Leakage Current Values Research Articles

Virtual Fabrication of 14nm Gate Length n-Type Double Gate MOSFET

Due to Moore's law, it is that predicted the channel length of a metal-oxide-semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) will tend to shrink from the submicron to the nanoscale size. Thus, precision in the manufacturing process has become crucial. This study describes the virtual fabrication as well as the electrical characteristics of a 14nm NMOS double gate with a bilayer graphene/high-K/metal gate. In this device, Hafnium Dioxide (HfO2) is employed as a high-k material, and Tungsten Silicide (WSix) is used as a metal gate. Several Silvaco TCAD Tools, including ATHENA and ATLAS, were utilized in the fabrication and simulation of the device, respectively. According to the simulation results, the optimal threshold voltage (VTH), drive current (ION), and leakage current (IOFF) and subthreshold slope (SS) values are 0.2059 V, 797.5650 μA/μm. 29.5794 nA/μm, and 89.1712x10-3 V respectively. The findings of this research showed that the efficiency of this 14nm double gate n-type MOSFET device is satisfactory because the threshold voltage and leakage current parameters are in accordance with ITRS 2013, and that it may have been utilized as a utility man in future modelling and optimization efforts.

Detection of overhead line glass insulator condition using dual function device and deep learning approach

This paper presents a design of a multifunction smart wireless device for online condition monitoring of transmission line insulators. The proposed device can measure the insulator leakage current and take images of the high-voltage insulation. Yolov5-based models and deep convolutional neural networks (DCCN) are developed to analyze and classify the measured data and estimate the insulator's health condition. We have developed and tested a prototype of the proposed device. The device can issue a real-time warning message when a sudden change takes place in the leakage current value. The control center or smartphones receive the collected data wirelessly. We analyze the transmitted data using the developed methods to detect any anomalies and take appropriate remedial action. The performance and feasibility of the developed device are assessed through extensive experimental analysis. Results attest to the robustness of the proposed device, which is easy to install for existing and future overhead transmission line insulators.

Physical and chemical diagnostics of cold atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet

AbstractThis article presents an experimental investigation of an argon plasma jet. It examines a commercial argon plasma jet device's physical, chemical, and biological impacts, comparing findings against global standards. The study focuses on electrical features ensuring safety for patients and consumers, finding all leakage current values within established standards. Chemical analysis of emitted gases shows no detectable levels of harmful compounds near treated skin. Optical emission spectroscopy reveals bioactive compounds within the plasma jet. UV radiation emission remains within safety thresholds. Hyperspectral imaging shows temporary increases in skin characteristics posttreatment, reverting to baseline over time. Overall, the study demonstrates the safety and potential of the argon plasma jet in skin treatment.

High-performance oxygen terminated synthetic single crystal diamond detector for high gamma dose rate measurement

A high-performance oxygen terminated synthetic single crystal diamond (SCD) detector (4.5 × 4.5 × 0.5 mm3) is presented. The SCD detector exhibits an extremely low leakage current value of 0.29 pA/mm2 with an electric field of 0.3 V/μm. The charge collection spectrum measured with a238Pu source (5.48 MeV α-particles) irradiation shows that the electron and hole charge collection efficiency (CCE) reach as high as 99.1% and 98.9%, with an energy resolution as low as 2.87% and 2.53%, respectively, compared to Si detector. The SCD detector shows excellent radiation hardness and stability under 60Co γ-ray irradiation with a dose rate of 12.737 kGy/h at 150 V bias and is able to withstand a cumulative dose of up to at least 9.3 kGy. The detector output in current mode is linearly related to the dynamic dose rate (0.409 Gy/h-12.737 kGy/h). Similarly, the counting rate of the detector in counting mode exhibits a strong linear variation within the range of 2.6 mGy/h-1269.36 Gy/h. Our results fully indicate that our fabricated SCD detector can be potentially applied to harsh γ irradiation scenarios, which is of guiding significance on real-time dose monitoring.

Research on Leakage Current Waveform Spectrum Characteristics of Artificial Pollution Composite Insulator

In order to know about the change features of leakage current during the pollution flashover process of composite insulators, the study of the pollution flashover test on composite insulator under the pollutional condition is presented in the artificial fog cabinet. The characteristics of leakage current waveforms in time-domain and frequency-domain are measured and analyzed during the test. The analysis results show that there is a strong correlation among the fundamental harmonic, the third harmonic and fifth harmonic. The characteristics of leakage current spectrum are represented by the maximum value of leakage current (Im), total harmonic distortion (THD), and phase difference of fundamental leakage current (θ). During a near-flash event, the leakage current exhibits high amplitude, low harmonic content, and small phase difference between the fundamental leakage current and voltage. The research findings provide a basis for establishing a pollution flash warning system based on leakage current characteristic quantities.

Effects of processing parameters on the leakage current of silicone rubber insulator

Silicone rubber (SiR) is known for its exceptional electrical insulation properties. The performance of SiR could be affected by many factors, including processing parameters, particularly mixing speed and time. While these parameters are crucial for ensuring the homogeneity of blended polymeric materials, their electrical impact remains relatively unexplored. This research investigates the effect of varying processing parameters on SiR samples during rapid aging under the incline plane tracking (IPT) test. The study unfolds in three phases, with the final IPT stage revealing the significant influence of different mixing speeds and times on the recorded leakage current (LC) values for each sample. Sample 2, subjected to 70 rpm mixing speed and 10 minutes of mixing time, exhibited great resistance to tracking and erosion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was conducted on the samples before and after the IPT test to further analyze the impact of the varying processing parameters. Once again, sample 2 displayed notable resilience, demonstrating lower reductions in absorbance values for key functional groups. In conclusion, the specific processing parameters of 70 rpm and 10 minutes have been shown to positively influence the performance of SiR, enhancing their resistance to tracking and erosion during rapid aging.

Novel hybrid-CMOS inverter utilizing phase transition material for enhancing digital logic performance at lower operating voltages

This research paper introduces a novel design for a hybrid-CMOS inverter using vanadium dioxide (VO2), a phase transition material. The proposed inverter exhibits a remarkably steep transition for falling logic at the output(1–0). By leveraging the insulating to metallic current density (IC-IMT) of VO2, the depth and gain of this transition can be finely tuned. Notably, a higher IC-IMT value yields a greater gain in the transition slope. In comparison to a traditional CMOS inverter, the designed inverter demonstrates several advantages. It achieves higher values of lower noise margin (NML) and significantly reduces static power dissipation by 97.7%. These promising outcomes present an exciting opportunity for designing inverters at lower drain voltages, especially in devices operating at lower technology nodes. Furthermore, the hybrid-CMOS inverter is designed to excel in the sub-threshold region of operation, resulting in elevated values of lower noise margin and reduced leakage current values.

Analysis of the Decrease in Insulation Resistance of Pin Type Porcelain Insulation at the ULP Ampera of PT PLN (Persero)

Isolators are one of the assets at PT PLN, which serve as separators between the energized and non-energized parts. Maintenance is performed by replacing damaged isolators when there are indications of reduced insulation resistance. In this journal, the insulation resistance values were measured using a Kyoritsu Insulation Tester and six porcelain isolator samples in various conditions were used. The aim was to determine the extent of the decrease in insulation resistance values, as well as the leakage current and touch voltage values based on Ohm's law formula. Based on the measurement results, the sixth isolator in partially damaged condition is the worst, supported by an insulation resistance value of 800 MΩ for a test voltage of 10kV and 400 MΩ for a test voltage of 5kV. In good condition, the measured insulation resistance value of the isolator is 1 TΩ. Based on the calculation results, in the sixth condition, the leakage current values were 6.25 mA and 25 mA, and the touch voltage values, assuming an average human insulation resistance value of 1000 Ω, were 6.25 Volts and 25 Volts. According to 0520-2.K.DIR.2014 standards, the insulation resistance values meet the requirement that 1kV insulation resistance can be sustained by 1MΩ and are still below the maximum touch voltage limit, which is < 50V effective.

Study of operation of a polymer insulator under uniform and non-uniform contamination

RELEVANCE. Suspended insulators, the technical condition of which largely determines the reliability of power supply to consumers of different categories, are one of the most damaged elements of overhead power transmission lines [1-2]. This is primarily due to the fact that during their operation, insulators are exposed to various climatic conditions that have a direct impact on their insulating properties. Moreover, precipitation, such as rain, fog or dew, has the greatest impact precisely in combination with various solid, liquid and gaseous particles deposited on the insulator surface from the air, and forming a layer of surface contamination. Wetting this layer increases the electrical conductivity of the entire overhead line insulation structure and reduces its insulating capacity. Study of influence of dampening of contaminated surface of suspended insulation on their discharge characteristics is an urgent scientific task. The solution of this task enables to develop the existing understanding of the mechanisms of formation and development of discharges on the contaminated and wetted surface of insulation and to formulate the appropriate diagnostic attributes applicable to control the condition of the overhead power line insulators. OBJECTIVE. To carry out laboratory research aimed at studying the behavior of suspended high-voltage polymer insulators of overhead power lines when they are moistened. To formulate appropriate diagnostic attributes applicable for control of condition of suspended insulators of overhead power lines during their operation. METHODS. At the solution of the posed problem experimental methods of research, consisting in simulation of work of the contaminated polymeric insulator in the atmosphere of a pure fog with application of the special experimental installation developed by the authors of this article were applied. RESULTS. As a result of laboratory research, by continuous registration of leakage current values, as well as signals coming from the remote sensor, characteristic features of contaminated insulator humidification were revealed, which can be used as diagnostic signs in the process of their operation.

Исследование тока утечки по струе тонкораспылённой воды из автоматической установки пожаротушения на электрооборудование под напряжением

Purpose. The article is devoted to the safety issue of applying an automatic fine water spray suppression system for extinguishing fires of live electrical equipment. The study examined the worst-case scenario, in which fire suppression system is manually activated by an operator. The results of a series of experiments to determine the leakage current when discharging extinguishing agent from automatic fire suppression systems onto live electrical equipment are presented. Methods. To achieve the goal of the research the authors used analysis and experiment methods. Findings. An experimental study on automatic water spray fire suppression system was carried out, and as a result of the experiment the values of leakage current on the pumping unit body and nozzle-head were determined. Power and linear regression equations were obtained by the least squares method. Based on regression equations, diagrams of dependence of the leakage current value on the intensity (k-factor) supply of fine water spray to the nozzle-head and the pumping unit body were created. Research application field. The obtained experimental data confirm the possibility of safely using automatic suppression systems with fine water spray for live electrical equipment extinguishment while meeting certain values of the intensity of extinguishing agent supply. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of experimental data and the obtained regression equations, it can be concluded that the intensity of the extinguishing agent supply (k-factor) has a significant impact on the leakage current on the body of an automatic fire suppression system and nozzle-head.

Optimization of switching charge and recoverable energy density mediated by structural transformation in Sr-substituted BaNiO3 perovskites.

Because of their distinctive characteristics, ferroelectric perovskites are considered among the most potent and auspicious candidates for energy storage and pulsed power devices. But their energy storage properties and switching capabilities need to be further enhanced which can be done by substitutions of appropriate cations. Hence, a series of lead-free Ba1-xSrxNiO3 (x = 0.00, 0.33, 0.67, and 1.00) ceramics was fabricated using a sol-gel auto combustion technique. Rietveld's refinement of X-ray diffraction plots verified the complete development of the required hexagonal perovskite structure. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed a gradual increase in average grain sizes and agglomeration with the increase in Sr-content. Moreover, the existence of all the constituent elements exactly in proportion to their stoichiometric ratios was verified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The characteristic parameters of ferroelectric materials such as ferroelectric response, electrical conductivity, and switching charge density were also determined. The P-E loops indicated that with the increase in Sr-content, the coercive field, remanent polarization, and maximum polarization all decreased gradually, but the recoverable energy density (Wrec) increased as the loops became slimmer. The maximum value of Wrec was found in the Ba0.33Sr0.67NiO3 sample. Moreover, SrNiO3 exhibited minimum energy loss with the highest efficiency of ∼47.21%. The existence of a current barrier in all the samples was proved from the low leakage current values (∼10-7 A). In addition, the pure SrNiO3 showed a low electrical conductivity and minimum value of switching charge density. All these findings make SrNiO3 a promising candidate for fast switching and energy storage applications.

Study of leakage current in underground mine power network: a case study in mining in Vietnam

Purpose. To determine DC leakage current in mine power network with long DC power transmission. Methodology. Nowadays, the increase in capacity and working depth leads to the use of DC power transmission, which has many benefits both economically and technically in mining. However, the appearance of DC power transmission changes the structure of the network. In the underground mine power network, there will be electrical networks with industrial frequency 50 Hz, DC power networks, and power networks after variable frequency inverters. The correlation of these network parameters complicates leakage protection in the mine power network. For DC power transmission in mining, the DC network parts have a large length, so during the working process, electricity leakage in these parts of the network often occurs. Leakage current in a DC network depends not only on DC network parameters but also on AC network parameters. The article uses analytical methods and simulation methods on Matlab/Simulink software to determine leakage currents in underground mine power networks with DC transmission when there is a change in power network parameters. Findings. The research results show that the leakage current value of the DC network is greatly affected when the insulation parameters of the electrical network change, not only in the DC power network but also in the AC network before and after the inverter. This causes the unreliable operation of the leakage protection device in this DC transmission network. Originality. Calculation model and simulation of DC leakage current in underground mine power networks with long DC transmission in mining in Vietnam Practical value. The research results are the basis for calculating and selecting leakage protection equipment for the purpose of improving safety in underground mining in Vietnam.

Synthesis and characterization of (1-x)Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3 - (x)BaZr0.15Ti0.85O3 based solid solution: Temperature-dependent dielectric and impedance properties

Lead-free solid solution of (1-x) Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3 − (x) BaZr0.15Ti0.85O3 (BSFO − BZT) (x = 0.0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.50) ceramics were prepared using solid-state reaction method. The structural, morphological, temperature-dependent dielectric properties and leakage current were investigated. The structural investigation revealed the formation of perovskite structure coexisting with tetragonal and rhombohedral phases within (BSFO–BZT) ceramics. The dielectric measurements (within 303 K-773 K) confirmed the existence of a morphotropic phase boundary at x = 0.15 for the (BSFO–BZT) system. The frequency and temperature dependent electrical behavior were explained using Ac conductivity and impedance analysis. The leakage current behavior for all these samples was investigated using both space charge-limited conduction (SCLC) for bulk and Schottky emission (SE) for limited interface conduction approach, whereas the pure BSFO sample was found to be dominated by ohmic conduction, while the BZT-doped samples were dominated by grain boundary-limited conduction.The sample (0.80)Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3-(0.15)BaZr0.15Ti0.85O3 achieved largest dielectric constant 330 at 10 KHz along with a moderate leakage current density value of 3.54 × 10-5A/cm2 (which is quite lower than pure BSFO) proven its candidacy to develop a stable photovoltaic, multilayer actuators, and ferroelectric memory devices.

Investigation of Novel Solid Dielectric Material for Transformer Windings.

Improvement techniques aimed at enhancing the dielectric strength and minimizing the dielectric loss of insulation materials have piqued the interest of many researchers. It is worth noting that the electrical breakdown traits of insulation material are determined by their electrochemical and mechanical performance. Possible good mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties of new materials are considered during the generation process. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is often used as a high-voltage insulator due to its favorable mechanical properties, high insulation resistance, lightweight qualities, recovery, large actuation strain, and cost-effectiveness. The elastomer structure of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) enables its application in a broad range of high-voltage (HV) insulation systems. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using TPU on transformer windings as a solid insulator instead of pressboards. The investigation conducted through experiments sheds light on the potential of TPU in expanding the range of insulating materials for HV transformers. Transformers play a crucial role in HV systems, hence the selection of suitable materials like cellulose and polyurethane is of utmost importance. This study involved the preparation of an experimental setup in the laboratory. Breakdown tests were conducted by generating a non-uniform electric field using a needle-plane electrode configuration in a test chamber filled with mineral oil. Various voltages ranging from 14.4 kV to 25.2 kV were applied to induce electric field stress with a step rise of 3.6 kV. The partial discharges and peak numbers were measured based on the predetermined threshold values. The study investigated and compared the behaviors of two solid insulating materials under differing non-electric field stress conditions. Harmonic component analysis was utilized to observe the differences between the two materials. Notably, at 21.6 kV and 25.2 kV, polyurethane demonstrated superior performance compared to pressboard with regards to the threshold value of leakage current.

PROGRESS ON THE BREAKDOWN VOLTAGES AND LEAKAGE CURRENTS ANALYSIS OF MULLITE PRODUCED FROM KAOLIN

Kaolin is a clay mineral that has found its huge use in electrical insulation. In electrical power industries, mullite insulators plays a vital role during electric power transmission. The transformation of kaolin to mullite via sintering method was carried out by varying the temperature during heating at interval of from to . The mass of the kaolin was observed to have changed during the heating until the complete transformation took place at the temperature of 11500C. The dielectric strength (breakdown voltage) was analysed by sending high input voltage through the samples and measuring the output voltage until breakdown occurred. The input voltage of to was passed through the samples and breakdown occurred at input voltage for almost all the samples. The leakage current was also determined using Ohm’s law. 11500C was found to be the optimum temperature for the transformation of kaolin to mullite. The leakage current value ( )was found to be negligible making mullite a good dielectric material for insulation.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF MAINTENANCE OF THE ELECTRICAL COMPLEX

Modern electronic devices are characterized by complex circuit design solutions, which requires performing their design using high-performance circuit design computer-aided design systems. The development of such computer-aided design systems is associated with significant expenditure of time and labor resources and should be based on new approaches to the construction of mathematical and software, taking into account the specific features of the subject area and the nature of the tasks to be solved. In this paper, the problems associated with the modeling of maintenance of electrical complex are considered. A methodology for predicting components based on a single attribute within an experiment is demonstrated. The criterion in terms of risk assessment for the consumer is considered. The results of modeling the main parameters characterizing the quality of electrolytic capacitors are presented. After the tests are completed, the value of the predicted parameter is determined for each realization. The optimum value of leakage current, providing the minimum probability of error, for tantalum electrolytic capacitors with nominal capacity is shown. The results of the research can be useful for specialists working on electrical engineering complexes.

High‐gain nine‐level switched‐capacitor multilevel inverter featuring less number of devices and leakage current

AbstractIn this article, a novel switched‐capacitor multilevel inverter (SC‐MLI) for on‐grid and off‐grid applications with PV is presented. The nine‐level proposed SC‐MLI with simple architecture is produced gain of four times across the load voltage. Further, the proposed inverter needs only 10 power switches, a single dc source, three diodes, and three capacitors. For a suitable switching operation, phase disposition pulse width modulation (PD‐PWM) was developed. Furthermore, the capacitor inrush current, which is a major shortcoming of SC‐MLI, is mitigated in the proposed topology by employing a charging inductor. Furthermore, the proposed inverter is used as a single‐stage PV grid‐tied inverter. When inverter is used for PV applications, the proposed inverter provides minimum value of leakage current. In addition, to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed switched capacitor MLI, a comparative analysis with an existing off‐grid and existing on‐grid SC‐MLIs is performed. A fully circuit has been simulated using Matlab/Simulink to test the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed topology. The prototype of the hardware system is designed of a nine‐level proposed topology using the dSpace 1103 controller board to validate the results.

Effect of ‘Mo’ doping into BiMnO3 on structural, dielectric, and leakage current properties

The simultaneous existence of more than one ferroicorder (ferroelectric, magnetic and ferroelastic) i.e., multiferroism in materials is the center of attention of the current materials researchers. Multiferroism is rare in the materials due to the different chemistry of the ferroic orders and highly useful in various device applications such as in spintronics. In this connection, BiMnO3 is one of the multiferroic materials among the number of available multiferroic materials. It shows ferroelectricity as well as antiferromagnetic nature simultaneously . In the present work, efforts have been made to synthesize the BiMnO3 in pure phase as well as with the doping of ‘Mo’ in the ratio of 2 %, 4 %, and 8 % via solid-state reaction route and denoted by BMM0, BMM2, BMM4, and BMM8, respectively. The structural analysis confirms the monoclinic structure along with some impurities and also confirms the polycrystalline nature of all the samples. Impurities reduce with the ‘Mo’ doping into BiMnO3. The dielectric and leakage current density measurements confirm the high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, and low leakage current density values in the samples as increment in the ‘Mo’ content into the pure BiMnO3 phase. The BMM8 has the dielectric constant (∼2265 at 1 kHz and ∼ 385 at 10 kHz), dielectric loss (∼2.32 at 1 kHz and ∼ 2.66 at 10 kHz), and leakage current density (∼3.73 × 10-4 A/cm2 at 2 V and ∼ 1.00 × 10-3 A/cm2 at 3 V).

A New Modulation for Leakage Current Reduction of Modular Multilevel Converter

Leakage current is an important problem in non-isolated inverters, especially implemented in a medium- and high-voltage system. First, several analyses had carried out to reduce the high-frequency component of common-mode voltage (CMV) and the leakage current of a three-phase modular multilevel converter (MMC). Then, a new modulation method is proposed to keep CMV as the half of dc voltage and suppress the leakage current effectively. The peak value of leakage current can be suppressed under 5 mA, which complies with the VDE-0126-1-1 standard. Meanwhile, the parasitic capacitor voltage can be balanced automatically without the additional capacitor voltage control. Finally, the proposed scheme is verified in MATLAB/Simulink and tested on the hardware-in-loop platform. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by the experiment results.

Research on Online Monitoring Method of Arrester Deterioration Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm

Zinc oxide lightning arrester is an important overvoltage protection equipment widely used in 3~500kV power grids. It gradually ages under operating voltage and external environmental factors. Once the failure occurs, the lightning arrester itself will cause damage or even explosion, affecting the safe operation of the power system. The online monitoring problem of zinc oxide arrester (MOA) is proposed. Using the excellent computing power of improved genetic algorithm, the equivalent model of MOA based on operating voltage and measured leakage current values are avoided. The detonator state parameters are solved to realize the monitoring of the arrester deterioration state. The experiments show that the proposed monitoring technique based on the improved genetic algorithm can calculate the leakage current values well and approximate the actual measured leakage current, improving the accuracy of online monitoring.