Total Antioxidant Activity Values Research Articles

MELICA UNIFLORA YAPRAKLARININ ETANOLİK ÖZÜTLERİNİN IN VITRO BİYOLOJİK AKTİVİTESİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Melica uniflora is part of the omnivore and herbivore animal diets and there is not enough study about this plant. The aim of the study is to provide the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of ethanol extract of M. uniflora leaves. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant potential based on different methods and antimicrobial activity of M. uniflora leaves ethanol extract were examined. Disk diffusion method against to eight bacteria strains, the Folin-Ciocalteu method, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays were used. Mean diameters of inhibition zones were found in the range of 14.93 mm to 26.32 mm. The total phenolic content of ethanol extract of M. uniflora leaves was determined as 0.466 mg GAE/g. Total antioxidant activity value of the extract was calculated 4.54 mg AAE/g. IC50 value was calculated 18.798 mg/mL for DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The FRAP value indicated that the reducing power of 1 gram of sample was equivalent to 3.33 µmol of trolox. The flavonoid content of the extract was calculated as 4.44 mgQE/g. According to the obtained results, the analyzed M. uniflora leaves ethanol extracts demonstrated antioxidant and antimicrobial activity level can be considered effective.

The Effect of Hordeum Vulgare L. Extracts on Blood Cholesterol Level and Lipid Peroxidation Activity in a Hypercholesterolemia Rodent Model

Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley) is an ancient and essential cereal grain crop with the claim that it has the potential to reduce cholesterol level and to lower oxidation activity in the liver.However, it hasn’t been proven scientifically. Hence,this study was conducted to investigate the total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAC) and liver peroxidation activity of barley aqueous and ethanol extractas well as assess the effect of ethanol extract on cholesterol level of high-fat diet rats. TAC of barley extract was determined by using ABTS (2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) assay andDPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) assay. Meanwhile, Total Phenolic Content TPCwas determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Atotal of 15 Sprague Dawley rats were tested for the lowering cholesterol properties in barley and its association with lipid peroxidation product (Melondialdhyhe level) by adding the barley into their daily diet. The result indicated that TAC and TPC value of ethanol barley extract was high. Barley ethanol extracts effectively lowering cholesterol level in Sprague Dawley rats. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde level in the liver tissue was a significant difference between the high-fat diet group of rats and the high-fat diet group of rats treated with ethanol barley extract. Conclusion, ethanol barley extract possess more phenolic content, antioxidant component and reducing cholesterol level of high-fat diet rats.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Edible Honeysuckle Monitored through RAPD in Relative to Bioactive Substances

This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of selected cultivars and clones of Lonicera sp. (edible honeysuckle) from two countries with different climatic and soil conditions. Accordingly, the determination of total polyphenols content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) in fruits of Lonicera sp. in 2018–2019 was performed. Applied statistical methods evaluating TPC and TAA were: correlation and regression, ANOVA, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering. The neighbor-joining method and gel images analysis (PyElph software, Pavel and Vasile, Bucharest, Romania) were used for genetic analysis. The average TPC of all cultivars and clones was 5.32 mg L−1 in the year 2018 and 3.78 mg L−1 in 2019. The average TAA values of all samples in 2018 were 8.24 mg L−1, and 9.27 mg L−1 in 2019. Statistically significant correlations between years and cultivars and clones were found. Based on the lengths and number of fragments by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR’s, it was found that ‘clone 5’ and ‘clone 7’ were genetically close to the grown cultivars from the Czech Republic. Therefore, edible honeysuckle fruits are a valuable source of important nutrients for the human body and its health.

Investigating the effects of geographical origin, roasting degree, particle size and brewing method on the physicochemical and spectral properties of Arabica coffee by PCA analysis

Effects of geographical origin of Coffee Arabica beans (Brazil, Colombia and Peru), roasting degree, particle size and different brewing methods (French press, chemex and cold brew) on physicochemical and spectral properties of coffee samples were investigated in this study. Analyses of pH, total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TA), UV and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements were performed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to obtain the most effective parameters on chemical changes. Results indicated that the increase of roasting degree caused decrements in the intensities of UV-spectra because of the degradation of trigonelline and chlorogenic acid molecules while counterpart trend was observed in the fluorescence spectra due to formation of fluorescence Maillard reaction products (MRP) during roasting. French press and cold brew methods caused similar TPC (1873.33-3818.33 and 2648.88-3824.44μg/mL gallic acid equivalent, respectively) and TA (0.18-0.32 and 0.16-0.27μmol/mL Trolox equivalent, respectively) values whereas chemex method showed different physicochemical properties (TPC: 1008.88-3543.88μg/mL gallic acid equivalent and TA: 0.08-0.26μmol/mL Trolox equivalent). Roasting degree and brewing method-compared to other parameters-were the most discriminating factors on the basis of UV spectra and fluorescence spectra of coffee brew samples, respectively. All roasting degrees could be distinguished with the rate of 71.42% on PC1 and 23.45% on PC2 of total variance according to UV-spectra while chemex and French press-cold brew methods could be differentiated with the rate of 97.24% on PC1 and 1.79% on PC2 of total variance based on fluorescence spectra on PCA score graphs.

Active modified atmosphere storage to preserve the quality of 'San Andreas' strawberries harvest at two ripening stages

Abstract This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of fruit ripening stage at harvest (“1/3 ripe” and “3/4 ripe”, respectively with 30% and 75% of red color) and passive modified atmosphere (MA) and active MA (with initial initial low O2 and/or high CO2) on quality of ‘San Andreas’ strawberries, with emphasis on bioactive compounds and metabolites of fermentative metabolism. The treatments evaluated were: control; passive MA [low density polyethylene (LDPE) packaging of 40 µm]; active MA with initial low O2 (1 kPa); active MA with initial high CO2 (30 kPa); and active MA with initial low O2 (1 kPa) and high CO2 (30 kPa). After 14 days of storage (0.5±0.2°C/92±2% RH) followed by two days of shelf life (20±5°C/65±10% RH), fruit weight loss was higher in control fruit. Soluble solids content and titratable acidity were not different between treatments. Fruit harvested “1/3 ripe” were firmer and had less intense red color after storage than fruit harvested “3/4 ripe”. Storage conditions did not affect fruit texture maintenance, but all MA conditions delayed fruit red color evolution, regardless of ripening stage at harvest. Strawberries harvested “1/3 ripe” and stored in active MA with initial high CO2 had lower incidence and severity of decay. In general, total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were higher in fruit harvested “1/3 ripe”. The metabolites of the fermentative metabolism were higher in fruit harvested “3/4 ripe” and stored in active MA with initial low O2. Fruit harvested “1/3 ripe” had higher values of TPC and TAA and lower incidence of decay after storage. The use of active MA with initial high partial pressure of CO2 preserves the postharvest life of ‘San Andreas’ strawberries, by reducing decay without increasing the metabolites of the fermentative metabolism.

Effects of pomegranate peel supplementation on chemical, physical, and nutritional properties of muffin cakes

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel is known as a good source of biologically active food components, and in this research, the potential use of pomegranate peel in muffin cakes was studied. Wheat flour was partially (5, 10, and 15%) substituted with pomegranate peel powder. Pomegranate peel powder increased apparent viscosity values of cake batters. Pomegranate peel addition caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in insoluble and total dietary fibers, total phenolics, Mg, Ca, and K contents, and total antioxidant activity values. It was found that crumb and crust Hunter L and b values and crust Hunter a value decreased (p < 0.05) by increasing the amount of pomegranate peel. Specific volume, symmetry index and uniformity index values of all cakes were similar. The addition of pomegranate peel significantly (p < 0.05) increased hardness and decreased springiness values. Control cakes and cakes having 5 and 10% pomegranate peel received similar scores in smell and flavor. Practical applications In this study, significant increases were determined in insoluble and total dietary fibers, total phenolics, Mg, Ca, K contents, and total antioxidant activity values of cakes by adding pomegranate peel to the formulations. But increasing the pomegranate peel level in cakes caused increasing in hardness values in texture analysis, and decreasing in crumb cell structure and chewiness scores in sensory analysis. So, we can suggest to increase liquid phase ratio in cake batters for cakes having pomegranate peel. When we take into account that increasing the pomegranate peel to 15% caused significant reductions in smell, flavor, and color scores, it is advisable not to exceed 15% in pomegranate peel addition. The results show that using pomegranate peel in muffin cakes will be a good alternative for increasing the nutritional and functional properties of cakes, and pomegranate peel may also be considered as a potential functional ingredient in other food products.

Physicochemical attributes and functional properties of flowers of Brazilian feijoa genotypes

Abstract: The objective of this work was to characterize entire flowers of the feijoa (Acca sellowiana) genotypes 'Alcântara', 'Helena', 'Mattos', 'Nonante', and the accession 2316 for dry matter, total antioxidant activity (TAA), and the contents of soluble solids, ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, total flavonoids, and total phenolic compounds (TPC), as well as for the petal surface areas and colors. The TAA was quantified by the ABTS and DPPH methods. Flowers of the accession 2316 and of the cultivars Alcântara and Helena showed the highest contents of anthocyanins and flavonoids, as well as the highest values of TPC and TAA. The feijoa genotypes cultivated in Southern Brazil show high contents of soluble solids and represent a natural source of antioxidants.

The Antioxidant Activity of Water, DMSO and Methanol Extracts of Royal Jelly from Bursa Province in Turkey

Royal jelly is a bee product and has many benefical effects on human health. In this study, the antioxidant activity of water, Dimethy sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol extracts of royal jelly that collected from Bursa province in Turkey were investigated. Total Phenol Contents (TPC), Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC), Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) and Free Radical Scavenging Capacity were detected Folin-Ciocalteu method, Aluminum Nitrate colorimetric method, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power and DPPH Assay respectively. TPC and SEM values of water, DMSO and methanol extracts of royal jelly were 1.05 ± 0.38, 15.65 ± 7.36 and 1.65 ± 0.42. TFC and SEM values of water, DMSO and methanol extracts of royal jelly were 0.17 ± 0.09, 0.61 ± 0.02 and 0.06 ± 0.02. TAA and SEM values of water, DMSO and methanol extracts of royal jelly were 35.04 ± 17.07, 6.94 ± 1.36 and 13.74 ± 6.87. Finally percentage of DPPH inhibition and SEM values of water, DMSO and methanol extracts of royal jelly were 10.62 ± 2.61, 6.70 ± 2.47 and 10.39 ± 5.19. TPC and TFC results of DMSO extracts of royal jelly significantly higher than methanol and water extracts of royal jelly results. Also all extracts of royal jelly were shown TAA and free radical schavenger activity but results weren’t significantly different eachother. In conclusion, royal jelly extracts of Bursa province in Turkey were shown antioxidant potential and it can be used as an antioxidant product

Biochemical traits of asparagus cultivars and quality changes in two differently coloured genotypes during cold storage

The aim was to evaluate morpho-biochemical traits in four asparagus cultivars (‘Early California’, ‘Grande’, ‘Purple Passion’, and ‘Vegalim’), and qualitative changes in ‘Grande’ and ‘Purple Passion’ during storage in air or passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP, 15% O2 – 5% CO2), at 4 °C for 28 days. ‘Early California’ showed the highest total phenolic (TPh) and quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin) content, and the highest total antioxidant activity (TAA). 'Purple Passion' was the richest in glucose and total sugars, while 'Early California' the least rich in sucrose. The nitrate content was lower than 100 mg kg−1 FM and potassium on average 280 mg 100 g−1 FM. The MAP reduced weight loss, ensuring product turgidity and mitigating the cold storage stress. In the first 7 days in storage, ‘Purple Passion’ showed higher values of TPh, rutin and TAA. Afterwards, TPh content increased in both cultivars in MAP. During storage, sugars gradually decreased, except sucrose in ‘Purple Passion’, increased by almost 40% after 14 days. ‘Grande’ and ‘Purple Passion’ spears showed optimal overall quality up to 14 days-storage, but they could not be stored for more than 21 days. Moreover, MAP allowed to preserve or enhance antioxidant properties of asparagus during the whole storage.

Evaluation of lipid peroxidation processes in patients with chronic parenteral viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection depending on degree of inflammatory process activity in the liver

The aim of the study. To evaluate of parameters of lipid peroxidation - antioxidant defense changes in women of fertile age with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection, depending on the degree of inflammatory process activity in the liver. Materials and methods. 99 women of reproductive age were examined, of them 44 patients with chronic parenteral viral hepatitis, 27 patients with HIV co-infection (HIV + hepatitis B and/or C) and 28 practically healthy women (control group). Results. Patients with CVH in combination with HIV-infection with the presence of minimal and low degree of inflammatory activity in comparison with patients with CVH-monoinfection had a higher content of lipid peroxidation products (an increase in the content of diene conjugates and ketodienes and conjugated trienes), reduced values of total antioxidant activity, superoxide dismutase activity, as well as the concentration of fat-soluble vitamins α-tocopherol and retinol. In the group with CVH and HIV with moderate and high degree of activity, similar, but even more pronounced changes in the system of lipid peroxidation were observed. Conclusion. The presence of co-infection - CVH in combination with HIV infection with minimal and low, as well as moderate and high inflammatory activity, is characterized by more intensive lipid peroxidation processes and a pronounced lack of antioxidant factors than with CVH-monoinfection.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Characteristic of Traditional and Industrial Zhenjiang Aromatic Vinegars during the Aging Process.

Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar (ZAV) is one of the well-known fermented condiments in China, which is produced by solid-state fermentation. It can be classified into traditional Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar (TZAV) and industrial Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar (IZAV) because of different production methods. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the variations and differences on chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of TZAV and IZAV during the aging process. The proximate composition, organic acids content, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total antioxidant activity (TAA) and phenolic compounds composition of TZAV and IZAV were detected during the aging process. Organic acids contents, TPC, TFC, TAA and phenolic compounds contents in ZAV were increased during the aging process. Acetic acid, lactic acid and pyroglutamic acid in ZAV were major organic acids. With the extension of aging time, TZAV and IZAV had similar proximate compositions and organic acids content. The values of TPC, TFC and TAA were higher in TZAV than in IZAV when aging is more than 3 years. Rutin and p-coumaric acid were detected in TZAV but not in IZAV. In principal component analysis (PCA), TZAV and IZAV can be divided into two groups according to their phenolic compounds composition. These findings provide references for evaluating TZAV and IZAV on the basis of their characterizations.

Total antioxidant activity of bovine milk: Phenotypic variation and predictive ability of mid-infrared spectroscopy

The phenotypic variation of milk total antioxidant activity (TAA) and the ability of mid-infrared spectroscopy to predict this novel trait was investigated. Total antioxidant activity was measured through the reference spectrophotometric method on 1249 individual milk samples of Holstein Friesian cows. Sources of variation of milk TAA were investigated using a mixed model, which included the fixed effects of days in milk, parity and calving season, and the random effects of herd-test-date and error. Mid-infrared spectroscopy prediction models were developed using partial least squares regression approach. The average level of milk TAA was 6.93 mmoL L−1 of Trolox equivalents; this exhibited a coefficient of variation of 15% and showed weak phenotypic correlations with milk quality traits. Values of TAA were lower in early lactation than in late lactation. Mid-infrared spectroscopy prediction models reached a coefficient of determination in external validation of 0.41, suggesting that they are not adequate for analytical purposes.

Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) genotypes from south Italy by UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS approach.

Pomegranate fruits are a rich source of polyphenols with numerous health-promoting effects. Pomegranate juices of five genotypes ('Mollar', 'Kingdom', 'Dente di Cavallo', and two old populations 'Francofonte' and 'Santa Tecla') were evaluated regarding anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin phenolic contents using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (MS). Moreover, total antioxidant activity (TAA) was evaluated using a 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay. Twenty-three phenolic compounds were identified. Cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside and pelargonidin-3,5-O-diglucoside were the most representative anthocyanins in all genotypes; the Santa Tecla population had the highest content of these anthocyanins, 97.64 mg L-1 and 40.29 mg L-1 respectively. In the Francofonte population, ferulic acid hexoside was the most abundant compound (391.18 mg L-1 ). TAA values ranged between 221.5 and 36.73 µmol Trolox equivalents/100 mL of juice. A high TAA value was recorded for the Santa Tecla pomegranate population. The UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS approach was employed for the first time to identify the phenolic compound profiling in five pomegranate genotypes. TAA was analysed using an ABTS assay, and the results showed a significant variability in nutraceutical potential of the pomegranate genotypes studied. The inclusion of phenolic information in the linear discriminant analysis allowed very good discriminations among genotypes to be obtained. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Redox status parameters in adolescent-mongoloids with exogenously constitutional obesity and fatty hepatosis

It is assumed that in the progression of obesity, complicated by fatty hepatosis in adolescents, a significant role is given to the reactions of oxidative stress with deficiency of antioxidant factors. However, an important factor that remains outside the field of view of researchers is the ethnicity of the patient, which is an important element in the development of a personalized approach in the treatment and prevention of diseases. In connection with this, the purpose of this study was to study the changes in the lipid peroxidation-antioxidant defense processes in adolescent Mongoloids with exogenously constitutional obesity complicated by fatty hepatosis. 18 adolescent boys with fatty hepatosis were examined on the background of exogenous-constitutional obesity of the first degree; 38 adolescent boys with exogenously constitutional obesity without changes in the liver and 37 practically healthy adolescents (control group). All subjects surveyed for ethnicity belonged to the Mongoloids. Spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods were used in the research. The results of the study indicated a high intensity of lipid peroxidation reactions in Mongoloid boys with obesity and fatty hepatosis relative to control values: an increase in blood plasma content of compounds with unsaturated double bonds (p<0.001), diene conjugates (p=0.0012), ketodienes and conjugated trienes (p<0.0001), in the absence of significant differences in the level of TBA-active products. Increased values of total antioxidant activity in blood plasma (p=0.0023) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity (p=0.0072), decreased levels of fat-soluble vitamins in blood plasma [α-tocopherol (p<0.0001) and retinol (p=0.0011)] and oxidized form of glutathione in erythrocytes (p=0.0083) have been found. The pronounced insufficiency of fatsoluble vitamins - α-tocopherol and retinol in patients of the main group was also noted in comparison with patients without morphological changes in the liver. Thus, in teenage Mongoloids with exogenously constitutional obesity and fatty hepatosis, it is possible to recommend antioxidant drugs in addition to basic metabolic therapy.

Wendlandia exserta: a pertinent source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agent

Abstract Objective The aim of the present investigation was to assess the antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of various fractions of Wendlandia exserta (Roxbukan Pansara). Methods The methanolic extract of W. exserta (Roxbukan Pansara) was dissolved in water (distilled) and then partitioned with solvents e.g. n-hexane, CHCl3, EtOAc and n-BuOH consecutively. Antioxidant potential of above mentioned fractions and remaining aqueous fraction was checked by four methods. Antimicrobial activity was examined by four bacteria and four fungi by the disc diffusion method by using a standard, as positive control. Results The aqueous fraction displayed maximum value of diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition (85.94%±0.35) with an IC 50 value of 415.31±0.26 μg mL−1. The aqueous fraction also displayed the maximum ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value [64.5±0.15 μg of trolox equivalents (TE)] as well as maximum inhibition of lipid peroxidation (42.32%±0.59) and maximum value of total phenolic contents (87.10±1.10). However, the n-BuOH fraction was found to display the maximum value of total antioxidant activity (0.529±0.76). The fractions also displayed good antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms. Conclusions It was concluded that polar fractions of W. exserta showed good antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, so these might be useful in pharmacological preparations.

Short communication: Phenotypic characterization of total antioxidant activity of buffalo, goat, and sheep milk

Free radicals are reactive and unstable waste molecules produced by cells, responsible of damages and alteration on DNA, proteins, and fat. The daily intake of antioxidant compounds, acting against free radicals and their detrimental effects, is essential for human health. Milk contains several compounds with antioxidant activity, and the sum of their reducing potential blocking free radicals development is defined as total antioxidant activity (TAA). This novel trait has been described in literature both in individual and bulk cow milk, but there are no reports from other dairy species. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate phenotypic variation of TAA in individual samples of buffalo (n = 105), goat (n = 112), and sheep (n = 198) milk. Total antioxidant activity was measured through a reference spectrophotometric method, and expressed as millimoles per liter of Trolox equivalents (TE). The greatest TAA was observed in sheep milk, averaging 7.78 mmol/L of TE and showing also the broadest phenotypic variation expressed as coefficient of variation (13.98%). Significantly lower TAA values were observed for buffalo (7.35 mmol/L of TE) and goat (6.80 mmol/L of TE) milk, with coefficients of variation of 8.18 and 8.47%, respectively. Total antioxidant activity exhibited weak correlations with milk yield and chemical composition. Phenotypic values of TAA presented in this study will be used to assess the ability of mid-infrared spectroscopy to predict this new trait and thus to collect data at the population level.

Strontium and its role in preeclampsia

BackgroundPreeclampsia (PE) is considered a specific vascular disease in which endothelial dysfunction may be the crucial factor of its pathogenesis. It has been suggested that strontium (Sr) may play a role in the pathophysiology of PE. Our group established in a previous study the serum levels of Sr in healthy pregnancies, and the main aim of the present study was to evaluate Sr concentrations and oxidative status in preeclamptic women. MethodsThe study population included women with early-onset PE (E-PE, n = 39), late-onset PE (L-PE, n = 67) and serial samples from a subset of preeclamptic women (PE-ss, n = 20). The control group included women with gestational hypertension (GH, n = 56) and healthy pregnancies (samples collected in the 1st (n = 50), 2nd (n = 51) and 3rd trimesters (n = 53)). Strontium, calcium (Ca), uric acid (UA), placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were measured in these samples. ResultsMean Sr levels were significantly higher in PE than in control groups (p ≤ 0.0001). Calcium values were found to be significantly lower in E-PE compared to control groups (p = 0.03). Higher levels of NT-proBNP were found in PE vs. control groups (p < 0.001). sFlt-1/PlGF ratio was higher in E-PE compared to L-PE and GH (p < 0.001). Uric acid levels in PE were significantly higher than in control groups (p < 0.0001). There was a strong positive correlation between UA and Sr in the E-PE serial samples (r = 0.80, p < 0.0001). Lipid peroxidation and lipid peroxidation/TAA ratios were found to be higher in PE, with lower values of TAA. ConclusionThe higher levels of Sr and the alterations of redox status found in preeclamptic women, along with the strong correlation between UA and Sr suggest that this element may be involved in the pathogenesis of PE.

Evaluation of lipid peroxidation processes in patients with chronic parenteral viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection depending on degree of inflammatory process activity in the liver.

To evaluate of parameters of lipid peroxidation - antioxidant defense changes in women of fertile age with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection, depending on the degree of inflammatory process activity in the liver. 99 women of reproductive age were examined, of them 44 patients with chronic parenteral viral hepatitis, 27 patients with HIV co-infection (HIV + hepatitis B and/or C) and 28 practically healthy women (control group). Patients with CVH in combination with HIV-infection with the presence of minimal and low degree of inflammatory activity in comparison with patients with CVH-monoinfection had a higher content of lipid peroxidation products (an increase in the content of diene conjugates and ketodienes and conjugated trienes), reduced values of total antioxidant activity, superoxide dismutase activity, as well as the concentration of fat-soluble vitamins α-tocopherol and retinol. In the group with CVH and HIV with moderate and high degree of activity, similar, but even more pronounced changes in the system of lipid peroxidation were observed. The presence of co-infection - CVH in combination with HIV infection with minimal and low, as well as moderate and high inflammatory activity, is characterized by more intensive lipid peroxidation processes and a pronounced lack of antioxidant factors than with CVH-monoinfection.

The effect of different level of Spirulina powder on the chosen quality parameters of shortbread biscuits

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the addition of 0, 1, 3, and 6% of Spirulina powder (SP) on physicochemical properties and consumer acceptability of shortbread biscuits during storage. Color, hardness, water content, water activity, total antioxidant activity (TAA), total phenolic content, lipid oxidation, fatty acids profile, and sensory evaluation of biscuits were determined on 0, 30, 60, and 90 days of storage. Results showed that biscuits baked with the addition of SP were significantly harder and darker than the control during the whole period of storage. Despite this, they were still acceptable by consumers. It was observed that in each day of storage biscuits with SP had more phenolic compounds and higher values of TAA than the control, and their contents increased with the level of SP addition. Moreover, the addition of SP reduced oxidative changes of shortbread biscuits during storage. Practical Applications Intense competition in the market of biscuit manufacturers forces to implement product innovations in order to attract new groups of consumers. Shortbread biscuits with Spirulina powder could be characterized not only by nutritional properties and quite good sensorial acceptability but also by extended shelf life. Additionally, so far products identical with the proposed have not been observed, which creates great opportunities for their commercialization.

Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fruit of Brazilian genotypes of feijoa

Abstract: The objective of this work was to quantify the total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of fruit from Brazilian genotypes of feijoa (Acca sellowiana). Skin and flesh tissues of the fruit were evaluated for the Alcântara, Helena, Mattos, and Nonante cultivars, and for the 2316 accession. TPC and TAA were both assessed in aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts, and TAA was assayed by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] methods. The TPC values, for aqueous extracts of the skin and flesh tissues, were 114.9 and 88.3 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per 100 g fresh weight (FW), respectively. The corresponding values for TAA determined by the DPPH method, the skin and flesh tissues, given as EC50 (substrate concentration which leads to 50% reduction of the DPPH), were 10.7 and 39.7 mg FW per g DPPH, respectively; and, by the ABTS method, the TAA values were 12.01 and 8.33 μmol L-1 Trolox per g FW, respectively. The greatest values for TPC and TAA were obtained for 'Mattos' and 'Nonante', in the skin, and for 'Nonante' and accession 2316, in the flesh. Feijoa fruit has important functional value, particularly in the skin, characterized by high TPC and TAA.