Masculine Values Research Articles

How to empower women’s entrepreneurship? An analysis of women’s sport employment and contextual variables in European Union countries using a fuzzy approach

Although the number of women entrepreneurs has increased in recent years, it is still lower than that of men. In addition, although the sports sector has been characterized by its growth in recent years and contributes to the GDP of the countries by generating employment, the role that this has within female entrepreneurship has never been analysed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to know the combinations of conditions (female employment in sports, government support, financing for entrepreneurs, perception of entrepreneurial opportunities and capacities, glass ceiling index and masculine values in society) that generate high levels of female entrepreneurship in the countries of the European Union, as these values are closer to the male TEA (Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity). A total of 13 European countries were analysed using the fsQCA methodology. The results show that, for high levels of female TEA, the main combination is high levels of government support*high levels of glass ceiling index*low levels of masculinity*low levels of opportunities perception and high levels of female employment in sport, explaining 45% of the cases. The results present a series of implications for improving female entrepreneurship in the European Union countries.

Liberating Accounting with a Religio-Cultural Approach

Research aims: Accounting as a product of Western thought is believed to be loaded with masculinity values such as selfish, rationalist, materialist, and objective. The Western perspective of social reality runs counter to the Islamic philosophy of religiosity. Capitalism in pragmatic accounting has led to religio-cultural anomalies that have resulted in injustice, domination, and the formation of a class society. This study aims to liberate accounting from masculine characteristics by using Islamic values. Design/Methodology/Approach: The effort to liberate pragmatic accounting in this study is in line with the thoughts of Ali Ashgar Engineer (1999). He uses Islamic theology as a fundamental in carrying out liberation. At the methodological stage, this research uses historical studies (historical research) which is extended by phenomenology. Apart from being aimed at identifying Islamic values, historical research is also applied to find out how these values are used to criticize pragmatic accounting. Meanwhile, the phenomenological methodology is used to understand how religious values can create prosperous accounting. Research Findings: The results showed that monotheism, justice, brotherhood, benefit, balance, gratitude, sincerity, and blessings are Islamic values that are often used by researchers to criticize pragmatic accounting. Analysis of a collection of empirical articles also proves that pragmatic accounting is indeed full of masculinity. By using business as an accounting metaphor, internalization of Islamic values is proven to be able to create a prosperous business. Thus, the internalization of Islamic values will be able to liberate accounting from masculinity. Theoretical constribution/Originality: This research is expected to provide insight into accounting studies using a different approach to previous research, namely by using the basis of Islamic theology.

LGBTS TRIBUNE EXPERIENCES IN TURKEY: ANALYSIS OF HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY

Ponte Academic JournalFeb 2020, Volume 76, Issue 2 LGBTS TRIBUNE EXPERIENCES IN TURKEY: ANALYSIS OF HEGEMONIC MASCULINITYAuthor(s): İrem Kavasoglu ,Egemen Hanimoglu, Gizem EroglanJ. Ponte - Feb 2020 - Volume 76 - Issue 2 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2020.2.17 Abstract:Because it contains power relations within itself, use of space has important implications for the analysis of the gender regime. Tribunes as heterosexist and homophobic spaces building the meaning and value of football, a male dominant game, are discriminatory and violent for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual (LGBT) identities. This study aims to analyze LGBT’s experience of tribunes and their perception of tribunes within the context of hegemonic masculinity. In this research which uses phenomenology from qualitative research method, data were collected by interview method. Participants of the study consist of eight individuals in total including two trans-men, one trans-woman, one lesbian and four gays men. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed by content analysis method. Content analysis resulted in 3 themes. The findings of the research show that the tribunes are the spaces where the hegemonic masculinity values are produced, and a sense of fear, violence and discrimination exist for LGBT’s. For this reason, LGBT’s either go to tribunes by hiding their identities or they can never go to these spaces because of their identities. According to the participants, it is very important not to create a sovereign identity and to increase women’s visibility in tribunes in order to make tribunes LGBT friendly. As a result, tribunes exclude LGBT’s as heterosexist, homophobic, violent and discriminatory spaces. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

A Translation into English of Khalil I. Al-Fuzai’s1 “Reaching the End”2

A youth cannot marry his cousin because her father refuses for economic reasons. This story shows how the Saudi Arabian society connects marriage with wealth, even when it comes to relatives who are obligated culturally to take care of one another. A father is ready to sacrifice his daughter for a rich person, hoping that marriage bargain will improve his economic status. The customs of the society validate that a father can do to his daughter what he sees as good. Also, the norms of the society require a younger relative to obey an older one, even working for him; a person cannot fight back or challenge an elder. Accordingly, the relation between relatives is a relation of traditional and cultural power recognized and imposed by the society.
 In this story, the protagonist is colonized physically and mentally: in addition to having been exploited for fifteen years, he believes that his life is secured with his uncle. And hence, “he almost lost his personal independence,” as the story states. He can lose anything as long as his future is granted, for he believes that he is the only heir of his uncle. But after his uncle’s refusal of his proposal, he becomes aware of being marginalized and colonized. He has to struggle and search for his identity after being considered as “a nobody in the world of the living.” Like the protagonist who kills his father in the previous story, the youth of this story “deludes himself that he is brave and that he has to prove it.”
 Yet as an oppressed and marginalized person, the main character is neither supposed nor expected to practice oppression. But he thinks of violating his uncle’s daughter’s honor—for no fault except that she is his uncle’s daughter. In a culture that valorizes masculine values, the wretched girl becomes the victim of both her father, who wants to sell her as a commodity for the one who pays more, and of her cousin, who wants to exploit her in order to achieve his goals. Finally, in my translation, some well-known words are kept with their original pronunciation and written in italics to keep the reader aware of the Arabic text.3

Culture, Motivational Attributes and Employees’ Perception towards CSR Practices: Evidence From Pakistan

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the employees–corporate social responsibility (CSR) relationship by studying the influence of two cultural values – collectivism and masculinity –on the formation of CSR perceptions. We adopted theoretical framework proposed by Hur and Kim (2017), in which Hofstede’s cultural framework was proposed to explain the effect of the cultural values on employees’ perceptions of CSR practices with the mediatory role of motivational attributions. To establish this framework empirically on Pakistan, a survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 190 employees’ in Pakistan. Data analysis was performed using SEM and CFA. The results indicate that collectivistic (masculine) values were positively (negatively) related to perceptions of CSR. Furthermore, intrinsic attributions of CSR initiatives mediate the positive relationship between collectivism and CSR perceptions and the negative relationship between masculinity and CSR perceptions. These findings suggest that managers must seek to understand employees’ cultural characteristics and the attributions of CSR motivations in order to engage them in driving CSR practices effectively and displaying a positive image of organization.

Hear Their Voices: A Qualitative Study of Women Leaders in Public Media

This paper reports on in-depth interviews with seven women leaders working in U.S. public radio, conducted from November 2017 - March 2018. Through the frame of organizational culture, respondents noted a gap between public radio’s egalitarian ideals and the structure to support those values. Respondents indicated an overall historical inclusion of women in the industry, yet shared personal stories of gender discrimination while working in public radio. They expressed feelings of shock and grief at allegations of sexual misconduct by prominent men in public broadcasting. The findings reveal that masculine values remain embedded in public radio’s culture.

The Same, Only Different: Doing Management in the Intersection between Work and Private Life for Men and Women in Small-scale Enterprises

The aim of this article is to elucidate how male and female managers of small-scale enterprises in Norway and Sweden relate to and experience the intersection between work and private life. A qualitative content analysis was adopted to explore interviews with 18 managers. The analysis resulted in three primary categories: conflict as a part of the deal, using management to construct balance, and management identity contributing to enrichment. A key theme that emerged was doing management. Both men and women reproduced masculine values in describing their management identities and in explaining how they enacted management. This clear identification was used to legitimate conflict, construct balance and explain the interaction between work and private life as enriching. How the managers enacted gender emerged primarily in how they related to family responsibilities and their feelings of guilt in relation to home and children.

Sobre discursos e práticas da brutalidade policial: um ensaio interseccional e etnográfico

From an ethnography performed at a police office in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, the Homicide Division, I will present how objects and symbols were triggered to reinforce positions of power and masculinity values associated with virility and the use of force. I develop an approach that considers my experience as an anthropologist in the field and my position as a black woman, with civil police officers as interlocutors. My goal is to discuss how state agents act by “violence”, strengthening the analysis of state control mechanisms and social markers of difference, and thus demonstrate an interpretation of practices and discourses based on morals and sensibilities, which allow reflection on the intersection of structural positions that unequally classify and treat racialized subjects.

Bringing fear into focus: The intersections of HIV and masculine gender norms in Côte d'Ivoire.

This qualitative research study explored the role of masculinity in men’s engagement in the HIV care continuum in Côte d’Ivoire. The researchers conducted 73 in-depth interviews and 28 focus group discussions with 227 Ivoirian men between November and December 2016 across three urban sites. Participants in the study expressed that fear was the primary barrier to HIV testing and treatment. These men described five value domains–health, sexuality, work and financial success, family, and social status. Men saw HIV as a direct threat to their agency and strength with respect to each of these value domains, thus shedding light on their reluctance to discover their HIV status through HIV testing. With this data, the researchers created the Masculine Values Framework, a descriptive framework of masculine values that can be applied to better understand the behavior men exhibit in Côte d’Ivoire in the face of HIV. The Masculine Values Framework offers practical guidance for developing gender-sensitive HIV-focused social and behavior change programming in Côte d’Ivoire and similar contexts to reach the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets.

“Don’t Give Up! Don’t Give in!” Gender in International Relations and “Curious” Feminist Questions

“Don’t Give Up! Don’t Give in!” Gender in International Relations and “Curious” Feminist Questions

“From Beach Nymph to Gridiron Amazon”: Media Coverage of Women in American Football, 1934–1979

Although American football has primarily been a sport populated by boys and men, girls and women have participated for over 100 years. The media have covered these stories since the turn of the 20th century. Informed by feminist sport studies literature, this research examines media coverage of women footballers in the United States by conducting a textual analysis of over 100 articles from 1934 to 1979. Journalists who covered women encroaching on conventional men’s space (i.e., American gridirons) simultaneously attempted to demonstrate women’s athleticism and reified dichotomies between feminine and masculine norms and values in U.S. society. Our research suggests that representations of women in football align with gendered hierarchies of sport cultures.

Las hilachas de los machos: masculinidad argentina en los cuentos de Fontanarrosa

ABSTRACTRoberto Fontanarrosa is considered one of the authors who have been able to represent Argentinian identity most insightfully and critically. His short stories make use of pastiche, parody and folklore as hedonist tools by a humorist who resists dominant narratives with his persistent attention to the mundane. This article focuses on the ideals of Argentinian masculinity that Fontanarrosa evokes and critiques in his parodic costumbrist stories, particularly those of the gallant gentleman (galán), the football fan (hincha) and the wonder player (pibe). With traditional masculine values from gaucho and tango cultures such as courage, craftiness and loyalty, these normative realizations of contemporary Argentinian masculinity hide, however, multiple fears, anxieties and obsessions. Fontanarrosa reproduces in detail the voices of the protagonists themselves and thus, his narratives function as parodies whose ironic tone denotes his analytical and critical view of the frail superiority of the Argentine macho.

Influence of culture, price perception and mall promotions on Indian consumers’ commitment towards malls

PurposeThe exponential growth of organised retail has led to competition among mall retailers with the use of promotions to increase traffic to the stores. The footfall in the malls is dependent on the sales generated by various retail stores located in the malls. The current research analyses the role of promotions used by the retailers located in Indian malls in improving consumers’ commitment towards the mall. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of culture, personality traits like value consciousness, price consciousness and coupon proneness, and promotions used by retailers in malls on consumers’ commitment towards the malls.Design/methodology/approachEight malls from six cities were selected by popularity and footfall. Mall-intercept technique along with systematic sampling was used to collect data from 453 mall shoppers using a self-administered questionnaire. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data.FindingsRetailer promotions were categorised under discounts, promotional offers and loyalty cards. The findings suggest that cultural values of long-term orientation and masculinity have an impact on consumers’ perceptions towards discounts, promotional offers and loyalty programmes. Different promotional strategies had varied responses from consumers.Practical implicationsMall retailers can use the findings to design promotions according to the cultural values of masculinity and long-term orientation. Loyalty programmes can symbolise status and long-term relationship with retailer. Commitment towards retailers and consequently malls could be enhanced through discounts and promotional offers. Different promotional strategies can be used to target price-conscious consumers and increase footfall in the stores. The linkages between cultural dimensions and promotional techniques would be helpful in targeting different consumer groups by designing promotions which are in line with cultural values.Originality/valueThe research extends the existing literature on mall retailing by analysing the importance of cultural dimensions on sales promotions strategies used by retailers in malls. The study establishes that perceptions towards retailer promotions differ across cultures. Different promotions offered by retailers generate varied response from consumers across different cultures which would influence their commitment towards malls.

“Nothing's available”: Young fathers’ experiences with unmet information needs and barriers to resolving them

Young fathers, like all parents, have a range of information needs, such as learning how to introduce their babies to solid foods. Yet compared to young mothers and older parents, they have fewer resources available to them. To date, young fathers have not been identified as a priority population in need of parenting-related information and face unequal access to information resources. This inequality is in part related to gender stereotypes and social biases about young men who become parents at “too early” an age. Through interviews and field observation conducted during a longitudinal ethnographic study of young mothers, fathers, their parents, and service providers in two cities in British Columbia, Canada, we examined young fathers’ gendered experiences accessing parenting information and resources. Using an ecological model of information needs, we identified factors at different levels: micro (e.g., personal), meso (e.g., relational) and macro (e.g., access to city/provincial parenting programs and resources) that revealed information inequalities for young fathers. Our findings illustrate that young fathers often have unexpressed and unaddressed information needs due to barriers they encounter when accessing services, the stigma they experience as early age parents, and social pressures that result in avoiding asking for help in order to adhere to traditional masculine values.

A mixed-methods study of the health-related masculine values among young Canadian men.

Masculinity frameworks in men's health research have focused on masculine ideals and norms to describe men's health practices. However, little attention has been paid to inductively deriving insights about what constitutes health-related masculine values among young men. A sequential exploratory mixed-methods design, comprising a qualitative lead to derive health-related masculine values with a follow-up quantitative arm to test the items, was used. Drawing on a sample of 15-29-year-old Canadian male interview participants (n = 30) and survey respondents (n = 600), 5 health-related masculine values were highlighted: (a) selflessness, (b) openness, (c) well-being, (d) strength, and (e) autonomy. Selflessness was characterized by caring for and helping others. Openness included the willingness to gain exposure from new experiences, ideas, and people. Well-being was linked to fitness and masculine body ideals and aesthetics. In terms of strength, men endorsed intellectual, emotional, and physical strength. Regarding autonomy, there was consensus men should be self-sufficient and decisive, whereas being independent drew less endorsement. Highlighting the interdependency of these domains, exploratory factor analysis yielded 2 overarching reliable quantitative dimensions characterized by domains of being inclusive (openness and selflessness; α = .88) and empowered (well-being and autonomy; α = .85). Some inductively derived and pilot-tested values ran counter to long-standing claims that young men are typically hedonistic, hypercompetitive, and estranged from self-health. Study findings are discussed detailing how the evaluation of specific health-related masculine values in subgroups of men might advance masculinities-focused men's health research and inform the next generation of targeted gendersensitized services.

Mindful Masculinity: Positive Psychology, McMindfulness and Gender

In recent years, positive psychology and mindfulness practices have increasingly been integrated in neo-liberal organisations to promote individuals’ well-being. Critics have argued that these practices actually function as management techniques, encouraging individuals’ self-governance and acceptance of the status quo despite adverse contexts. This article extends this argument by unpacking ways in which such ‘well-being’ programmes are also gendered, having been formulated around neo-liberal hegemonic masculine values of rationality, individualism and competition, and further masculinised through integration into gendered organisations. The argument is presented that this process produces a neo-liberal version of hegemonic masculinity that the author calls ‘mindful masculinity’. This theoretical argument is illustrated through examples of specific ways in which ‘well-being’ practices have been reworked in strongly masculine settings to promote neo-liberal hegemonic masculine goals under a symbolic veneer of spirituality and mental health.

Identifying the exercise-based support needs and exercise programme preferences among men with prostate cancer during active surveillance: A qualitative study.

This study aims to investigate the attitudes and preferences men on active surveillance for prostate cancer have regarding exercise and exercise-based support. Exercise outcomes align with traditionally masculine values, can improve mental and physical health, and may even slow early stage prostate cancer progression. However, attitudes and preferences towards exercise and exercise support are unexplored in men on active surveillance. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with participants (13 males with a history of active surveillance for prostate cancer; 5 female partners). Interviews were conducted either by telephone or in person and audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed. Several key themes were identified relating to the two research aims: 'Attitudes and Preferences towards Exercise, and 'Attitudes and Preferences towards Exercise Support'. Despite all men engaging in exercise, the majority did not meet the recommended guidelines for cancer survivors. The majority of men either were interested in receiving exercise support or had previously received it, often recommending this for all men on active surveillance. There were varied preferences regarding delivery modality (i.e., online or face to face), the inclusion of partners, and group versus individual formats. This study provides a novel insight into the attitudes and preferences of men on active surveillance regarding exercise and support. This research will help the development of acceptable and accessible person-centred support for men on active surveillance. However, further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of different delivery modalities in this population.

Cultural influence on generational gaps: A case for medical education in the Gulf region.

Objectives:To explores cultural differences between generations of faculty and students in undergraduate medical education and to develop an educational framework for stakeholders involvement.Methods:This is a prospective cross-sectional mixed method study. A survey was administered on students and faculty members to measure generational differences using Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural orientation. The study took place at King Abdulaziz University-Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, on February 2015. Quantitative methods, descriptive statistics, and correlations and regression analyses were used in data analysis. In addition, qualitative data from focus groups were used to explain findings obtained from the survey.Results:A total of 736 respondents were surveyed (129 faculty members and 607 medical students). Faculty members across all generations shared the same cultural values of low power distance and masculinity and high uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation and collectivism. Advanced medical students showed higher power distance, collectivism, masculinity and long-term orientation than faculty members; junior medical students have higher masculinity and lower uncertainty avoidance and collectivism.Conclusion:This study explains both the cultural gap between Saudi and Western medical students as well as between Saudi generations, demonstrating the need for customized curricular revisions.

Masculinizing fatherhood: Negotiation of Yang and Jiao among young fathers in China

ABSTRACT Drawing on interviews with two groups of young men from different socio-economic positions in contemporary China, this paper explores how masculine ideals are justified, negotiated and lived out in their narratives of fatherhood and parenting. Reading through the lens of ‘yang’ (raise/feed) and ‘jiao’ (educate/cultivate), the paper addresses how neoliberal ideology in relation to competitiveness and traditional cultural values of parenthood and masculinity are simultaneously imbued in the two groups of young fathers’ aspirations for their children’s upbringing. It reflects the shifting meanings of masculinity through the cultural sentiments of yang and jiao in Chinese parenting, highlighting the cultural connections and material differentiation in making sense of the masculinization of fatherhood in China. In doing so, the paper seeks to make an additional contribution to the existing discussion on masculinity and fatherhood through a refined use of local concepts. Rather than focusing primarily on differences of fatherhood, the paper argues for the need to develop a more nuanced understanding of masculinity and parenting through reflecting on the social, economic and cultural factors in forging the meanings of fatherhood.

Gender, Race, and Minority Stress Among Sexual Minority Women: An Intersectional Approach.

Previous research examining the relationship between gender-role presentation and minority stress has largely focused on the negative effects of gender nonconformity. Some research suggests, however, that gender-role nonconformity may be protective against minority stress via participation in sexual minority in-group norms, which may include rejecting traditional gender-role norms and gender presentation. Historically, the meaning and value of masculinity and femininity within sexual minority communities has varied by race/ethnicity. As such, race/ethnicity may moderate the links between gender and minority stressors. This study used a diverse sample of sexual minority women (SMW) (N = 612) and separate indicators of masculinity and femininity to examine the effects of gender role on distal (victimization and discrimination) and proximal (internalized homophobia and stigma consciousness) measures of minority stress. We used multivariate generalized linear models to determine whether the effects of masculinity and femininity on the minority stress outcomes were moderated by race/ethnicity. We found that in many cases the relationships between masculinity and femininity and minority stress varied across racial/ethnic groups, and in fact, worked in opposite directions for White SMW compared to Black and Latina SMW. For example, our results showed that masculinity was associated with lower levels of victimization, discrimination, and stigma consciousness among Black and Latina SMW, but higher levels among White SMW. Results from this study suggest that these differences have important implications for exposure to minority stress.