Open Circuit Voltage Values Research Articles

Molecular modifications in fluorene core for efficient organic photovoltaic cells

The upgraded version of solar cells is organic photovoltaic (OPV) device. Substantial efforts have been made in development of new light sensitive materials (donor, acceptors and hole transport materials etc.), and further modification in different units of these materials and device fabrication process to achieve better performance in OSCs. Fluorene is a fluorescent, poor electron providing polycyclic aromatic molecule shows absorption from 220 to 310 nm with λmax of 329 nm and deep lying HOMO energy level which is favorable to gain high value of open circuit voltage (Voc) of fluorene based materials. Several acceptor materials have been synthesized by using fluorene as a building block for solution processable organic photovoltaics (OPVs). A variety of climatic type fluorene based NFAs by placing different donor (D) and acceptor (A) units with a structural arrangement of A-D/A-D-D/A-A were explored for OPV cells. Further several modifications in molecular backbone of the acceptors were performed by modifying central donor such as fluorene, spiro fluorene and fluorene unit fused with other aromatic ring and by revamping at π-bridge, terminal units and alkyl side chain to enhance the power generation efficiency of solar cells. This review for the most part focuses on encapsulating the simple fluorene and its derivatives core based small molecule NFAs based.

Simulation study of the tunnel junction position effect on the parameters of the InxGa1-xN dual junction solar cell

The present work presents a SILVACO-Atlas numerical simulation to investigate the effect of the tunnel junction position on the performance of InxGa1−xN double-junction solar cells under AM1.5 solar illumination. The proposed cell is composed of two PN sub-cells, an upper sub-cell in In0.1Ga0.9N and a lower sub-cell in In0.4Ga0.6N for the p-type and In0.2Ga0.8N for the n-type, connected by a tunnel junction in In0.4Ga0.6N. The cell offers a remarkable open-circuit voltage value of about 3.9 V and a good fill shape value of about 93. A cell with a small overall thickness can offer better transfer efficiency than a cell with a large thickness if the tunnel junction position is carefully chosen. The proposed cell can achieve a transfer efficiency of around 18% with an overall thickness of 0.652 μm.

(Digital Presentation) Mathematical Approximations for Monitoring the State of Charge and Computing Electrolyte Volume in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Systems

During the last years, several attempts have been carried out to provide clean energy storage as an alternative to overcome the energy demand. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) appear as a suitable device that converts the chemical energy present in the electrolyte into electrical energy in a noiseless and clean manner. In the mentioned device, the electrolyte is polarized by using renewable energy, and later the stored energy is used in several applications from mobile to stationary scenarios. There are two fundamental design parameters to be considered in the sizing of a VRFB: the state of charge (SoC), and the electrolyte volume. The mentioned parameters are related to two independent parameters of great importance, the energy consumption per unit of time (power delivered by the device), and the amount of energy that can be stored in the system (energy capacity).The purpose of the current study is, based on collected data and theoretical approximations, analyze the SoC and the required electrolyte volume for several applications. To estimate the SoC for the different VRFB, a Nernst-modified equation is used. In this case, the number of cells was a key part of achieving the desired results. A correction factor (λ) was introduced to visualize the trend of the generated curve family in a better manner. On the other hand, to calculate the volume of electrolyte, an equation derived from the definition of electric charge is implemented. Similarly, due to the power applications range covering the study, a correction factor (γ) was also introduced. Considering the obtained results, as the correction factor increases the load state in the system will tend to present higher values of open circuit voltage and nevertheless constant values of load state. Based on the energy capacity calculations, and considering common vanadium concentrations among the electrolytes, it was found that the higher the vanadium concentration the required electrolyte volume will tend to be minor. In addition, on a large scale, there is a greater convergence of the required electrolyte volume to values greater than 10 000 m3. Figure 1. Trend of the open circuit voltage (OCV) when the state of charge (SoC) is increasing. Due to the wide range of output power analyzed in the current study, all the OCV presented values have been determined by using a correction factor (λ). Figure 1

Design, synthesis, and performance evaluation of TiO2-dye sensitized solar cells using 2,2′-bithiophene-based co-sensitizers

We report on the synthesis and characterization of six novel 2,2′-bithiophene-based organic compounds (3a–c and 5a–c) that are designed to serve as co-sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on TiO2. The compounds are linked to various donor and acceptor groups, and we confirm their chemical structures through spectral analyses. Our focus is on enhancing the performance of metal based N3, and the compounds were designed to operate at the nanoscale. We performed absorption and fluorescence emission measurements in dimethylformamide (DMF), where one of our compounds 5a exhibited the longest maximum absorption and maximum emission wavelengths, indicating the significant impact of the para methoxy group as a strong electron-donating group. Our dyes 5a + N3 (η = 7.42%) and 5c + N3 (η = 6.57%) outperformed N3 (η = 6.16%) alone, where the values of short current density (JSC) and open circuit voltage (VOC) for these two systems also improved. We also investigated the charge transfer resistance at the TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which is important in the context of nanotechnology. According to the Nyquist plot, the 5a + N3 cocktail exhibited the lowest recombination rate, resulting in the highest VOC. Our theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) are also in agreement with the experimental process. These findings suggest that our compounds have great potential as efficient DSSC co-sensitizers. This study provides valuable insights into the design and synthesis of new organic compounds for use as co-sensitizers in DSSCs based on TiO2 and highlights the potential of these compounds for use in efficient solar energy conversion.

Formation and Characterization of Stable TiO2/CuxO-Based Solar Cells.

According to increasing demand for energy, PV cells seem to be one of the best answers for human needs. Considering features such as availability, low production costs, high stability, etc., metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) are a focus of attention for many scientists. Amongst MOS, TiO2 and CuxO seem to be promising materials for obtaining an effective photoconversion effect. In this paper, specific investigation, aimed at the manufacturing of the complete photovoltaic structure based on this concept is described in detail. A set of samples manufactured by DC magnetron sputtering, with various process parameters, is characterized by morphology comparison, layer structure and material composition investigation, and finally by the obtained photovoltaic parameters. Based on SEM studies, it was established that the films are deposited uniformly and complete their formation; without clearly defined faces, the conglomerates of the film grow individually. These are areas with a uniform structure and orientation of atoms. The sizes of conglomerates are in a normal direction range from 20 to 530 nm and increase with film thickness. The film thickness was in the range from 318 to 1654 nm, respectively. The I-V study confirms the photovoltaic behavior of thin film solar cells. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current density (Jsc) values of the photovoltaic devices ranged from 1.5 to 300 mV and from 0.45 to 7.26 µA/cm3, respectively, which corresponds to the maximum efficiency at the level of 0.01%. Specific analysis of the junction operation on the basis of characteristics flow, Rs, and Rsh values is delivered.

Harvesting Bioelectricity from Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) Powered by Electroactive Microbes

The application of microbial fuel cells is still facing some challenges due to its low power output and high internal resistance. It is desirable to obtain a stable and consistent power output from an MFC to support practical real-world applications. Five electroactive bacteria (isolate LGf1, LGf11, LGf15, LGf20, and LGf22) isolated from the sediment of Waduk Saguling were exploited as the potential anodic biocatalyst for MFC, and the performance of these MFCs were studied in terms of voltage generation (open and close circuit), power density and the losses (polarization technique), and efficiencies (coulombic and energy). MFC biocatalyst by isolate LGf11 performed the best electrochemical performances, including highest OCV (open circuit voltage) value (804 mV) and power output (0.043 W/m2), lowest ohmic resistance (475 Ω), and highest coulombic efficiency (75.79%) and energy efficiency (88.36%) among all anodic biocatalysts. Nevertheless, all the five isolates were potential to be exploited as active biocatalyst for MFC due to their high OCV values and the stability of voltage generations, both in open circuit and close circuit mode. The development of system configuration and the use of more suitable substrate for different electroactive microbes in order to harvest more power output was recommended for further study. Utilization of these potential microbes for other applications in MFC (such as wastewater treatment etc.) was also suggested for further research. Keywords: Bio-electrochemical system, Biofuel, Efficiency, Electro-microbiology, Power output

A passivation by H2O2-TiO2 interlayer for efficient and stable Carbon-based perovskite solar cells

A major challenge of carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) is boosting photovoltaic performance and stability. However, their performance can be limited by undesirable increases in trap states densities and nonradiative recombination caused by defects at the interface between the perovskite and the electron transporting layer (ETL) and in the bulk perovskite. Herein, a novel passivation using H2O2-TiO2 interlayer provides an effective approach to improve the interfacial bridging between TiO2 and perovskite in C-PSCs. Additionally, the surface morphology of the HT interlayer was elaborated by varying spin coating speeds of deposition. A suitable spin coating speed was found to be 3000 rpm, called TiO2/HT-3000 ETL. This allows lower oxygen vacancy within an interfacial layer and promotes high-quality growth of perovskite film with fewer grain boundaries. TiO2/HT-3000 ETL-based C-PSCs in a homemade air-filled dry glove box achieved a PCE of 16.23%, which improved the open-circuit voltage and fill factor values. These results can be attributed to effectively reduced trap state densities and nonradiative recombination losses in the device. In addition, the newly constructed TiO2/HT-3000 ETL can notably enhance the long-term stability in ambient air without encapsulation. This simple interface passivation strategy proposes a new path toward the commercialization of perovskite solar cells.

Arsenic-Doped CdSeTe Solar Cells Achieve World Record 22.3% Efficiency

For more than three decades, Cu has been critical to dope CdSeTe solar cells, form effective contacts, and maximize efficiency. At the same time, Cu defect chemistry has limited stability, carrier concentration, and further efficiency improvements. In this article, 22.3% world record efficiency is demonstrated without Cu by implementing As doping, which also improves stability, temperature coefficient, and energy yield. The efficiency crossing point of Group V technology relative to Cu has been driven by steady improvements in the open-circuit voltage. Here, the certified record cell reaches open-circuit voltage of 899 mV while retaining high photocurrent values of 31.4 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ; the fill factor is relatively low at 78.9%. Coupling 80% fill factor with top open-circuit voltage values of 917 mV reported here offers a near-term path to 23% efficiency. Characterization indicates reducing recombination and improving activation provide viable paths to 25% efficiency.

Dye-sensitized solar cells with aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles-loaded electrolyte: A breakthrough solution for recombination and hysteresis suppression

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) suffer from reduced power conversion efficiency due to electron recombination with triiodide (I3−) ions at the photoanode/electrolyte interface. Organic additives are conventionally used in electrolyte to reduce recombination and improve the efficiency of the device. These additives react covalently with iodine (I2) in the electrolyte, leading to a reduction in the concentration of I3− ions. Other inorganic oxides, such as silica (SiO2), titania (TiO2), and magnesia (MgO), have been shown to improve the efficiency of the solar cell. These oxides can adsorb heavy ions to some extent. In this study, we investigated aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (AZO NPs) as an inorganic additive with ionic adsorption properties towards I− and I3− anions in the electrolyte. We confirmed the ionic adsorption of AZO NPs through zeta potential and electrochemical impedance measurements. We observed a significant decrease in recombination between photogenerated electrons and electrolyte ions after adding AZO NPs, which resulted in an increase in open circuit voltage (VOC) and fill factor (FF) values. Furthermore, the incorporation of AZO NPs reduced the compelled hysteresis caused by the mismatch in current density-voltage curves for the forward and reverse scan direction. Mott-Schottky analysis confirmed the increase in VOC due to the negative shift in the Fermi level of the TiO2 photoanode. Additionally, open circuit voltage decay measurements indicated a longer electron lifetime at the TiO2/electrolyte interface in AZO NPs loaded electrolyte. Our findings suggest that AZO NPs have potential as an effective inorganic additive for improving the performance of DSCs.

Effects of Silicon Wafer’s Resistivity on Passivation and Devices Performances of Solar Cell

In the manufacture of solar cells, the resistivity of silicon wafers has a crucial impact on their performance. This study investigated the effects of different resistivities on p-TOPCon solar cells. The results indicate that lower resistivity wafers have a higher implied open-circuit voltage (iVoc) value, but higher carrier mobility due to the low resistivity leads to an increase in saturation current density (J0). Conversely, solar cells made on higher resistivity silicon wafers have a lower carrier mobility, leading to slower electron-hole recombination and lower bulk recombination, resulting in the advantage of lower saturation current density and higher minority carrier lifetime. At the same time, simulation shows that as the resistivity increases, the Voc and efficiency increase. However, cost considerations need to be taken into account as higher resistivity silicon wafers are more expensive. Therefore, resistivity between 2 - 3 Ω·cm2 is considered the preferred substrate for solar cells as it offers a better balance between cost and achieving high cell efficiency.

End-capped modeling of dithienopicenocarbazole based derivatives for high-performance photovoltaic cells with optoelectronic response over 900 nm

Dithienopicenocarbazole (DTPC), as the inner core in the A-D-A configuration, has been recognized for its exceptionally small energy loss, narrow energy gap, and excellent power conversion efficiency. In this work, a series of six novel dithienopicenocarbazole-based molecules with wide absorption and remarkable opto-electrical properties, were designed as the new electron-donating materials for organic photovoltaic devices. (DI1-DI6) were derived by substituting end-capped moieties attached to the middle core (DTPC) with highly conjugated and electro withdrawing groups and insertion of π spacer between the donor part and the newly attached acceptor part. The findings demonstrated that the modified molecules had smaller excitation energies (Ex), a decreased energy gap (Eg), and have higher absorption (λmax) values in comparison to the DIR (reference structure). The greatest λmax (980 nm), smallest Ex (1.21 eV), and shortest Eg (1.63 eV) were all displayed by the DI4 molecule. In addition, due to its lowest RE value for the electron, DI4 might have best electron carrier ability among all. Furthermore, upon coupling each examined molecule with a PC61BM acceptor, the value of open circuit voltage (VOC) was computed. DI4 displayed the most suitable outcomes for the VOC (1.45 V), FF (0.91178) and normalized VOC (56.14). Therefore, all the altered structures, with special reference DI4, are strongly recommended to synthesize organic photovoltaic cells with exceptional optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications.

Design and Fabrication of an Easily Assembled Anode Supported Microtubular SOFC Stack

Anode-supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cell has shown many advantages which make it suitable for portable devices. In this study, we developed a micro-tubular SOFC stack and module using a metallic current collector and interconnector which enabling pluggable modular design pattern. In order to ensure the sealing performance, we adopted the low-temperature sealing method and the temperature at the sealing position is under 130℃ while the stack is operated at 750℃.The stack was made of 8 micro-tubular cells, which were connected in series and parallel, in a 2×4 array. The open circuit voltage (OCV) was above 4.22V, thus the single cell’s OCV value could reach about 1.06V. The stack module can be further connected in series or in parallel to satisfy larger power requirements.

Direct Deposition of Dense YSZ/Ni-YSZ Thin-Film Bilayers on Porous Anode-Supported Cells with High Performance and Stability

We present an approach for integrating a thin-film bilayer combination comprising a Ni(O)-YSZ nanocomposite layer and a YSZ thin-film electrolyte prepared using pulsed laser deposition into the architecture of porous Ni-YSZ-supported cells. Achieving a minimum bilayer thickness threshold of ~1.5 µm is found to be critical to achieve a high open circuit voltage value, as well as a significant decrease in the ohmic resistance to ~0.06 Ωcm2 at 750 °C and increase in maximum power density to 1.83 W/cm2. Short-term durability tests up to 45 h at a constant potential of 0.8 V showed stable operation with current densities reaching ~1.7 A/cm2. Cells utilizing thin-film bilayers can overcome issues associated degradation in conventionally sintered cells, in terms of maintaining excellent contact with the anode support and significantly suppressing Ni diffusion into the YSZ electrolyte.

Enhancement of electrochemical performance of monolayer SnS_2 for Li/Na-ion batteries through a sulphur vacancy: a DFT study

Various transition metal dichalcogenides materials have been investigated from bulk to monolayer phases for different advanced technological applications. Tin disulfide monolayer offers advantages as an anode material for Li/Na-ion batteries, although it cannot be considered ideal for direct exploitation. We systematically performed a comparative study of the adsorption and diffusion behaviour of Li/Na on a pristine SnS_2 monolayer and on a SnS_2 monolayer with S-vacancy for enhancement of electrochemical performance, using density functional theory approach. Although all the adsorption sites are exothermic, it was established that Li/Na adatoms mostly prefer to bind strongly on SnS_2 monolayer with S-vacancy but avoiding the S-vacancy site. It was established that avoiding the S-vacancy site along the path, excellent diffusion barriers of 0.19 eV for Li and 0.13 eV for Na were achieved, suggesting possible ultrafast charge/discharge rate. Due to reduced molar mass, the SnS_2 monolayer with S-vacancy has a slightly higher storage capacity than its pristine counterparts for both Li and Na adatoms. The obtained open circuit voltage values are within the range of 0.25–3.00 V assuring that the formation of dendrites can surely be averted for the envisaged battery operation. Understanding the effects of an S-vacancy on the electrochemical properties of Li/Na on the SnS_2 monolayer allows us to consider possible improvements to energy storage devices that can be applied as a result of improved anode material.

The effect of central transition metals and electron-donating substituent on the performances of dye/TiO2 interface for dye-sensitized solar cells applications

Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approaches were applied to explore the effect of central transition metals and the dye/TiO2 interface on dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) performance and supply a promising way to estimate and screen possible candidates for DSSC applications. The interaction properties, bonding characteristics, sensitized mechanisms, charge transfer, frontier molecular orbitals, energy gap, partial densities of states (PDOS), non-covalent interactions (NCI), and electronic absorption spectra were examined and analyzed to provide the photovoltaic characteristics of Sc, Cu, and Ti tetrasulfonic acid phthalocyanine sensitizer@TiO2 interface in both gas phase and polar solvent as acetonitrile.The interfacial of TiPc-(SO3H)4 with TiO2, which facilitates the driving force for the electron injection of photosensitizers (ΔGinj), increases the charge separation, open-circuit voltage (Voc), and high light-harvesting efficiency (LHE) values. However, minimize the charge recombination, lifetime of the excited state (τ), regeneration driving force (ΔGreg). Our results reveal that TiPc-(SO3H)4@TiO2 is superior to those of ScPc-(SO3H)4, CuPc-(SO3H)4, TiPc-(SO3H)4 and Pc-(SO3H)4/TiO2, indicating the novel TiPc-(SO3H)4@TiO2 interface could be promising candidates for DSSC photovoltaic devices performance. In addition, the static mean polarizability and first hyperpolarizability of all six dyes elucidated that the TiPc-(SO3H)4@TiO2 interface can be regarded as a potential performer in non-linear optical (NLO) properties. These theoretical identifications may provide novel perspectives and instructions for future experimental researchers to promote the synthesis and application of TiPc-(SO3H)4@TiO2 interfaces to improve the photo-to-current conversion efficiency.

A novel combined online method for SOC estimation of a Li-Ion battery with practical and industrial considerations

Estimation of the state of charge (SOC) in the battery management systems (BMS) is very crucial. However, the BMS consistently suffers from inaccuracy of SOC estimation and high computational burden in industrial applications. Herein, we propose a novel combined SOC estimation approach with high accuracy, simplicity in implementation and, robustness that can be implemented on the low-cost microcontrollers. The basis of the method is to online identification the open circuit voltage (OCV) value of the battery simultaneously with other unknown parameters of the battery equivalent circuit model (ECM). Using this identified OCV, SOC is extracted from the OCV-SOC curve, directly. This direct method is an open-loop estimation method and tends to get lower SOC accuracy compared with known methods. To overcome this disadvantage, a combined method is proposed. Hence, to estimate SOC in this method, in the middle part of the OCV-SOC curve (linear part) and after identifying OCV from recursive least square algorithm (RLS) method with a forgetting factor, SOC is estimated directly via OCV-SOC curve. Furthermore, in the other parts of the curve especially non-linear parts, SOC is estimated with the EKF algorithm. In summary, not only estimation accuracy will increase, but also the computational burden of the EKF will decrease. In this paper, voltage and current samples of the battery at each sample time are the inputs of the algorithms and gained from the known “LA-92 dynamic driving cycle” test. To validate the efficiency of the presented method, results are compared with the EKF algorithm and direct method. The experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the EKF calculations by almost 15 % and guarantee high accuracy SOC estimation. The maximum error of the proposed method is <2.5 %.

Theoretical study of [111]-germanium nanowires as anode materials in rechargeable batteries: a density functional theory approach

In this work, we present a Density Functional Theory (DFT) study of hydrogen-passivated germanium nanowires grown along the [111] crystallographic direction. The study is performed within the local density approximation (LDA) and the supercell technique. Four different diameters of nanowires were considered and the surface hydrogen atoms were replaced by Li ones using a sequential process. The results indicate that the nanowires have a semiconductor behaviour and the energy band gap diminishes when the number of Li atoms per unit cell increases. The formation energy results reveal that the Li atoms increase the stability of the Ge nanowires, and there is a charge transfer from the Li atoms to the surface Ge atoms. The open circuit voltage values are almost independent of the concentration of Li atoms. On the other hand, the lithium storage capacity results reveal that the Ge nanowires could be good candidates to be incorporated as anodic materials in the new generation of rechargeable batteries.

Fabrication and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Thin Films as Potential Optical Absorbers for Efficient Multi-Functional Opto-(Electronic) and Solar Cell Applications.

The necessity for reliable and efficient multifunctional optical and optoelectronic devices is always calling for the exploration of new fertile materials for this purpose. This study leverages the exploitation of dyed environmentally friendly biopolymeric thin films as a potential optical absorber in the development of multifunctional opto-(electronic) and solar cell applications. Uniform, stable thin films of dyed chitosan were prepared using a spin-coating approach. The molecular interactivity between the chitosan matrix and all the additive organic dyes was evaluated using FTIR measurements. The color variations were assessed using chromaticity (CIE) measurements. The optical properties of films were inspected using the measured UV-vis-NIR transmission and reflection spectra. The values of the energy gap and Urbach energy as well as the electronic parameters and nonlinear optical parameters of films were estimated. The prepared films were exploited for laser shielding as an attenuated laser cut-off material. In addition, the performance of the prepared thin films as an absorbing organic layer with silicon in an organic/inorganic heterojunction architecture for photosensing and solar energy conversion applicability was studied. The current-voltage relation under dark and illumination declared the suitability of this architecture in terms of responsivity and specific detectivity values for efficient light sensing applications. The suitability of such films for solar cell fabrications is due to some dyed films achieving open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current values, where Saf-dyed films achieved the highest Voc (302 mV) while MV-dyed films achieved the highest Jsc (0.005 mA/cm2). Finally, based on all the obtained characterization results, the engineered natural cost-effective dyed films are considered potential active materials for a wide range of optical and optoelectronic applications.

Design new organic material based on triphenylamine (TPA) with D-π-A-π-D structure used as an electron donor for organic solar cells: A DFT approach

Because of the increasing scarcity of fossil fuels and the growing need for energy, it has become necessary to research new renewable energy resources. In this study, five new high-performance materials (TP-FA1F-TP - TP-FA5F-TP) of the D-π-A-π-D configuration based on triphenylamine (TPA) were theoretically investigated by applying DFT and TD-DFT methods for future application as heterojunction organic solar cells (BHJ). The influence of the modification of the acceptor (A) of the parent molecule TP-FTzF-TP on the structural, electronic, photovoltaic and optical properties of the TP-FA1F-TP - TP-FA5F-TP organic molecules was investigated in detail. TP-FA1F-TP - TP-FA5F-TP showed Egap in the interval of 1.44–2.01 eV with λabs in the range of 536–774 nm, open-circuit voltage (Voc) values varied between 0.3 and 0.56 V and power conversion efficiencies (PCE) ranging from (3-6) %. Our results also show that the donor molecules suggested in this research exhibit an improved performance compared to the recently synthesized TP-FTzF-TP, such as a lowest HOMO energy, a smaller Egap, and a greater absorption spectrum, and can lead to higher performance. Indeed, this theoretical research could lead to the future synthesis of better compounds as active substances used in BHJ.

In Silico modeling and exploration of new acceptor molecules with enhanced power conversion efficiency for high-performance organic solar cell applications

Developing an effective strategy to increase open circuit voltage with maximum PCE is vital to realizing high-performance OPVs (organic photovoltaic). In this report, a novel class of non-fullerene acceptor compounds has been constructed by us (D2APH1 to D2APH4) for high-performance OPVs. End-capped alterations of the JC2 (R) molecules were formed using capable end-capped units. A high Fill factor with FF% has been achieved with PCE of 30.34% for D2APH1 to D2APH4. Redshift and a limited energy band gap relative to the reference molecule, a change in the absorption spectra have been observed for D2APH1 to D2APH4. Further, designed molecules also expressed enhanced open-circuit voltage values and strong electron and hole mobility across metal electrodes. Easy exciton excitation inside an excited state is caused by low excitation energy and strong oscillation strength. The different geometric, photovoltaic, and optoelectronic analyses indicated that engineered molecules provide capable contributions to the creation of highly effective OPVs.