rate of over 86.67% for AIS-ships. Regarding small ships, the detection performance of PCSD was 42.27%, which was over twice as accurate as the previous Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) ship detection model. As a result, PCSD enhanced the detection rate of small ships while maintaining the capacity for detecting AIS-equipped ships.