Light Intensity Values Research Articles

Kinetics and statistical optimization study of bio-hydrogen production using the immobilized photo-bacterium

The present study embarked on investigating the photo-fermentative bio-H2 production kinetics and statistical optimization of operational parameters using immobilized inoculum from dark fermented palm oil mill effluent (DPOME). The statistical optimized values of initial pH, inoculum-substrate percentage (ISP), and light intensity were achieved by implicating the central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM). The kinetic evaluation was conducted in terms of H2-yield with ISP ranged from 10 to 30%. The highest H2 production potential (P) and rate (Rmax) of 30.59 ml.H2/g-CODremoved and 0.514 ml h−1 respectively were achieved with reported lag phase (ρ) value of 32 h by using 20% of ISP. However, an observed Rmax of 0.746 with a ρ value of 39 h was attained at ISP of 15%. The quadratic model developed by using CCD was observed to display the significance value of < 00.5 of probability error. Additionally, observed values of correlation coefficient (R2), adequate precision (AP), and coefficient of variance (CV) for acquired H2-yield were 0.9219, 12.076, and 11.24 ml.H2/g-CODremoved, respectively. Under optimal conditions values (initial pH, 6.0; ISP, 20%; and light intensity, 350% W/m2), H2 yield of 147 ml.H2/g-CODremoved was achieved from DPOME, while reducing the COD value by 78 percentage. This statistical model is suggested to possess the regression, interaction, and quadratic terms as significant, so it can be deemed acceptable in terms of its achievable reproducibility.

Data Acquisition of Multiple Sensors in Greenhouse Using Arduino Platform

Continuous monitoring of environmental parameters is necessary in order to achieve maximum plant growth in a greenhouse system. The aim of this study is to perform a real time data monitoring from multiple sensors in greenhouse using Arduino and Excel add-ins. DHT22 sensors, BH1750 sensor are the main sensors used in this study which give the exact value of temperature, humidity, and light intensity, respectively. Arduino Uno board provides multiple inputs analogs and I/O digitals were utilized to read the data sensor aforementioned that applied for the greenhouse. The level of accuracy of each sensor was compare to the standard device results. The results show that the accuracy of the sensors measurement is very good. This system design is real time, simple and low cost that given ability for user to monitor, collect, and to plot their greenhouse environments data in an Excel sheet.

Eye Detection System Based on Image Processing for Vehicle Safety

The more advanced the technology and the greater the community's need to carry out activities every day, the number of vehicles on the highway is getting crowded. From year to year, the greater the level of traffic accidents caused by many factors, among the usual reasons is the loss of awareness of the driver when driving a vehicle especially drowsiness. One of the drowsiness parameters is the frequency eye blinks. Therefore, to get the drowsiness symptoms, the purpose of this research is to detect the eye blinks, which in turn reduce the level of accidents by detecting sleepy eyes based on digital image processing. The method used to detect both eyes is the Viola-Jones method. The detection of both eyes can also acquire the duration of closed eyes and the number of eye blinks. A person can be said to be sleepy by means of sleepiness parameters determined by a study. The research shows that detection of eye blinks using the Viola-Jones method has a fairly high accuracy of up to 84.72% if the face condition is upright and tilted no more than 45 degrees. Another conclusion is that eye detection and driver detection are more effective at certain light intensity values which are around 2-33 lux.

Development of a Solar-Powered IoT-Based Instrument for Automatic Measurement of Water Clarity.

Water clarity is the most common indicator of water quality. The purpose of the study was to develop an instrument which can automatically measure water clarity in place of manual measurement by Secchi disk. The instrument is suspended by buoys at the water surface and uses solar energy to measure the light intensity of LED bulbs after passing through a water column; the result is then converted to Secchi depth by using a regression function. Measurement data are stored in a cloud server so that mobile users can access via an Internet connection. Three experiments were conducted to examine the instrument performance: (i) to ensure light intensity of the LED bulbs is strong enough to pass through the water column; (ii) to determine the regression relationship between the measured light intensity of the instrument and Secchi depth; and (iii) to evaluate the coefficient of variation (CV) of the measured water clarity when using our instrument and a conventional Secchi disk. Experiment results show that the measured values of light intensity are stable with the average CV = 5.25%. Moreover, although there are slight differences between the Secchi depth measured by our instrument and those measured by Secchi disk, the measurements by our instrument can efficiently replace the measurements by conventional Secchi disk, which can be affected by weather conditions as well as by human subjectivity.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Pemutih Terhadap Intensitas Cahaya dalam Lampu SUHEP Alternatif Penerangan

SUHEP lamps are designed as an alternative lighting during the day for a closed room. The research method used in the form of an experiment in the difference in the concentration of bleach in SUHEP lamps to produce lighting that meets the standards of 100 - 250 Lux . Tool for measuring the value of light intensity is a luxmeter and the resistance value at 5 mm and 12 mm LDR using an avometer. The relationship of light intensity with resistance is influenced by several factors namely the smaller the size of the LDR is , the greater value of resistance is because the surface area of the light intensity is getting smaller. Another influencing factor is the great er the room temperature value is , the greater the value of the light intensity is . The comparison of the concentration of bleach to water also shows the greater concentration of bleach is, the smaller the intensity of the light is although this is also very sensitive ly influenced by the weather. Based on the results of the research it i s found that each sample of the light intensity of the SUHEP lamp range s from 172 - 201 lux and the value of the resistance produced by 5 mm LDR range s from 800 - 1200 Ohm while by 12 mm LDR , resistance value rang es from 600 - 800 Ohm. From the research results it can be concluded that the ideal concentration between bleach and water in the SUHEP Lamp is 5%: 95% for 201 lux.

Reliable subsurface scattering for volume rendering in three-dimensional ultrasound imaging

Light effects have been frequently used in volume rendering because they can depict the shapes of objects more realistically. Global illumination reflects light intensity values at relevant pixel positions of reconstructed images based on the considerations of scattering and extinction phenomena. However, in the cases of ultrasound volumes that do not use Cartesian coordinates, internal lighting operations generate errors owing to the distorted direction of light propagation, and thus increase the amount of light and its effects according to the position of the volume inside. In this study, we present a novel global illumination method with calibrated light along the progression direction in accordance with volume ray casting in non-Cartesian coordinates. In addition, we reduce the consumption of lighting operation in these lighting processes using a light-distribution template. Experimental results show the volume rendering outcomes in non-Cartesian coordinates that realistically visualize the global illumination effect. The light scattering effect is expressed uniformly in the top and bottom areas where many distortions are generated in the ultrasound coordinates by using the light template kernels adaptively. Our method can effectively identify dark areas that are invisible owing to differences in brightness at the upper and lower regions of the ultrasound coordinates. Our method can be used to realistically show the shapes of the fetus during relevant examinations with ultrasonography.

Use of Habitat and Activity Patterns of Pionus menstruus and Amazona farinosa (Aves: Psitacidae) in a Tropical Dry Forest in Toluviejo, Sucre, Colombia

To determine the use of the habitat and the patterns of daily activity of two species of psittacids, present in a tropical dry forest in a town in the Montes de María, we make direct observations through point counts, advantageous points and intensive search, in 24 samplings between March and July 2017, between 05:30 and 18:30 hrs. We recorded 421 individuals of Pionus menstruus in 148 sightings and 517 of farmed Amazona in 235 sightings. The largest number of individuals of Pionus menstruus appears in April and May, while the largest number of individuals of Amazona farinosa was observed in July (X = 48.26, p &lt;0.001, 4 df ). The proportion of sightings of these species in zones I and II was similar, but in zone III the number of individuals sighted by A. farinos a was much higher than that of P.menstruus (X2 = 44.718, p &lt;0.001, 2 df ). Both species showed greater activity between 0600 and 0700 and between 1600 and 1800, corresponding to lower values of temperature, wind speed and light intensity than those registered at noon. Most of the sightings occurred during flight for both species. To feed, perch, groom and converse, the parrots used 13 species of trees; among them, Amazona farinosa used 11 to perform three or four activities and Pionus menstruus only used six species to perform three of the activities we observed. The frequency of sighted parrots is related to the availability of ecosystem resources, without any evidence of competition between species.

Improved Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm Applied to Neural Network Photovoltaic Power Generation Prediction Method

With the increase in the use of renewable energy, especially the development and utilization of solar energy resources, accurate photovoltaic power generation prediction technology will help the promotion of photovoltaic power generation. The amount of photovoltaic power generation depends on weather conditions, and it is easy to produce large fluctuations under different weather conditions. Its power generation has the characteristics of randomness, fluctuation and intermittency. In view of the shortcomings of the traditional BP neural network prediction method, this paper proposes an improved artificial bee colony algorithm. The improved artificial bee colony algorithm is used to optimize the network parameter weights in the traditional BP algorithm, and the two algorithms are merged in global iteration. Based on the characteristics of training light intensity, weather, temperature and historical power value of photovoltaic output power,a photovoltaic power generation prediction model is established. The simulation results show that the improved artificial bee colony algorithm in the neural network’s photovoltaic power generation forecast improves the accuracy and convergence speed of the traditional BP neural network convergence solution, and can provide more comprehensive information for grid power dispatch and control.

Quality of Biocompost Resulting from Biopore Holes Based on Light Intensity and Acidity Degree (pH)

The use of chemical fertilizers that are not balanced with the provision of organic fertilizers can damage the soil. Chemical fertilizers can also damage the balance of nutrients in the soil and lower soil pH. Therefore, organic fertilizers are needed to help restore soil fertility and LRB as a medium for composting organic fertilizers. The biopore infiltration hole (LRB) is "activated" by providing organic waste. This waste will be used as a source of energy for soil organisms to carry out their activities through the decomposition process. This decomposed waste is known as compost. Compost is a term for man-made organic fertilizer made from the decomposition process of the remains of living things (plants or animals). The investigation of this study was to determine the quality of compost based on light intensity and acidity (pH) from the results of biopore infiltration holes (LRB) as well as good physical properties of compost. This type of research is an experimental research. Good quality compost has low resistance. The pH value of the compost in samples A,B,D,E is 6.5-7.5 so it is neutral, while the pH of the compost sample C is 8.5 is alkaline. The intensity of the light is high. The results of the lowest light intensity in the compost from this study were leaf compost + sawdust + EM4 of 990 lux, fermented in LRB for 2 weeks. Meanwhile, the highest light intensity value was found in the compost of raw material leaves which were fermented for 1 month at 1017 lux. So the greater the value of light intensity in the compost, the better quality it has, because it can improve soil fertility. ©2019 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved.

Ekstrüzyon Yöntemiyle Büyük Çaplı Fiber Optik Kablo Üretimi ve Proses Parametrelerinin İyileştirilmesi

Nowadays, energy resources are rapidly depleted and energy costs have risen. Therefore, the efficient use of energy resources has gained importance. The use of energy-saving fiber optic lighting systems has increased. In this study, PMMA and PS (crystal) polymers with high optical properties were used. The manufacture of fiber optic cable for the purpose of lighting by extrusion method was realized experimentally. The samples were manufactured at four different temperatures, three different production rates and two different forms. Fiber optic cables with different lengths and forms were compared in terms of light intensity. As a result of the study, the sample manufactured in PMMA was found to be better than the samples in PS. The best light intensity values of PMMA samples were observed at 2.2 m min at 220 o C. On the other hand, the best light intensity was achieved in PS samples at 205 o C at 2.4 m/min. In addition, it was observed that there was an increase (10-17%) in the light intensity hollow rod samples compared to rod samples.

SWIR nightglow radiation detection around room temperature with depletion-engineered HgCdTe on alternative substrates

Night vision applications utilize the reflected nightglow radiation in the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) atmospheric window. Nevertheless, the low light intensity values require dark current densities on the order of n A / c m 2 for detection around room temperature. Currently, with new device architectures and developments in growth and surface passivation, very low dark current density values are achievable for 1.7 µm cutoff InGaAs detectors near room temperature, and such detectors seem to be the leading choice for the nightglow detection applications. On the other hand, HgCdTe has not been thoroughly investigated for low-cost nightglow detection with 1.7 µm cutoff, primarily due to its manufacture expenses for lattice-matched CdZnTe growth. In this study, we analyze the nightglow radiation detecting performance of the alternative substrate HgCdTe detectors near room temperature ( T = 270 K ) using computer simulations. It is assessed that alternative substrate HgCdTe cannot attain the required dark current density values due to Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) recombination in the depletion region, if the heterojunction photodiode structure is adopted. To overcome the problem, depletion-engineered devices are designed where the depletion region is embedded within a larger bandgap HgCdTe, which suppresses the depletion region SRH ∼ 1300 times. This reduces the dark current density to the desired order, for SRH lifetimes achievable with alternative substrate growth. Dark current densities as low as 0.26 n A / c m 2 are shown to be possible for an SRH lifetime of τ = 3 µ s while maintaining the quantum efficiency ∼ 85 % . With this approach benefiting from alternative substrates and depletion engineering, HgCdTe can achieve InGaAs nightglow imaging performances near room temperature, and can benefit from less costly manufacture and broader application capability for nightglow radiation detection.

Design and development of measurement of measuring light resistance using Light Dependent Resistance (LDR) sensors

Light Dependent Resistance (LDR) is one type of resistor whose resistance value is affected by the intensity of light received by it. This study aims to measure the amount of resistance in each color of light measured in the LDR. The research method is done by making a measurement device in which a light source parallel to the LDR is placed, where the color layer is inserted which will change the white light from the lamp to the color light according to the color layer used. The variation in distance (x) between the lamp and LDR causes greater resistance. The results of this study indicate that 1) the distance of the light source is inversely proportional to the intensity of light, 2) The distance of the light source is directly proportional to the magnitude of resistance, 3) The intensity of light is inversely proportional to resistance, and 4) the dominant large resistance value is in the dominant blue light the value of large light intensity is in the color of yellow light.

CO2 capturing by chlorella vulgaris in a bubble column photo-bioreactor; Effect of bubble size on CO2 removal and growth rate

In this study, a modified gas feeding bubble column photo-bioreactor was utilized for microalgae cultivation and CO2 capturing. By applying response surface methodology, the optimum values of temperature, pH, light intensity, aeration rate, light-dark cycle and time were determined as 25 ° C, 8, 2700 lx, 0.5 LPM and 16−8 h, respectively. Two air spargers (with different aperture size) were used to study the effect of the bubble size on the CO2 removal and microalgae growth rate. Besides, the inlet air was humidified to avoid the evaporation from the photo-bioreactor. For the smaller bubbles and 7% CO2 concentration, the maximum values for the CO2 fixation rate, productivity and concentration of microalgae were determined to be 633.73 mg L−1d−1, 337 mg L−1d−1 and 4244 mg L−1, respectively. CO2 utilization efficiency was 35% for the smaller bubbles, showing a 15% increase over that for the larger bubbles.

Growth, Photosynthesis, and Nutrient Uptake at Different Light Intensities and Temperatures in Lettuce

Light and temperature are two crucial factors affecting plant growth. Light intensities vary considerably with season and weather conditions. Reasonable light regulation at different temperatures is a key issue in environmental regulation. In this study, we determined the effects of light intensity and temperature on crop growth and development. Furthermore, we determined an optimal light value and a suitable light range at different temperatures for producing the lettuce Lactuca sativa L. Artificial climate chamber experiments were conducted at five light intensities (100, 200, 350, 500, and 600 μmol·m−2·s−1), as well as at low (15 °C/10 °C), medium (23 °C/18 °C), and high (30 °C/25 °C) temperatures. In these experiments, we investigated the photosynthetic rate; chlorophyll fluorescence parameters; total N, P, and K uptake; and growth of lettuce plants. The results indicated that at a low temperature, the values of effective quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gS), and transpiration rate (Tr) —as well as those of N, K, and P uptake—were the highest at 350 μmol·m−2·s−1, followed by 500 μmol·m−2·s−1, which resulted in higher values for leaf number (LN), leaf area (LA), dry weight (DW), and fresh weight (FW). At the medium temperature, the values of ΦPSII, Pn, gS, and Tr, as well as those of N, K, and P uptake were higher at 350, 500, and 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 than at other light intensities, resulting in high values for LN, LA, DW, and FW of lettuce plants. The LN, LA, and FW of lettuce plants were the highest at 500 μmol·m−2·s−1, whereas DW was the highest at 600 μmol·m−2·s−1. At a high temperature, lettuce plants exhibited the highest values of Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, Pn, gS, and Tr, as well as those of N, K, and P uptake for the 500 μmol·m−2·s−1 treatment; whereas LN, LA, FW, and DW were the highest at 600 μmol·m−2·s−1. In addition, the values of Fv/Fm indicated that lettuce plants were under stress under the following combinations: 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 at the low temperature, 100 μmol·m−2·s−1 at the medium temperature, and 100–350 μmol·m−2·s−1 at the high temperature. Based on these results, an optimal regulation strategy for light intensity at different temperature environments was proposed for lettuce cultivars similar to L. sativa L. in some regions, such as the subtropical regions of China. Specifically, for low temperatures, light intensities of 350 to 500 μmol·m−2·s−1are recommended for production, and an intensity of 350 μmol·m−2·s−1 provides optimal supplementary light during early spring and winter in greenhouses. For medium temperatures, light intensities of 350 to 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 are recommended, and 500 μmol·m−2·s−1 is the optimal value during the middle of spring and autumn. For high temperatures, light intensities of 500 to 600 μmol·m−2·s−1are recommended, and 600 μmol·m−2·s−1 is the optimal value of light intensity during late spring and early autumn.

Statistical and optimization strategies to carotenoids production by Tetradesmus acuminatus (LC192133.1) cultivated in photobioreactors

In this work, the effects of the factors light intensity, photoperiod, pH, NaCl and nitrogen concentration were investigate on the carotenoids response of Tetradesmus acuminatus (LC192133.1) cultures. Analysis of variance (α = 0.10) suggested significant effect mainly of the light intensity and photoperiod factors. The applied regression models, considering these factors, have allowed to estimate the production of carotenoids with precision (0.90 ≤ R² ≤ 0.95). The optimization of the light intensity and photoperiod values resulted in the maximum production of carotenoids in mg g−1 (85 μmol m−2 s−1; 15.8:8.2 h light:dark) and in mg L−1 (595 μmol m−2 s−1 for 24 h). The experimental validation of the results showed syntheses of 7.6 mg g−1 astaxanthin and 9.1 mg g−1 β-carotene; as well as the production of 12.1 mg L−1 astaxanthin and 12.8 mg L−1 β-carotene. Results indicated that the cultivation of Tetradesmus acuminatus (LC192133.1) under optimized conditions of energy intensity and photoperiod allowed the improvement of carotenoid production.

Design IoT Based Smart Electricity Power Saving University: Analysis from a Lecture Hall

Managing and controlling the electricity consumption in a productive manner is a red hot topic in today’s world. Many countries have considered this problem and they have suggested automate systems to overcome this problem. Since, Sri Lankan has not used such kind of automated system to control the electricity power consumption, our system will be a suitable solution for that. Today, IoT is a technological paradigm that is used to build such kind of automates systems. In our proposed system also, IoT and sensor technologies are used. It is a system that responds to human presence and provides related actions according to the human occurrences area environmental condition. It is control the electric devices such as lights, fans and AC in the lecture hall according to temperature and light intensity values that detect by the sensors. We used Kinect sensor to detect human presence. DHT22 and LDR sensors were used respectively to sensor the temperature, humidity and light intensity of human occupant area. Arduino- mega board was used to control the DHT22 and LDR sensors. In the research process we found the comfortable temperature and light intensity values that suitable for lecture hall and used those values to implement the prototype. Also, it provides real-time information such as current environmental condition of specific place and relevant messages including actions that need to take by using website. The main objectives of this research are reduce the wastage of electric power and provide suitable IoT based solution for reduced the electric power consumption.

Photocatalytic removal of trichloroethylene from water with LaFeO3.

Tricholorethylene (TCE) has been recognized as second common organic pollutant found in groundwater in Taiwan. Several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been applied for TCE removal and photocatalytic is one of promising AOP techniques. In this study, LaFeO3 is successfully synthesized via sol-gel method and investigated for its photocatalytic oxidation rate toward TCE in water. Experimental results indicate that 95% removal efficiency of TCE can be achieved in aqueous solution with LaFeO3 (2g/L) as photocatalyst within 1h of Xenon lamp illumination. Additionally, the influences of initial TCE concentration, light intensity, photocatalyst loading, and pH value on the TCE removal efficiency are evaluated as well. The highest energy efficiency obtained in this study is 10.8mg TCE/kWh and the value is higher than those reported in previous studies. Besides, removal mechanisms have been identified and the results indicate that the overall removal efficiency reaches 82%, with adsorption and photolysis accounting for 20% and 39%, respectively.

Perancangan dan Pembuatan Sistem Penyalaan Lampu Otomatis Dalam Ruangan Berbasis Arduino Menggunakan Sensor Gerak dan Sensor Cahaya

The manual use of household lights poses a problem in the efficiency of electricity use. Humans with various activities often do not pay attention to the condition of the lights in the room whether it lights up or not. This is certainly a waste of electricity when they leave the room without turning off the switch. Therefore, researchers propose an automation system that can save electricity from lighting. In designing the system there are two sensors used, namely Passive Infra Red (PIR) sensor and Light Dependent Resistror (LDR) sensor. PIR functions to detect the presence of human movements (objects) in the sensor work area, while the LDR sensor functions to detect the intensity of light around the room. The results of the system testing are that the PIR sensor works well around ± 2 minutes after the device is activated and the LDR Sensor will continuously measure the value of light intensity then turn on and off the light according to the programmed

Perancangan dan Pembuatan Sistem Penyalaan Lampu Otomatis Dalam Ruangan Berbasis Arduino Menggunakan Sensor Gerak dan Sensor Cahaya

The manual use of household lights poses a problem in the efficiency of electricity use. Humans with various activities often do not pay attention to the condition of the lights in the room whether it lights up or not. This is certainly a waste of electricity when they leave the room without turning off the switch. Therefore, researchers propose an automation system that can save electricity from lighting. In designing the system there are two sensors used, namely Passive Infra-Red (PIR) sensor and Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor. PIR functions to detect the presence of human movements (objects) in the sensor work area, while the LDR sensor functions to detect the intensity of light around the room. The results of the system testing are that the PIR sensor works well around ± 2 minutes after the device is activated and the LDR Sensor will continuously measure the value of light intensity then turn on and off the light according to the programmed command.

Rancang Bangun Alat Pendeteksi Kebusukan Telur Menggunakan Metode Fuzzy Logic Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino Nano 328

Eggs are a source of protein for the people of Indonesia and are always the main choice in meeting daily food needs . This is because the processing is practical and the price tends to be relatively cheap when compared to other animal protein sources.Currently the need for national chicken eggs has reached 65%, dominated by broiler eggs. It is predicted that the need for eggs nationally will increase until 2021 by 4.87% with a consumption level of 4.18% per year. Even so, in the selection of quality eggs from producers, sellers and consumers it is still fairly conventional and not guaranteed whether the eggs are suitable for consumption or not, so a new method is needed that is more efficient and knows the characteristics of good egg quality.Based on this background, a practical tool that is easy to use for conventional traders is formed.This tool works by using BH1750 and MQ-2 sensors as parameters in determining rotten eggs which are then processed using Arduino-nano 328 microcontroller, then processing the data using fuzzy logic artificial intelligence based on parameters that have been compiled from the membership function of each parameter that has been obtained from sensor. This research was conducted by collecting information first, then conducting a survey to a location in the form of a traditional market to find eggs taken randomly by testing 3 egg samples.Based on the results of three tests on 3 egg samples taken randomly, it was found that egg 2 with a Ro value of 4.29 K.Ohm, 4.53 K.Ohm and 4.79 K.Ohm and had a value of light intensity of 10.00 lux and 5.00 lux are eggs that have the best quality compared to 2 other eggs. Keywords: Egg, Fuzzy Logic, Light