Value Of Trade Research Articles

Assessment of Genetic Diversity among the Elite Rose (Rosa spp.) Accessions Using Rapd Markers

Aims: Owing to its export value in flower trade elsewhere in the world, Rose is the key commercial flower crop and the area under rose cultivation is ever increasing and the end-users always prefer new color variations. Hence, evolving new cultivars with novel color characteristics is the need of the hour, for which understanding genetic variation in the available cultivars is very much needed. 
 Study Design: This investigation was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity of 11 elite and commonly cultivated rose accessions in South India by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Horticultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore.
 Methodology: A total of 10 RAPD primers were employed, which was sufficient to distinguish the investigated rose cultivars.
 Results: Among the 44 PCR products produced by these markers, 39 (88.64%) were found to be polymorphic bands. The number of amplified products per RAPD primer varied from 3 to 8 with a mean of 4.4 bands per primer. The Un weighted paired group of arithmetic means (UPGMA) dendrogram distinguished the rose accessions into two major clusters suggesting that the accessions were different from each other. The genetic similarity coefficients were determined with this RAPD data, and they were ranged from 0.59 to 0.89.
 Conclusion: Molecular profiling data of this study have contributed to characterize and catalogue the rose germplasm data, which will be useful to identify the diverse rose lines for further breeding program that have the potential to improve the color variations.

Research on Economic Trade and Cultural Value of the China-Russia Ten Thousand Mile Tea Route by Integrating Probabilistic Assessment Models

Abstract According to the relationship between the economy and trade of the tea ceremony in foreign markets, this paper establishes the economic output model of tea in the tea ceremony in China and Russia, and at the same time, considering the spring tea frost disaster, combined with the probability model, the economic loss rate of tea frost is quantitatively evaluated. Through the analysis of social network and semantic network diagram, the semantic related high-frequency words were classified into the concept of tea culture, and the correlation between high-frequency words about tea culture was obtained. According to the comprehensive influence of domestic factors and foreign factors, the index system of influencing factors of tea export value was determined, and the prediction model of China’s tea export value based on CNN-BSO-LSTM algorithm was constructed by using big data technology, and the tea economy and culture from the perspective of Sino-Russian tea ceremony were studied and analyzed. The results showed that the three indexes of CNNBSO-LSTM were 0.9431, 8850212 and 4.112, respectively, which performed better than other models. The CNN-BSOLSTM model predicts that China’s tea exports will reach around RMB 3.5 billion in 2025, up significantly from RMB 2.3 billion in 2022. This study promotes the economic and cultural exchanges between China and Russia, and is of great significance for promoting the rise and development of urban belts along the Belt and Road.

Global value chains, wages, employment and labour production in China: A regional approach

In this study we analyse the relationship of trade and global value chains (GVCs) to the labour market in 31 Chinese provinces for 25 sectors, by means of a system of structural equations. We firstly distinguish between provincial value chains (PVCs) and interprovincial value chains (PRVCs) in order to outline their distribution and evolution over time. Then, we investigate to what extent participation in GVCs, PVCs and PRVCs – along with trading in final goods and services – is associated with labour market outcomes, i.e., wages, employment and labour production. The results suggest that provinces/sectors with greater export penetration have higher employment and labour production, but lower wages. On the other hand, however, GVCs are found to impede growth in employment and labour production.

Main drivers of regional value chains in CAFTA: Does trade facilitation matter?

In the last decades, economic globalisation and the progress of ICT have promoted the international division of labour and optimisation of the global value chain. Moreover, improvements in incentives such as lower tariffs and more efficient border crossings have boosted international trade. Under this background, regional and sub-regional economic cooperation organizations, such as free trade area (FTA), have been developing rapidly and attracting many academic attentions. As the fastest growing FTA in the world, CAFTA is now the largest FTA in developing countries. This study focuses on the value-added network of various industries in the trade process inside CAFTA, and tries to explore the impact of trade facilitation on the DVA trade network of CAFTA. The results show that in the trade network of CAFTA, the proportion of added value of domestic trade in total exports keeps increasing, and the returned added value (RDV) increases significantly. Singapore, Vietnam, and Thailand hold relatively high positions in the production network, while China has a relatively low position. On the other hand, China and Thailand become the main beneficiaries after the establishment of CAFTA, while Singapore and Malaysia play a lesser role in trading networks. The results also show that trade facilitation has a significant positive effect on the DVA-INTrex and RDV trade networks, indicating that trade facilitation can significantly increase the domestic indirect value added and returned value added in the trade process. Moreover, the business environment (bus) is the most important factor, with efficiency and transparency of border administration (cus), availability, and use of ICTs (ict) contributing to the improvement.

Impact of environmental regulation intensity on the efficiency of sustainable economic growth in the European Union

Environmental pollution is an essential constraint to the sustainable growth of regional economy. This paper uses the super efficiency slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model to measure the efficiency of sustainable economic growth (ESEG) in the European Union (EU) and applies the spatial econometric model to explore the impact of environmental regulation intensity (ERI) on ESEG in the EU. The results show that the ESEG in the EU shows an N-shaped growth trend and the spatial pattern of “Western Europe > Eastern Europe > Central Europe > Northern Europe > Southern Europe” from 2001 to 2019. The impact of ERI on the ESEG in the EU presents a “U" shape, indicating that increasing ERI first reduces ESGE, and after reaching the turning point of ESGE, continuing to increase ERI will promote ESGE. Further analysis shows the ERI have spatial spillover effect on the ESEG, while the spatial spillover effect in the eastern and western regions of the EU is different. Improving the ERI in the western region is not only conducive to the ESEG of the country but also has a positive spillover effect on neighboring countries. However, the spatial agglomeration effect in the eastern region is not significant. In addition to environmental regulation, labor & capital structure, research and development (R&D) expenditure, GDP per capita and trade value have a significant impact on the ESGE of a country and neighboring countries.

Trade potential in European Union manufacturing

PurposeThis study deals with changes in European Union's (EU's) trade potential in Machinery (HS 84–85) and Transportation (HS86-89) products.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a Structural Gravity model, Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation together with panel data for the years 2002–2018 and a two-step procedure that employs predicted values of bilateral trade to compare potential to actual trade.FindingsResults for Machinery products suggest a potential to expand trade with existing Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) in the American continent, and countries of the IGAD region in Africa. In Transportation, a high trade potential with RTAs is found in the Americas, Africa and the Middle East. Policy suggestions concentrate on opportunities for enhancing trade relations through trade liberalization and agreement proliferation.Originality/valueThere are no studies to date, that examine “collective” measure of EU trade potential, that treats the EU as a single country. Changes in existing opportunities to expand trade, common for EU members, are of special interest for policy formulation, especially after the recent turmoil presented by the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and the Greek Economic Crisis (GEC). Treating the EU as a single entity, is necessary for the formulation of an effective, common, EU trade policy. This study concentrates on the manufacturing sector to examine existing opportunities for the EU to expand trade, after the GFC and the GEC. This article deals with Machinery (HS 84 and 85) and Transportation (HS 86 through 89) products as they comprise a significant part of total EU exports, reaching 41% of total exports in 2016. Finally, this study offers a unique illustration of results through trade potential heat maps.

Evolution of structural characteristics and its determinants of global human hair waste trade network based on temporal exponential random graph model

Human hair waste (HHW), used primarily for wigs, saw its global trade value rise from $6.36 million in 1991 to $149.4 million in 2020. This study maps the global HHW trade network from 1991 to 2020, analyzing its structural evolution using the temporal exponential random graph model (TERGM). The network reveals hub nodes acting as bridges, with Southeast Asia, particularly India and China, as key players in exports and imports respectively. Factors like fashion trends, religious culture, and linguistic and geographic elements influence trade network formation. Countries with pronounced fashion inclinations and religious disparities exhibit stronger trade cooperation. This study offers insights for businesses to navigate HHW markets and emphasizes the importance of this resource for a stable global supply chain, promoting a shift towards a circular development model.

The dynamics of importer–exporter connections

This paper studies the dynamics of importer–exporter connections when importers source inputs from multiple exporters. I first develop a trade model in which heterogeneous importers invest in expanding the set of potential exporters they know and from which they can source. The model delivers three novel predictions. The lower the degree of substitutability among final goods and the higher the degree of substitutability among inputs of an importer: (i) the lower the growth rate in importer’s connections, (ii) the more likely are connections to be discontinued, and (iii) the lower the trade value growth per surviving connection. I then provide evidence in favor of these predictions by using customs transaction data from Colombia. Finally, I show that the mechanism unveiled in this paper matters for the heterogeneity of the trade adjustment to macroeconomic shocks across sectors.

Tariff rates in gravity

This paper considers the case where multiple tariff schemes (e.g. general and preferential schemes) are available between trading countries. We incorporate these tariffs into gravity equations and estimate them by the Pseudo-Poisson maximum likelihood technique. The results show that omitting either tariff type leads to significant estimates biases. If fixed effects to control other tariffs are not included in the model, both preferential and general tariffs are to be introduced in the gravity equation. Indeed, some estimation results for precision metals show that reducing both types of tariffs contributes to significantly increasing trade values. However, reducing general tariffs does not always have a trade-enhancing effect. In leather products, for example, its impact was insignificant. Nevertheless, the reduction of preferential tariffs was again found to increase trade values significantly.

Brexit Uncertainty and Its (Dis)Service Effects

We estimate the impact of increased policy uncertainty from Brexit on UK trade in services. We apply an uncertainty-augmented gravity equation to UK services trade with the European Union at the industry level from 2016:I to 2018:IV. By exploiting the variation in the probability of Brexit from prediction markets interacted with a new trade policy risk measure across service industries, we identify a significant negative impact of the threat of Brexit on trade values and participation. The increased probability of Brexit in this period lowered services exports by at least 20 log points. (JEL F13, F14, F15)

Trade Dynamics and Industrial Evolution: A Comprehensive Time Series Analysis of Turkey s Import-Export Trends and Manufacturing Growth (1923-2013)

This study provides a comprehensive temporal analysis of Turkey's economic progression, focusing on its trade dynamics and manufacturing sector from 1923 to 2013. Utilizing time series analysis, we first delve into Turkey's import and export trends, observing a robust upward trajectory suggestive of sustained economic growth and greater integration into global trade networks. Periodic fluctuations, potentially reflective of global economic cycles or domestic policies, were also discerned. The manufacturing metrics—spanning the number of establishments, employment figures, annual payments, and input values—similarly showcased expansion, with year-on-year growth rates offering nuanced insights into the sector's evolution. Notably, correlations revealed a strong positive relationship between the proliferation of manufacturing establishments and employment figures, while annual payments and input values moved in congruence. Stationarity checks, crucial for time series forecasting, were conducted, leading to the application of the ARIMA modeling technique for predictive analysis. The model's predictions exhibited a close alignment with actual trade values, affirming its efficacy. Overall, this study elucidates Turkey's economic journey over nine decades, emphasizing its expanding trade engagements and consistent growth in the manufacturing realm.

Trade agreements and tobacco control policy: analysis of the impact of FCTC on regulatory contents of trade agreements from 2001 to 2019

BackgroundThis study aims to analyze the impact of Framework of Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC) on regulatory contents of trade agreements from 2001 to 2019.MethodsA search of trade agreements from‘WTO Regional Free Trade Agreement Database’ using keywords including “tobacco”, “cigarette”, “smoking” and “FCTC” from May to August 2020 resulted in a total sample of 268 trade agreements, from which 69 trade agreements were coded and analyzed. Provisions in trade agreements, identified via the aforementioned keywords, were categorized into 6 trade measures. The word counts of the provisions containing; FCTC; were calculated. Chi-square tests were applied to analyze the differences of regulatory patterns between different time frames. The import and export values (USD) of tobacco products under trade agreements containing the term “FCTC” were further collected from the “International Trade Statistics 2001–2020” for understanding the impact of the provision on the trade flow.ResultsAmong 69 agreements, the percentage of trade agreements containing keyword as “FCTC” increased significantly from 0% to 2011 to 12% after 2011. A significant decrease of using trade measures as “the exclusion list” was found after 2011 (from 10% to 0). The word counts of provisions containing; FCTC; increased from 24 words in 2011 to 164 words in 2018, and the content of the provisions became more concrete over time. There are six trade agreements containing “FCTC”, and all these 6 agreements were ratified by European Union (EU). Despite EU ratified trade agreements with “FCTC”, the import and export values of tobacco products between EU and the other party countries increased with time. But the gap of average trade values between trade agreements with and without “FCTC” being widened with time.ConclusionsAs a first study evaluated the impact of FCTC on regulatory contents of trade agreements, our study results showed that after countries signed trade agreements containing keyword FCTC, the regulatory contents changed significantly. Further studies are recommended to understand the reason and criteria for incorporating FCTC provisions into trade agreements, especially in the EU.

The characteristic and potential of green trade between China and regional comprehensive economic partnership countries

This paper analyze the characteristics of green trade between China and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) countries from 2001 to 2020, and then adopts a stochastic frontier gravity (SFG) model and trade inefficiency (TIE) model to analyze the trade potential and the influencing factors of green trade between China and RCEP countries. The main conclusions are as follows: the green trade value continues to grow, with Japan and South Korea as the main green trade partners. The competitive advantage of Chinese green products and the complementarity of RCEP countries towards Chinese green products are both increasing. Per capita GDP, population of RCEP countries promote the green trade, while the geographical distance hinders green trade. In the item of TIE, governance ability and economic freedom promote the efficiency of green trade, while differences in environmental regulation and tariff rate hinders trade efficiency. At present, China has significant green trade potential with RCEP countries. The efficiency of green trade between China and Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Vietnam, and Australia is relatively low. China should actively tap into the demand for green trade and further develop the potential of green trade.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE COOPERATION AS AN ELEMENT OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN POLAND AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

The aim of the article was to characterize the trade exchange between Poland and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and to assess the prospects for the development of this economic cooperation. The research focuses on the exchange of goods. The temporal scope of research includes the years 2015-2022. This results from the availability of cohesive and latest statistical data. The study is based on data published by the Central Statistical Office, Eurostat and from the website Ministry of Economic Development and Technology Republic of Poland. For the purposes of this research, simple statistical methods, desk research, and graphic methods were used. In the analyzed years, the value of trade was increasing. Poland achieved a positive trade balance (trade surplus)..

Intellectual property's role in achieving carbon neutrality through resource efficiency

This study conducts an assessment and comparative analysis of the impact of intellectual property on resource efficiency in both emerging economies (E7) and developed economies (G7). The investigation utilizes annual data spanning from 2000 to 2020 and employs the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) technique. The findings reveal distinct patterns: intellectual property rights have a limited impact on resource efficiency in E7 nations, while they act as catalysts for enhancing resource efficiency in G7 countries, showing both short-term and long-term effects. Furthermore, the analysis uncovers varying effects of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) on resource efficiency, with notably adverse consequences in E7 countries. ICT development has a negative influence on resource efficiency in E7 countries but a positive impact in G7 countries, primarily due to disparities in energy sources. Additionally, the stock exchange market value and engagement in green energy trade emerge as positive drivers of resource efficiency in both E7 and G7 groups. Building on these insights, the study proposes practical policy recommendations, such as developing energy-efficient solutions, expanding international collaboration for the exchange of green technologies, and providing green financial support and grants.

Prospects and Obstacles in the Bilateral Relations between Pakistan and Turkey

Since gaining independence, Pakistan and Turkey have maintained robust diplomatic relations. There are several connections that encompass trade, culture, spirituality, and similar values. The two fraternal nations have already been collaborating to enhance their commercial cooperation with the aim of achieving success in the global market and establishing trade agreements. Pakistan has had strong diplomatic relations with Turkey since its establishment. Both nations hold comparable perspectives on various global and regional matters. There exists a historical, religious, and cultural connection between Pakistan and Turkey. Both nations are situated in highly significant geostrategic regions and hold considerable importance within the Muslim world due to the robustness of their governments, economies, and military capabilities. Despite the mutual positive sentiments between Islamabad and Ankara, their efforts to foster robust economic and trade relations were unsuccessful. This study employs a chronological historical survey and a qualitative research methodology to examine the dynamics and rationales behind the evolution of bilateral interactions throughout history. Additionally, it examines the factors that have hindered the establishment of robust economic links between the two nations, including security concerns and the shared cultural and religious identities. This study will also examine the temporal stability of these factors and explore the potential implications and challenges that may arise from their future interconnections.

Investigation of Real Estate Tax Leakage Loss Rates with ANNs

In Türkiye, many changes have been made in the law within the past fifty years to determine the real estate tax value close to the real market value. However, the changes did not establish a fair valuation system for determining real estate tax. Despite the regulations and records of immovable properties with a geographic information system (GIS)-based inventory in recent years, the problem of leakage loss in real estate tax was still not resolved. Within the scope of this study, a mass appraisal model was created with a dataset of 499 independent sections including trading values from the last year in the district of Kayseri to determine the real estate tax leakage loss rates. Multiple regression analysis (MRA) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods, widely used in mass appraisal, were used in the analysis. Considering the analysis of the test data and the model performances, the ANN model was found to give better results than the MRA model. To conclude this study, the housing values obtained with the mass appraisal methods and the real estate tax values obtained with the existing system were compared, and a 3.7-fold difference was found between them.

Trade in green commodities and energy security: Evidence of nonlinear linkages from international database

Our paper presents the first attempt to examine the non-linear relationship between the trade value of environmental commodities (TVEC) and energy security (ESP). Seven indicators are used in this article to illustrate four aspects of energy security, namely availability, acceptability, developability, and sustainability. We conducted our analysis by applying a variety of econometric techniques to a sample of 49 countries with low-incomes and low-middle-incomes (LI&LMICs), 33 countries with upper-middle-incomes (UMICs), and 42 countries with high-incomes (HICs). A nonlinear relationship has been demonstrated between the trade of environmental commodities (TVEC) and non-fossil energy consumption, energy intensity, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and renewable energy consumption, indicating that the trade of green goods is beneficial for energy system acceptability, develop-ability, and sustainability. There is also evidence that TVEC and ESP exhibit long-term cointegration, and our results confirm this. The effect of TVEC on ESP varies dramatically between the subsamples by income level, with high-income countries showing a more apparent nonlinear relationship between TVEC and ESP.

Tracing spatiotemporal changes in agricultural and non-agricultural trade networks of India.

The evolving international economic instability and international trade relationship demand a nation to move towards a self-reliant integrated system at a sub-national scale to address the growing human needs. Given India's role in the global trade network, it is critical to explore the underlying extensive complex trade network at the domestic scale. The potential advantages of complex interaction among the different commodities remain unexplored despite the known importance of trade networks in maintaining food security and industrial sustainability. Here we perform a comprehensive analysis of agricultural flows in contrast with non-agricultural commodities across Indian states. The spatio-temporal evolution of the networks from 2010-2018 was studied by evaluating topological network characteristics of consistent spatially disaggregated trade data. Our results show an increase in average annual trade value by 23.3% and 15.4% for agriculture and non-agriculture commodities, respectively, with no significant increase in connectivity observed in both networks. However, they depict contrasting behavior concerning the spatio-temporal changes, with non-agriculture trade becoming more dependent on production hubs and the agriculture trade progressing toward self-reliance, which signifies the evolution of the diversification in the existing agrarian trade network. Our findings could serve as an important element in deepening the knowledge of practical applications like resilience and recovery by devising design appropriate policy interventions for sustainable development.

Dynamics of Export of Soy Meal from India

Significant changes had occurred in agricultural trade and export in the recent times in terms of cereals, pulses, oilseeds and their products. In the present study, an analysis had been carried out to estimate the growth rate of export of soybean and its main by-products particularly soy meal from India. The study was conducted using the data for the period of 2000-01 to 2020-21. The results revealed that there had been growth in export quantity and value of soybean from India however, negative growth rate was observed for export quantity of soy meal, but positive growth was observed for trade value. Republic of Korea emerged as the major importer for soy meal from India followed by Indonesia. China and USA emerged as major soybean meal exporter in the world. From India, export of soy meal was higher as compared to soybean, but lower growth rate of export value over the years clearly indicating that some other countries are competing the Indian export in world trade of soy meal due to increase awareness about non-GMO soybean in GMO soybean producing countries like Brazil, USA etc. For export of soy meal globally India is competing mainly with Argentina, Brazil, China and USA.