Values Of Surface Conductivity Research Articles

Upcycling spent graphite in LIBs into battery-grade graphene: Managing the produced waste and environmental impacts analysis

This study focuses on connecting graphite demand to battery materials demand, providing a solution to the identified shortage of battery materials and promoting sustainable development. This research used modified Hummer's method to synthesize graphene from the recycled graphite and compared it with graphene synthesized from purified recycled graphite. The purification of recycled graphite was implemented by acid curing-leaching and calcination. The analysis showed that the reduction reaction effectively removed oxygen-containing functional groups from the graphene, resulting in enhanced quality of the produced graphene. Hummer’s waste acid was used as a leaching reagent for different LIBs’ cathode types in waste management. The waste acid was found to be a strong reagent for transition metals leaching and obtained almost full recoveries of Li, Co, Mn, and Ni from spent LIB cathodes. The synthesized graphene exhibited higher specific surface areas and conductivity values compared to battery-grade graphite. The electrochemical performance of the graphene sheets in lithium half-cells was evaluated, and it was found that the graphene synthesized from recycled graphite enabled increased lithium insertion at active sites, suggesting its potential for enhanced lithium retention. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment study was conducted to evaluate the environmental impacts of the recycling and synthesis processes. This study demonstrates the potential of recycling graphite from spent battery anodes to produce high-quality graphene with improved electrochemical properties.

Graphene passivation effect on copper cavity resonator preserves Q-factor

Proposed resonator design and measurement technique is a promising solution to estimate the value of materials surface conductivity. In the developed device, there are no mechanical connections, that interrupt the flowing microwave currents, which eliminates losses due to poor metal contact and related measurement errors. The main losses (60%) in the resonator are concentrated in a small sample under study - resonance element sample, which ensures high sensitivity to changes in surface conductivity. The influence of annealing the copper cavity resonator surface conducting microwave currents, as well as the effect of graphene coating on its intrinsic quality factor and frequency, was experimentally studied. Technological procedures for modifying a copper surface such as annealing in an H2/Ar atmosphere at a temperature of 1070 °C and subsequent coating with graphene by chemical vapor deposition method are studied. The modification of copper resonator surface texture during heat treatment in hydrogen and argon atmospheres has been studied. It is shown that during annealing, the resonator quality factor increases. The increase of the quality factor was associated with a decrease of resistance of copper, with the growth of crystalline grains, this effect disappears when the resonator is exposed to an air atmosphere. It was found that the graphene coating does not make a significant contribution to the change in the quality factor, but prevents the active growth of the oxide layer and prevents impurities deposition on the copper surface from the atmosphere. Thus, after annealing in hydrogen atmosphere and subsequent coating with graphene, the increased quality factor is retained. The considered procedures can be used to increase and stabilize the resonators quality factor, to eliminate oxidation and contamination of their surface. The results of this work can be used in the designing of microwave devices to study the thin films surface impedance.

Insulating Material Development for the Design of Standoff Insulators Fed by Hybrid Voltage.

Innovative electrical assets are being developed in transmission and distribution, as well as in electrified transportation, from ships to aerospace. In general, power electronics have to master the whole power supply, being the driver of high specific power, low weight and volume components, in addition to enabling flexible and highly variable power flow. In these conditions, electrical and electronic insulation systems will have to withstand new types and levels of electric stresses, while still maintaining its reliability throughout its whole design life. This paper presents a study on the interrelation between insulating material properties and surface field of standoff insulators. The aim is mainly to provide indications on material properties which can be tailored to provide a robust, reliable and optimised insulator design that will hold for any type of electrical stress the insulation will have to withstand during operation. Specifically, we focus on ac and dc supply, including voltage transients, which could feed the same insulator depending on operation, according to a hybrid asset paradigm. The challenge is, indeed, to establish a pattern to material and insulation system design which takes into account the differences between the types of electrical stress profile and magnitude when insulators are supplied either in a dc or in ac, in order to infer which type of material characteristics would be more appropriate for the sake of life and reliability. The main contribution of this paper is to show that engineering the values of bulk and surface conductivity (which can be done selecting appropriate materials or modifying them, e.g., by nano-structuration) and modelling surface discharge inception would allow the electric field profile to be stabilised whatever the shape of the applied waveform. This will enable us to reach a reliability target that not only accounts for macroscopic phenomena, but also for the likelihood of extrinsic accelerated aging mechanism occurrence as partial discharges. In such a way, optimization of conditions to improve life, reliability, design and creepage and clearance characteristics can be achieved.

Optical interface engineering with on-demand magnetic surface conductivities

Optical interfaces with arbitrary magnetic and electric surface conductivities can enable the design of photonic devices with new functionalities, but practical approaches to date are nonexistent. Regular interfaces, such as those with graphene, are optically interesting due to their tailorable electric surface conductivity. However, their magnetic surface conductivity is negligible since the magnetic response in natural materials is generally weak from the terahertz frequency onward. The quest for artificial magnetic response has recently triggered the development of magnetic metasurfaces that, however, can only provide the interface with a limited value of magnetic surface conductivity. Herein we find that vertical heterostructures based on regular nonmagnetic metasurfaces have a direct correspondence to an optical interface with both magnetic and electric surface conductivities, whose desired values can be structurally engineered. Moreover, we identify several unique photonic and plasmonic responses at optical interfaces with specific magnetic surface conductivities, including a polarization-insensitive Brewster effect and pure magnetic surface waves.

Growth and some surface characterization of tin Sulphide (SnS) thin film by two-electrode cell arrangement for photo absorption

This study presented deposition of tin sulphide (SnS) thin film using a two-electrode electrochemical cell arrangement. The bath electrolyte comprised tin sulphate (SnSO4 ), hydrated sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3∙5H2O) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4 ). The acid was used to adjust the pH of the bath. The deposited film was characterised using Surface Profilometer, X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Uv-Visible Spectrophotometer and four point probe technique. Surface profiling revealed that the film is continuous with thickness of about 60 nm. The XRD result showed that the film has orthorhombic crystal structure. Film's crystallite size was estimated as 0.61 nm and interplanar spacing as 0.29 nm. The Uv-visible Spectrophotometer result reveals that, the film has good absorbance but poor reflectance and transmittance in the visible light region. The film has direct allowed transition with energy band gap of 1.69 eV. Values of surface resistivity and conductivity were deduced from data obtained from Four-point probe studies as 5.12 x 10-4Ω-cm and 1.96 x 103Ω-1cm-1 respectively. The I-V characteristics curve of ITO/SnS/Ag structure is linear indicating an Ohmic contact between the substrate electrode and the deposited layer. It can therefore be suggested that the film can allow pathway for photoabsorption and also aid charge transfer in photovoltaic process.
 Keywords: tin sulphide, orthorhombic, electrochemical deposition, characterization, photovoltaic and surface resistivity.

Morphological, Optical and Electrical Characterization of the Interfaces in Fullerene-Porphyrin Thin Films.

The role of the interfaces on the optoelectronical properties of porphyrin-fullerene composites has been studied by means of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electric conductivity measurements. A simple method of synthesis of donor- acceptor complexes has been performed by subsequent deposition of C60 fullerene and tetraphenylporphyrin (H₂TPP) thin films, using physical vapor deposition (PVD) on a (100) silicon substrate. UV-Vis spectra showed that the interaction of π-orbitals leads to a more ordering for the dipole moments arrangement and the π-orbitals overlapping between C60 and H₂TPP molecules. Besides, Raman spectra presented intensity changes at 960 and 1000 cm-1, both related to the vibration of the pyrrole ring and the rocking of the H on the C atoms within the macrocycle. Therefore, it can be expected that the interface C60-H₂TPP should have a main role in the electric response of the multilayer films. The measurements of surface conductivity indicated that interface has specific contribution, and the value of surface conductivity is enhanced by charge delocalization mechanisms occur by π-π stacking interactions. It was found that the transversal conductivity of 3-layer films was enhanced by a factor of 4 in comparison to 2-layer film, due to charge transfer mechanisms occur in the junctions that could extend the diffusion length of the charge carriers. Finally, the interface generated between C60 and H₂TPP films, without any linking molecule, enhance charge transport mechanism through the films.

Impact of Hydrophobicity on Wetting Characteristics of Composite Insulators

To perfect the wetting mechanism of hydrophobic insulators, it is urgent to explore the impact of hydrophobicity on wetting characteristics of the pollution layer of composite insulators. In this article, the wetting test of the hydrophobic pollution layer was carried out in artificial hot fog. The local surface conductivity of the pollution layer with different hydrophobicity were measured. The test results show that the local surface conductivities of different hydrophobic pollution layers are obviously different at the same wetting time. For researching the regularity of wetting process in greater detail, three characteristic quantities were proposed to represent the wetting characteristics. They are the duration of local surface conductivity close to zero (DLSCCZ), the saturated wetting time (SWT) and the maximum value of local surface conductivity (MVLSC). With the enhancement of hydrophobicity of the pollution layer, DLSCCZ and SWT increase, while MVLSC and the growth velocity of local surface conductivity both decrease.

Theoretical and experimental approaches to the electro-optical study of boehmite nanoparticles with given morphology

By variation of hydrothermal synthesis key factors such as pH, temperature and capping agent, plate and rod-like boehmite nanoparticles were obtained. The nanoparticle structure was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Aqueous suspension of boehmite particles was studied using electro-optical technique. The suspensions were confirmed to be sufficiently stable, which allowed to determine the structure of boehmite particle electric double layer (EDL). The Dukhin-Shilov theory of EDL conductivity described the observed electro-optical effects well. The values of boehmite particle surface conductivity were obtained at different KCl electrolyte concentrations.

A Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration model with bulk surface conductance derived from remotely sensed spatial contextual information

ABSTRACTA novel approach involving the use of the contextual information in a scatter plot of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) derived Land Surface Temperature versus Fraction of Vegetation (LST vs. Fv) has been proposed in this study to obtain pixel-wise values of bulk surface conductance (Gs) for use in the Penman-Monteith (PM) model for latent heat flux (λET) estimation. Using a general expression for Gs derived by assuming a two-source total λET (canopy transpiration plus soil evaporation) approach proposed by previous researchers, minimum and maximum values of Gs for a given region can be inferred from a trapezoidal scatter plot of pixel-wise values of LST and corresponding Fv. Using these as limiting values, Gs values for each pixel can be derived through interpolation and subsequently used with the PM model to estimate λET for each pixel. The proposed methodology was implemented in 5 km × 5 km areas surrounding each of four flux towers located in tropical south-east Asia. Using climate data from the tower and derived Gs values the PM model was used to obtain pixel-wise instantaneous λET values on six selected dates/times at each tower. Excellent comparisons were obtained between tower measured λET and those estimated by the proposed approach for all four flux tower locations (R2 = 0.85–0.96; RMSE = 18.27–33.79 W m–2). Since the LST- Fv trapezoidal method is simple, calibration-free and easy to implement, the proposed methodology has the potential to provide accurate estimates of regional evapotranspiration with minimal data inputs.

Surface water quality analysis of an urban lake; East Beira, Colombo, Sri Lanka

The Beira lake is an urban lake as a sponge to control flooding in the area as well as one of the wastewater receiving water bodies in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Present study, aims to assess the spatial and temporal variability of water quality parameters of East Beira lake. Selected surface water quality parameters of the East Beira lake namely, temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, conductivity, salinity, Secchi disc visibility, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrate-Nitrogen, and total phosphorous were measured at 08 judgmental sampling sites for a period of 06 months from May to October 2017. Sampling frequency was 06 weeks. Spatial and temporal variability was assessed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparison. To derive continuous surfaces for water quality parameters, Kriging interpolation technique was applied using GIS software. Moran’s index was used to observe the spatial autocorrelation and revealed that surface temperature, salinity, conductivity and total dissolved solids show clustered spatial pattern and total phosphate and COD show slightly clustered spatial pattern of the lake. Kriging interpolated maps show similar pattern of distribution as shown by Moran’s index since both geostatistical methods use autocorrelation statistics. Cumulative effect of anthropogenic activities, lake morphology and catchment characteristics, might be resulted in the spatial variability in lake surface water TDS, conductivity, salinity, COD, and total Phosphate mean values. Rainfall pattern affected for the temporal variation of the surface water temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, salinity, visibility, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphate. Management strategies of pollution reduction are proposed for the point sources which create clustering pattern of pollution, in combination with systematic real time monitoring, in order to upgrade the eco system of the East Beira Lake.

Comparison of two remote sensing models for estimating evapotranspiration: algorithm evaluation and application in seasonally arid ecosystems in South Africa

Remote sensing tools are becoming increasingly important for providing spatial information on water use by different ecosystems. Despite significant advances in remote sensing based evapotranspiration (ET) models in recent years, important information gaps still exist on the accuracy of the models particularly in arid and semi-arid environments. In this study, we evaluated the Penman-Monteith based MOD16 and the modified Priestley-Taylor (PT-JPL) models at the daily time step against three measured ET datasets. We used data from two summer and one winter rainfall sites in South Africa. One site was dominated by native broad leaf and the other by fine leafed deciduous savanna tree species and C4 grasses. The third site was in the winter rainfall Cape region and had shrubby fynbos vegetation. Actual ET was measured using open-path eddy covariance systems at the summer rainfall sites while a surface energy balance system utilizing the large aperture boundary layer scintillometer was used in the Cape. Model performance varied between sites and between years with the worst estimates (R2<0.50 and RMSE>0.80 mm/d) observed during years with prolonged mid-summer dry spells in the summer rainfall areas. Sensitivity tests on MOD16 showed that the leaf area index, surface conductance and radiation budget parameters had the largest effect on simulated ET. MOD16 ET predictions were improved by: (1) reformulating the emissivity expressions in the net radiation equation; (2) incorporating representative surface conductance values; and (3) including a soil moisture stress function in the transpiration sub-model. Implementing these changes increased the accuracy of MOD16 daily ET predictions at all sites. However, similar adjustments to the PT-JPL model yielded minimal improvements. We conclude that the MOD16 ET model has the potential to accurately predict water use in arid environments provided soil water stress and accurate biome-specific parameters are incorporated.

Directional scattering cancellation for an electrically large dielectric sphere.

We demonstrate the directional scattering cancellation for a dielectric sphere of radius up to 10 times the incident wavelength, by coating it with a surface of finite conductivity. Specifically, the problem of determining the values of surface conductivity that guarantee destructive interference among hundreds of multipolar scattering orders at the prescribed angular direction is reduced to the determination of the zeros of a polynomial, whose coefficients are analytically known.

The Effects of Amide Bonds and Aromatic Rings on the Surface Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Cationic Surfactants

AbstractThe cationic surfactants containing aromatic rings and amide bonds, N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐dodecyl‐2‐pyrimidinylcarbamoylmethyl ammonium chloride (a), N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐dodecyl‐2‐thiazolylcarbamoylmethyl ammonium chloride (b), and N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐dodecyl‐phenylcarbamoylmethyl ammonium chloride (c), were synthesized and characterized. The surface tension and conductivity values were employed to investigate the absorption and micellization behavior of the three cationic surfactants. The results showed that the synthesized surfactants have shown a low critical micelle concentration (CMC) and a high adsorption efficiency (pC20) compared with the traditional cationic surfactant of N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐dodecyl‐N‐benzyl ammonium chloride (BAC‐12). The aromatic rings of the a, b, and c molecular structures were analyzed using the 1H NMR spectra for electrostatic repulsion effects between hydrophilic headgroups. The size distribution of the micelles was derived using dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. In addition, the foaming ability of a, b, c, and BAC‐12 was investigated and the antimicrobial activity of a, b, c, and BAC‐12 against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis was examined. The effects of amide bonds and aromatic rings on the surface properties and antimicrobial activity of a, b, and c were analyzed and compared with BAC‐12 of the same alkyl chain length. The synthesized surfactants exhibited a high surface ability and better antibacterial activity compared with BAC‐12.

Infant Skin Barrier, Structure, and Enzymatic Activity Differ from Those of Adult in an East Asian Cohort.

Skin physiology is dynamically changing over the first years of postnatal life; however, ethnic variations are still unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize infant skin barrier function, epidermal structure, and desquamation-related enzymatic activity as compared to that of adult skin in an East Asian population. The skin properties of 52 infants (3-24 months) and 27 adults (20-40 years) were assessed by noninvasive methods at the dorsal forearm and upper inner arm. Transepidermal water loss and skin surface conductance values were higher and more dispersed for infants compared to adults. Infant skin surface pH was slightly lower than adult on the dorsal forearm. The infant SC and viable epidermis were thinner compared to adults with differences that were site-specific. Although the chymotrypsin-like activity for infant skin was comparable to adult level, the caseinolytic specific activity was significantly higher for the infant cohort. These observations indicate a differently controlled pattern of corneocyte desquamation in infants. In conclusion, structural and functional differences exist between infant and adult skin in the East Asian population pointing to dynamic maturation of the epidermal barrier early in life.

Ceria-based electrolytes with high surface area and improved conductivity for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

High-purity-doped ceria compounds Ce1-x RE x O2-δ (RE = Sm, Gd; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.30) were synthesized by the Pechini method at 400 °C. Nanostructured products of crystallite size 5–11 nm were obtained, presenting a single fluorite cubic phase and high surface area values in the range of 75–110 m2g−1. Dense ceramic products with a relative density of 96–98 % resulted after sintering at 1450 °C. Impedance spectroscopy was used to study the conductivity of these compounds in the temperature range of 200–750 °C. Between 600 and 730 °C, the compounds with x = 0.15, 0.20 show conductivities on the order of 10−1 Scm−1, with activation energies between 0.9 and 1.1 eV. Surface areas and conductivity values were found to be comparable with the highest values reported in the literature for similar compounds.

A laboratory investigation of the thermoelectric effect

One contribution to self-potential signals is the thermoelectric coupling associated with a temperature gradient in a porous material, which causes mobile ions to diffuse from hot to cold regions. We have developed 35 laboratory experiments to measure the value of the Seebeck coefficient in two clean (silica) sands and two clayey sandstones fully saturated by NaCl solutions to explore the influence of salinity upon the Seebeck coefficient over four orders of magnitude in salinity. The two sands are characterized by two distinct grain sizes (coarse and medium) and therefore two low values of surface conductivity. Portland sandstone, rich in illite and kaolinite, is characterized by a high surface conductivity, and the Berea sandstone is characterized by an intermediate surface conductivity. The Seebeck coefficient of the sands ranges from [Formula: see text] (at intermediate salinities) to [Formula: see text] at very low salinities, for which surface conductivity, associated with electromigration and electrodiffusion in the electrical double layer, dominates. For the Portland sandstone, the Seebeck coefficient is positive in the range [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] and decreases with the increase of the salinity. A similar trend is observed for the Berea sandstone with the Seebeck coefficient going from positive to negative values at high salinity. Our experimental data can be fairly reproduced by a simple model accounting for the effect of surface conductivity due to the electrical double layer coating the surface of the grains and the dependence on salinity of the partial entropies of the ions in the pore water.

Ultra-wideband textile antenna with circular polarization for GPS applications and wireless body area networks

In this paper, a novel textile antenna with a semi elliptical ground plane is designed for ultra-wideband applications. Conductive woven fabric made of stainless steel/polyester (80/20%) spun yarn with 158 Ω/m linear resistance is used to design the ground and the patch of antenna. Moreover, the warp density and weft density of woven fabric are selected in a way that it gets high value of surface conductivity. The surface conductivity of woven fabric was 0.088 Ω/sq. The proposed antenna is made of triangle patch within a transmission line and its dimensions are optimized using the genetic algorithm. Results show that the proposed antenna achieves multi impedance bandwidth ranging from 1.4 to 1.6 GHz, 1.8 to 2.4 GHz, and 3.4 to 11.6 GHz (reflection coefficient &lt;−10 dB). The antenna in both bands from 1.4 to 1.6 GHz and 1.8 to 2.4 GHz is circularly polarized. This impedance bandwidth makes it appropriate for many wireless communication systems such as GPS, Wifi, PCS-1900, IMT-2000/UMTS, and ultra-wideband applications.

Nanowires with dislocations for ultralow lattice thermal conductivity.

Nanostructures grown by screw dislocations have been successfully synthesized in a range of materials, including thermoelectric materials, but the impact of these extended crystallographic defects on thermal properties of these nanostructures is not known. We investigate thermal transport in PbSe and SiGe nanowires storing screw dislocations via equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The inherent one dimensionality and the combined presence of a reconstructed surface and dislocation yield ultralow thermal conductivity values. Our simulations suggest that the large dislocation strain field in nanowires may play a key role in suppressing the thermal conductivity of thermoelectric nanomaterials to increase their thermoelectric figure of merit.

Biophysical drivers of the carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy exchanges of a short-rotation poplar coppice

We used the eddy-covariance technique to measure the temporal dynamics and the relationships between leaf area index (LAI) and exchanges of carbon dioxide (CO2), latent heat (LE) and sensible heat (H) in a multi-genotype short-rotation poplar coppice (SRC) located in East-Flanders (Belgium). The study was carried out over four years (2010–2013) corresponding to the first two rotations of the plantation. The net carbon (C) balance during the first two-year rotation was 75.2 (±4.4) gCm−2 in the establishment year 2010 and −95.6 (±5.9) gCm−2 in 2011. After the harvest (second two-year rotation) the coppice was a net source of carbon, 151.0 (±10.5) gCm−2 in 2012, but a sink of −274.6 (±18.8) gCm−2 in 2013. Overall, at the end of the second rotation this SRC, was a net CO2 sink with a cumulative uptake of −144.0 (±22.8) gCm−2. The temporal dynamics and the magnitude of the ratio between gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) were similar to a deciduous forest. The evolution of LAI showed values ranging from 0.96 (±0.4) to 2.0 (±1.2) and from 5.1 (±1.5) to 4.5 (±0.84) during the first and the second rotation, respectively. The GPP (measured close to light saturation) was significantly related to LAI (r2 of 0.76, p<0.001). The cumulative evapotranspiration (ET) measured during the first rotation was 241.7mm and 349.9mm for 2010 and 2011, respectively, and 464.6mm and 372.1mm for 2012 and 2013. The average value of surface conductance (Gs) was 0.35molm−2s−1 and 0.24molm−2s−1 for the foliated and unfoliated periods, respectively. The mean decoupling factors (Ω) were 0.35 and 0.23 for the foliated and unfoliated periods, respectively, indicating that ET was primarily controlled by vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and Gs (a well-coupled system). The mean Priestley–Taylor coefficient (α) was 0.77 and 0.53 for the foliated and the unfoliated periods, respectively. Such low values indicate that ET was significantly lower than the equilibrium evaporation and thus also lower than the ET of a hypothetical reference crop. During the whole experiment only two short episodes of drought were identified when in May–June 2011 and June 2013 the evaporative fraction dropped below 0.4. The analysis of Gs showed a rather low stomatal control (anisohydric stomatal response) that put the poplar SRC at greater risk during severe drought conditions. All the three mentioned parameters related to ET and GPP (Gs, Ω and α) were significantly and positively correlated to LAI (r2 from 0.14 to 0.2, p<0.0001), suggesting that LAI was the main biophysical driver controlling the carbon and water balances in this bioenergy production system.

High electrical conductivity in Ni₃(2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene)₂, a semiconducting metal-organic graphene analogue.

Reaction of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaaminotriphenylene with Ni(2+) in aqueous NH3 solution under aerobic conditions produces Ni3(HITP)2 (HITP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene), a new two-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF). The new material can be isolated as a highly conductive black powder or dark blue-violet films. Two-probe and van der Pauw electrical measurements reveal bulk (pellet) and surface (film) conductivity values of 2 and 40 S·cm(-1), respectively, both records for MOFs and among the best for any coordination polymer.