BOD Values Research Articles

Biochemical Oxygen Demand Prediction Based on Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Machine Learning

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is an important indicator of the degree of organic pollution in water bodies. Traditional methods for BOD5 determination, although widely used, are complicated and dependent on accurate chemical measurements of dissolved oxygen. The aim of this study was to propose a facile method for predicting biochemical oxygen demand by fluorescence signals using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis in combination with a machine learning algorithm. The water samples were incubated for five days using the national standard method, during which the dissolved oxygen contents and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy data were measured at eight-hour intervals. The maximum fluorescence intensity of three fluorescence components was decomposed and extracted by parallel factor analysis. The relationship between the maximum fluorescence of the three fluorescence components and the BOD5 values was established using a random forest model. The results showed that there was a good correlation between the fluorescence components and BOD values. The BOD5 values were effectively predicted by the random forest model with a high goodness of fit (R2 = 0.878) and low mean square error (MSE = 0.28). Although this method did not shorten the incubation time, successful BOD5 prediction was realized by the non-contact measurement of fluorescence signals. This avoids the complicated operation of DO determination, improves detection efficiency, and provides a convenient solution for analyzing large quantities of water samples and monitoring facile water quality.

Analysis of the Effect of Wastewater Quality on the Effectiveness of Eco-Enzyme

Eco-enzyme represents a biological solution derived from the fermentation of organic materials, evaluated for its effectiveness in industrial wastewater treatment. This study examines to investigate the effectiveness of eco-enzymes in improving the quality of industrial wastewater by analyzing their impact on four specific types of liquid waste: landfill leachate, tofu wastewater, batik wastewater, and laundry wastewater. Samples were treated with eco-enzyme at specific concentrations and incubated for 5 days, followed by chemical analysis. Eco-enzyme reduced ammonia levels in landfill leachate by 57% to 8.83 mg/L, though COD and BOD values rose to 18,114.6 mg/L and 46,709 mg/L, respectively, exceeding effluent standards. In tofu wastewater, COD and BOD decreased by 72% and 75% to 4,189.68 mg/L and 2,395.3 mg/L, respectively, but remained above regulatory limits. Batik wastewater showed increases in most parameters, with COD and BOD reaching 6,838.85 mg/L and 3,193.5 mg/L. For laundry wastewater, surfactants decreased by 55% to 12.97 mg/L, but BOD and TSS increased. These findings indicate that while eco-enzyme can reduce specific pollutants like ammonia and surfactants, its application can also elevate COD and BOD levels in some cases. Additional treatment processes, such as aeration or coagulation, are required to achieve effluent standards. Despite its limitations, eco-enzyme holds potential as an environmentally friendly option for industrial wastewater management when integrated with complementary technologies.

Techno-Ecological Management of Lakes and Reservoirs using Remote sensing and Gis

Water is susceptible to get contaminated by any foreign matter and this may be either natural or artificial. Any alteration in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water as well as contamination of any foreign substances leads to health hazard. The polluted natural water resources are hazardous to aquatic life and also to human life. The major sources of water pollution are domestic waste from urban areas, rural areas and industrial wastes, which are discharged into natural water bodies. Reservoirs and lakes occupy a prominent place in the history of irrigation in South India. Tanks are considered to be useful life saving mechanism in the water scarcity areas which are categorized as Arid and Semi-arid zones. The lakes and reservoirs, all over the country without exception, are in varying degrees of environmental degradation. The degradation is due to encroachments, eutrophication and siltation. There has been a quantum jump in population during the last century without corresponding expansion of civic facilities resulting in deterioration of lakes and reservoirs, especially in urban and semi urban areas becoming sinks for the contaminants. The degradation of reservoir and lake catchments due to deforestation, stone quarrying, sand mining, extensive agricultural use, consequent erosion and increased silt flows have vitiated the quality of water stored in the reservoirs. The study area vie., Byramangala reservoir catchment has an areal extent of 340 sq.km,and command area of 28 sqkm It is encompassed by East longitude 770 23'45"- 770 34'16"and North latitude 120 45' 00"- 130 02' 40"at a distance of about 40 km from Bangalore. The paper discusses the physico-chemical and bacteriological studies carried out on surface and ground water and soil in the Byramangala reservoir catchment and the command area. The surface water and ground water in the catchment and command areas were subjected to qualitative analysis for its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The sampling was done at a monthly interval of three months, i.e., in the month of April2012, September2012, and January 2013.The results of analyses of water samples reveal that water is polluted at certain locations. The max and min values of BOD are 108 mg/l and 48.5mg/l, the COD 264mg/l and86.3mg/l, TDS 1691mg/l and 990 mg/l, DO are 2.5ppm to 1.2 ppm, Water quality Index between 289 to 112.The presence of heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr in vegetation and soil of command area is beyond the permissible limits at certain locations. The total–coliform andfaecalcoliform in ground water and surface water at certain locations and reservoir varies between 64x104 /100ml to9600/100ml which indicates that water is highly polluted with domestic and industrial effluents. Techno-ecological approaches such asSoil scrape filter, Succession pond, Green lake technology, Green bridge technology will help to reduce pollution levels in the Byramangala reservoir, its catchment and command areas.

Studying the optimal techniques for removing the organic load from wastewater of hospitals laboratories

Hospital wastewater poses a strong threat to human health security as it contains a variety of difficult-to-degrade organic compounds, active pharmaceutical compounds, multiple inorganic pollutants, etc., causing complex pollution in water resources and ecosystems. Aim of this study to treatment wastewater resulting from analysis laboratories in the hospital. waste water was treated using several techniques, including biological treatment using the rotating biological tablets (RBC) method, adsorption with Syrian natural pollutants, coagulation with aluminum sulphate, advanced oxidation with ultrasound, and dual treatment using natural pollutants with ultrasound waves. The effectiveness of organic load removal was determined after each treatment and by applying different treatment conditions. results showed the effectiveness of the treatment methods used, the best way to treat the studied water sample was treatment using natural pollutants with ultrasound waves. Water suitable for irrigation was obtained according to the Syrian standard when adding natural pollutants at a concentration of 1gr per liter of polluted water and applying ultrasound waves at a high frequency. 40kHz for 30 minutes, where the COD value reached 212 mg/l with a removal rate 94%, and the BOD value reached 82 mg/l with a removal rate 87%. Hospital wastewater poses a strong threat to human health security as it contains a variety of difficult-to-degrade organic compounds, active pharmaceutical compounds, multiple inorganic pollutants, etc., causing complex pollution in water resources and ecosystems. Aim of this study to treatment wastewater resulting from analysis laboratories in the hospital. waste water was treated using several techniques, including biological treatment using the rotating biological tablets (RBC) method, adsorption with Syrian natural pollutants, coagulation with aluminum sulphate, advanced oxidation with ultrasound, and dual treatment using natural pollutants with ultrasound waves. The effectiveness of organic load removal was determined after each treatment and by applying different treatment conditions. results showed the effectiveness of the treatment methods used, the best way to treat the studied water sample was treatment using natural pollutants with ultrasound waves. Water suitable for irrigation was obtained according to the Syrian standard when adding natural pollutants at a concentration of 1gr per liter of polluted water and applying ultrasound waves at a high frequency. 40kHz for 30 minutes, where the COD value reached 212 mg/l with a removal rate 94%, and the BOD value reached 82 mg/l with a removal rate 87%.

Optimization of biogas production based on cow manure, tempeh waste and water hyacinth plants using the anaerobic digestion method

Abstract The objective of this study is to produce biogas from livestock manure, water hyacinth and tempeh liquid waste which is actually dangerous for the surrounding environment. Water hyacinth has a high hemicellulose content, while animal waste and tempeh liquid waste can produces CH4 gas even the BOD and COD values are quite high. By using anaerobic digestion method, we will convert the material into methane gas. This research took a total of 28 days with by using other materials also such as NaOH, H2SO4, stater, aquadest. After conducting research, the most optimal results for the total biogas volume were obtained by variable A5 (86.63% cow dung: 4.70% water hyacinth: 8.66% tempeh liquid waste) with total volume of 2360 ml and the highest amount of methane/CH4 gas is obtained by A6 (86.63% cow dung: 4.70% water hyacinth: 8.66% tempeh liquid waste) with a value of 830581.83 ppm. While the lowest CH4 shows by variable A1 with total amount of 209601.39 ppm. This shows that water hyacinth is not sufficient to increase the potential amount of biogas produced.

Assessment of Water Quality Parameters and Their Correlations in the Kalimas River, Surabaya: Implications for Health Risks

The Kalimas River, which flows through industrial and residential areas, faces significant pollution pressure due to diverse anthropogenic activities. This study evaluates the water quality parameters of the Kalimas River in Surabaya, Indonesia, and investigates the correlations among these parameters to assess potential health risks. Key parameters assessed include temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS). Sampling was conducted along ten strategically selected segments. The results reveal varying levels of pollution, with elevated BOD5, COD, and TSS values indicating organic and chemical pollution, and low DO levels signalling oxygen depletion in certain sections. Statistical analysis using Spearman’s correlation demonstrated significant relationships among variables, such as a negative correlation between temperature and DO. Health risks are evident, as high COD and BOD levels promote pathogen growth, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases, while elevated TSS may carry pollutants that further threaten public health. The presence of low DO levels also disrupts aquatic ecosystems, which can exacerbate bacterial growth, posing additional health hazards to communities using the river for daily activities. These findings highlight the need for urgent interventions to mitigate pollution and protect both ecological health and public safety.

Water quality evaluation by WQI and ICOs for the rivers of Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana

A monitoring program enabled the evaluation of water quality and the simulation of the pollution dynamics of the rivers in the Joya de los Sachas and Francisco de Orellana cantons in Ecuador. For this assessment one used the WQI (water quality index) and the pollution indices ICOMO (organics contamination), ICOSUS (suspended solids), ICOMI (mineralization), ICOTRO (trophy system), and ICOpH (pH Index). The mathematical model operates with several input parameters, including dissolved oxygen, fecal coliforms, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), turbidity, total solids, total phosphorus, pH, total nitrogen, suspended solids, alkalinity, conductivity, temperature, and the concentrations of nitrates, nitrites, and phosphates. WQI values were obtained from ICO pollution indices. The pollution of the Sacha area is significant, WQI = 0.292, which represents an advanced degree of pollution, since increased BOD values correspond to a high load of organic pollutants. They can originate from household, agricultural, industrial, and soil erosion waste. Likewise, the Sacha River has an ICOSUS = 0.16, which renders water treatment difficult, without impacting human health. Calculated WQI values reveal that the water quality of the Sacha, Basura and Coca rivers is low, being highly contaminated. In contrast, the Huamayacu, Jivino Rojo, Jivino Negro, and Jivino Blanco rivers are commonly polluted.

PbO2/rGO Electrode as a Superior and Efficient Anode in Electrocatalytic Degradation of Safranine-O

The electrocatalytic degradation method with PbO2/rGO electrode (anode) was chosen to treat Safranine-O waste because it was cheap and environmentally friendly. This research aimed to study the electrocatalytic efficiency of PbO2/rGO working electrode in Safranine-O removal. In this research, rGO and PbO2/rGO electrodes were synthesized and applied to Safranine-O removal through electrochemical degradation. The characterization results of the morphology of rGO are in the form of a layered structure and have the atomic composition of C (82.87%) and O (17.13%). The characterization results of PbO2/rGO are uniform particles with gaps/pores that appear relatively large. The rGO particles in the form of sheets (layers) seem to be distributed on the surface of PbO2. PbO2/rGO electrode has the atomic composition of C (87.24%), O (9.03), and Pb (3.73). The application of PbO2/rGO anode to the electrochemical degradation of Safranine-O showed good performance. It was able to perform dye removal (DE%), as well as a decrease in BOD and COD values up to >95% within 10 minutes at a concentration of 20 ppm. Application on real waste also showed the ability of dye removal, COD, and BOD reduction up to >95%. Coating or modifying the PbO2 anode with rGO can reduce the dissolution of Pb2+ ions in the solution during the electrochemical degradation. This study concluded that the PbO2/rGO electrode has improved the efficiency in Safranine-O degradation. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Real-time water quality monitoring along the lower stretch of River Ganges and its connected drains using sensors and Water Quality Index

ABSTRACT In this study, water quality is measured using a Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring System for a total of 84 times at 14 locations, in which four drains discharged sewage directly to river Ganges at Bihar, five locations on river Ganges at West Bengal, two tributaries of river Ganges at West Bengal and three drains discharged wastewater directly to river Ganges at West Bengal. In Bihar, four major drains discharged 377.98 MLD wastewater into the river Ganges which in turn released 8985.17 kg of BOD per day. In West Bengal, three major drains had a total flow of 1630.88 MLD that discharged 11563.77 kg of BOD per day to the River Ganges. The average Water Quality Index of the river Ganges was observed as 64.55 and that of drains of West Bengal and Bihar were recorded as 309.78 and 775.56, respectively. The average BOD to COD ratio of less than 0.6 indicated wastewater from drains of Bihar and West Bengal was nonbiodegradable. DO and pH values were recorded compliant with the bathing water quality standard at all river locations, however, the average BOD value at five monitoring points of the river Ganges and its tributaries was slightly above the bathing water quality standard.

Ultrasound Evaluation of the Optic Nerve Sheath as a Predictor of Severity and Complications

Objectives: Ultrasonography has the potential advantage of being a repeatable tool, safe at the bedside and low cost, without risks of radiation and side effects. Emerging as a tool with potential to promote the optimization of the prognosis of neurosurgical patients. Methods: 31 participants diagnosed with expansive brain injury were selected, all over 18 years of age, after signing the free consent form and clarification, the postoperative evaluation was carried out at the time of hospital discharge and 3 months after surgery on an outpatient basis. The ultrasound evaluation of the optic nerve sheaths was performed by a team member, who was blind to the clinical and radiological information and using the same GE VERSANA ACTIVE ultrasound device. Results: During the preoperative analysis of 31 patients, 41.9% were male (n=13) and 58.06% female (n=16), with a mean age of 50.64 +- 16.29. Regarding the functional analysis with KPS, it was found that 58% of patients (regardless of sex) had results >=70, equivalent to 18 patients. Regarding the diameter of the optic nerve sheath performed by ultrasound, the value of the preoperative BOD was greater than 6.1 mm, the value greater than 6.2 mm determined unfavorable prognosis in 3 months. Discussion: In the present study, the cutoff point of the BNO measurement for favorable or unfavorable prognosis was 6.1 mm, and when we correlated this variable with the analyzed KPS variable, we can observe that they correlate, mainly with outcome, getting an unfavorable result.

Multiannual oceanographic studies in the coastal area of Karadag Nature Reserve and Koktebel Bay (northern Black Sea) in 2004–2021

The study presents the results of the first multiannual oceanographic monitoring in the coastal area of Karadag Nature Reserve and adjacent water areas in May and September in the period from 2004 to 2021. Significant and unprecedentedly high increasing trends were detected for salinity in May. Increasing trends in nitrate concentration in Koktebel Bay were noted both for May and for September. The five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonium and phosphate concentrations demonstrated mostly negative trends for the measurements in May and positive trends in September. Significant decreasing trends in phytoplankton biomass were noted in September, which fit in the range of the larger-scale phytoplankton trends reported in the literature. The position of the extrema of nutrients in the long-term-average and trend slope maps was confined to the areas of increased hydrodynamic and anthropogenic activity. Multivariate analysis showed significant negative correlations of the quantitative phytoplankton characteristics with salinity, which were explained by the effect of the freshened and nutrient-enriched Azov plume. The absence of significant correlations with nutrients was attributed to the non-conservative and stochastic character of the nutrient inflow on the yearly scale and time lag between the nutrient supply and the phytoplankton growth. The large percentage of occurrences of low BOD5 values at any station indicates the unpolluted status of the area under research, which is confirmed by the low trophic index values and appearance of probability distributions of the nutrient concentrations.

Performance Evaluation of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Herbal Processing and Extraction Industry

"Due to enormous quantities with hazards and complexity in nature is a big challenge for effective treatment of wastewater from pharmaceutical processes including herbal extraction through conventional methods of distillation. The situation is further aggravated in countries facing high rising population, urbanization, and industrialization resulting in the generation of industrial wastes. The study has been carried out in the herbal extraction industry by conducting stage-wise sampling of ETP based on the conventional method and further coupled with ozonation as an advanced treatment to comply with regulatory standards. Additionally, the same process was studied that implementing the best available technology (BAT) by providing ETP with advanced technology modules such as MBR (membrane bioreactor) + RO + O3 has not only resulted in compliance with standards but also reuse of treated wastewater into the process and utilities has been proved to be techno-economically a viable and sustainable option. Modifying existing aeration tanks and advanced oxidation through ozone injection post-biological treatment has resulted in COD and BOD reduction of 96.42% and 99.0% respectively. Whereas in the case of MBR + RO + O3, the values of pH, BOD, COD, TSS, and sulfide have been observed as 8.32, 2.0 mg.L-1, 14.0 mg.L-1, 1.0 mg.L-1 and 0.0 mg.L-1 respectively and 98% recovery of treated effluent, thus saving 44 KL.day-1 of freshwater resulting into significant financial benefits of Rupees 12.59 acs annually, which otherwise was outsourced through tankers."

Effectiveness of Apuwood Plants (Pistia Stratiotes) Using the Phytoremediation Method in Reducing Bod Levels in Ciprat Langitan Magetan Batik Waste

The batik industry generally consists of residue, residual dye water, residual wax and batik pelorodan water. The characteristics of batik liquid waste include high levels of Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Total Suspended Solids. Batik industry waste is considered dangerous, because its characteristics can pollute waters such as turbidity in river water. The aim of this research is todetermine the effectiveness of using apu wood plants (Pistia Stratiotes) in reducing the BOD value in Ciprat Langitan Simbatan Magetan batik waste.The method used in this research is experimental, with analysis using Quasi Experimental and using a Pretest-posttest Control Group Design.The results of measuring BOD levels with phytoremediation treatment of apu wood plants on the 3rd day were 114 mg/l, on the 6th day it was 71 mg/l and on the 9th day it was 53 mg/l. The percentage of effectiveness in reducing BOD levels on day 3 was 9.78%, on day 6 it was 45.31% and on the last day it was 58.20%. There was a reduction in BOD levels with phytoremediation using apu wood plants. The effectiveness of the apu wood plant in reducing BOD levels was found with an exposure time of 9 days. Apart from that, a long-standing treatment of more than 9 days can be used to measure the effectiveness of apu wood plants in reducing the BOD levels of batik liquid waste.

Industrial Wastewater Efficiency Assessment of Al-Dora Refinery Plant in Baghdad by Decreasing BOD5 and COD Concentrations

In petroleum refineries, cooling towers, steam engines, and vacuum distillation all require a large volume of water. Before being dumped into the water bodies, it is then transported to an industrial water treatment facility. One of the study's objectives is to verify how well different processing units in the industrial wastewater treatment plant at the cycle refinery remove concentrations of chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD) and BOD. Five samples of industrial wastewater were collected before and after each treatment unit and one sample of wastewater was drained as a final product to the Tigris River. Over the summer, the BOD5 values after each processing unit were 180.8, 175.2, 111, 43, and 37 ppm. Winter readings were 106.8, 99.6, 81.2, 33.8, and 31 ppm, with summer and winter complete elimination rates of 79% and 71%, respectively. The reason for higher BOD5 concentrations in summer than in winter is due to higher temperatures that lead to evaporation and increased concentrations of BOD5 and COD pollutants. While COD concentrations were during the summer after each processing unit 399.6, 383.2, 187.2, 72.8, and 55.4 ppm, in winter they were 324.4, 310.2, 115, 46, and 42.6 ppm with a total removal rate of 86% in summer and 87% in winter. It was found that the refinery's water-drained treatment method, which includes a high proportion of BOD5 and COD concentrations in the main treatment plant, is effective. The water that flowed from the treatment plant into the river was within the national standard of the river water.

Kajian Penambahan Bakteri Probiotik Lokal Dengan Interval Waktu Inkubasi 8 Jam Terhadap Perubahan Kadar BOD dan COD Pada Air Buangan Industri Tahu

Tofu has become one of the most popular foods among the people of Indonesia. This encourages the existence of a growing tofu manufacturing industry. However, the growth of this industry also results in a lot of waste being generated. If the waste is not treated properly, it can cause pollution because it contains very high BOD and COD levels. One of the ways that researchers do is by utilizing local probiotic bacteria to help reduce BOD and COD levels. Data analysis in this study is in the form of statistical analysis, where statistical data will be presented with graph/diagram methods that show the results of differences in BOD and COD values in Tofu Industry Wastewater before and after treatment. Based on the results of the study, there was a significant decrease in BOD and COD levels due to the addition of local probiotic bacteria. The efficiency of the largest decrease in BOD levels was 79.88% in the sample variation with a probiotic content of 75% when the incubation time interval was 32 hours. Meanwhile, the largest decrease in COD levels also occurred in the same sample variation with an efficiency of 74.76%.

Alkoxide-based solvent dyeing: a feasible strategy for pollution minimization and sustainable approach for the reactive dyeing of cellulosic materials

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of substituting the conventional inorganic alkalis (Na2CO3) with different organic alkoxide5s to explore the potential of replacing aqueous dyeing medium with environmentally friendly solvents like ethanol (EtOH). The study aimed to assess the dyeing characteristics, such as exhaustion, fixation, fastness qualities, physical properties, and environmental implications when EtOH and water were present, while also examining the impact of alkoxides. Time-gated Raman spectra provide insights into the allomorphic forms of cellulose-II after the alkoxide pretreatment, which significantly influences the overall reactivity of cellulose fibers and their dye absorption capabilities. Notably, organic alkoxide pretreated dyeing demonstrated improved color strength, exhaustion, and fixation efficiency compared to Na2CO3 pretreatment, as one of the work’s key findings. For instance, the conventional dyed fabric exhibits 3.4 times lower color strength than alkoxide-based (RR239 + C2H5ONa 3 g/L + EtOH) dyeing, showing substantial potential for upscaling at commercial level as it requires no chemical auxiliaries (such as NaCl and Na2CO3). Importantly, the alkoxide pretreatment does not significantly alter the physical, mechanical and fastness properties of the fabrics, which are comparable to both the pristine and aqueous dyed fabrics, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy experiments. The effluent’s color intensity resulting from dyeing with C2H5ONa + EtOH (3 g/L) is approximately 24 times lower (250 Pt/Co) in comparison to the aqueous dyeing using 40 g/L of NaCl and 20 g/L of Na2CO3 in an aqueous medium (6154 Pt/Co). Apart from the color intensity, alkoxide pretreatment and EtOH-based dyeing drastically reduce the COD, BOD, TDS, TSS and total hardness values, which could have cost-saving implications for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).

Assessing environmental pollutionfrom shrimp farming activities in Soc Trang province

The study aimed to evaluate the level of environmental pollution from shrimp farming in coastal areas of Soc Trang province. A total of 10 shrimp farming households and 50 neighbouring households were interviewed about emissions and environmental sanitation conditions. At the end of the shrimp season, pond water samples were collected from 5 semi-intensive ponds and 5 intensive ponds, bottom sediment samples were collected from 5 semi-intensive ponds to evaluate the level of pollution. Interview results indicated that wastewater and bottom sediment from shrimp farming are the main causes of declining surface water quality and reducing the number of wild fish; pollution levels are likely to increase in the future. The pH, total suspended solid (TSS), BOD5, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of pond water samples are suitable for shrimp farming (except TSS of water samples in Cu Lao Dung and Long Phu); total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents fluctuate widely between sampling ponds. The metal content in the bottom sediment is lower than the allowable discharge threshold of sediment quality standards. Solid waste generated in farming areas has not been properly collected and treated. To sustainably develop the shrimp industry, local authorities need to encourage shrimp farmers to apply proper waste treatment technologies in addition to state management solutions.

Comprehensive monitoring of the water quality of the Velikaya river estuary by a set of hydrochemical and hydrobiological indicators (Pskov Region)

The purpose of our study was to study the dynamics of the water quality of the Velikaya River estuary in the growing season of 2023 according to a number of hydrochemical and hydrobiological indicators. The data of one-year hydrochemical and sanitary-microbiological monitoring of a natural reservoir, the mouth of the Velikaya River, are presented. The water area was studied based on data from the analysis of 5 stations. 21 hydrochemical indicators were determined. The water quality class has been determined according to the water pollution index. The sanitary and microbiological monitoring included the determination of OHMS of allochthonous and autochthonous microflora. It followed from the results that the reservoir is experiencing bacterial pressure largely than chemical pressure. The geological features of the region explain the exceeded hardness value, and natural processes and pollution of the reservoir may cause the increased values of BOD-5 in some seasons. The values of the integrated pollution assessment were in the range of 1,88–2,29. Water quality is characterized in the transitional value of water quality class III–IV. According to the water assessment, according to the average indicators of bacterial contamination, the waters were classified as moderately polluted, but in the summer at one point, the water samples were classified as polluted. The waters are characterized as "moderately polluted", which corresponds to an average concentration of hydromicrobiota in the order of 10³ (CFU)/ml.

Investigation and Evaluation of Aquiferous Zones Within Orlu and Its Environs, Using a Geo-electrical and Physiochemical Approach

This study investigated the suitability of drinking water in Orlu, Nigeria, facing challenges due to limited surface water availability and environmental deterioration. To solve the problem of the availability of portable water, electrical resistivity surveys using a Schlumberger array were conducted to identify potential groundwater resources. Twelve locations were assessed, revealing resistivity values indicative of potential aquifers. Following the geophysical survey, the physicochemical properties of water samples collected from various locations were analyzed. Parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), and minerals were evaluated against WHO and Nigerian drinking water standards. The analysis indicated generally good water quality across the sampling sites. pH levels were within the recommended range, and DO concentrations met the minimum requirements. Similarly, TDS and BOD values suggested low levels of organic matter and dissolved solids. Mineral content also remained below WHO-permissible limits. A Water Quality Index further confirmed that the water quality within the study area can be graded from good to excellent in quality. These findings suggest that the groundwater resources identified in the study hold promise for providing safe drinking water in Orlu and its environs.

Nonparametric Tests for Potability of Damodar River from Small Sample

TThe Damodar River, originating from Jharkhand and flowing through West Bengal, is essential for the survival of the surrounding biosphere community and the population living along its banks, which includes people from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The government and non-governmental organizations have been working to improve the quality of the river, with the Damodar Valley Corporation instrumental in addressing the natural flow of the river and its tributaries.Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is used to indicate the organic quality of water, and the BOD values measured at regular intervals along the course of the river reveal a persistently high level of pollution, mainly caused by untreated chemical effluent dumping by multiple industrial companies located along the river.