Energy Intensity Values Research Articles

Energy intensity as an ecological factor in the selection of the manufacturing process


 
 
 The article presents the analysis of the implementation of selected elements of car transport in the aspect of ecology. The basic issue that affects the protection of the environment (ecology) is the value of energy intensity in the manufacture of products. The elements made in the production process of plastic mouldings were compared. The amount of energy in kJ needed to produce 1 kg of a given product was estimated. Next, the dependencies between the value of computational energy intensity and the emission of gases affecting the environment of CO2, SO2, NOx were presented. As a conversion factor according to GUS data, it was assumed that 1kWh production in Poland causes emission of 800 g CO2, 7 g SO2 i 3 g NOx.
 
 

CALCULATION METHOD OF WELLHEAD PNEUMATIC COMPENSATORS OF SUCKER ROD PUMPS

The paper discusses the calculation method of wellhead pneumatic compensators of sucker rod pumps. It is proposed to install the wellhead pneumatic compensator in the close proximity to the wellhead on the flow line of the well. The calculation of pneumatic compensators was carried out as the calculation of a gas cap. The article discusses such examples of the operation of borehole sucker-rod pumps, when the volume of fluid displaced into the discharge line when the plunger moves down and calculated by the known formulas is greater than the volume of fluid during the upward movement. Examples when fluid is sucked into the well when the plunger moves upward are considered. It is shown that in this case, the magnitude of the degree of non-uniformity of the downhole pump can be significantly greater, almost twice, as much as possible for conventional single-cylinder single-piston pumps. In this regard, the relevance of the use of wellhead pneumatic compensators during the sucker-rod pumping unit operation is no doubt. When calculating the parameters of pneumatic compensators, the values of the pressure pulsation coefficients were taken in the range from 0.10 to 0.35. For the considered examples, the dependences of the instantaneous specific feed of the borehole pump are constructed depending on the angle of rotation of the crank of the pumping unit. For these dependences the magnitude of the change in the volume of the pneumatic compensator for one double stroke of the plunger was determined by integration. The average volume of the gas cushion of pneumatic compensators was determined by the magnitude of the change in the volume of the pneumatic compensator, after which their energy intensity factors were determined. According to the energy intensity values of pneumatic compensators, their initial volumes of gas chambers were determined.

Acoustic method of jet grinding study and control

Jet grinding considers a rather energy-intensive production. For obtaining high mill productivity, it is necessary to control the process in order to prevent the transfer the energy intensity value to a critical one. This work shows the possibilities of jet grinding studying based on the process acoustic signal analysis and to develop a mill mode control system to achieve optimum productivity. There were determined that decrease in the activity and maximum amplitudes of the acoustic signals in the grinding zone is a sign of deviation from the optimal fine grinding mode, which leads to a decrease in the mill productivity and requires timely material loading. For control of ground product quality it’s necessary to control the frequency dispersion of signals corresponding to the control class, and check the absence or presence of signals corresponding to other size classes for zone behind the classifier. The developed automated control system of jet grinding allows implementing the optimal parameters of the mill operation by control the acoustic parameters of the grinding zone for optimum jet loading with material. The dispersion control of the ready product is based on acoustic monitoring of a two-phase flow in the product transportation zone.

Report of Energy Audit in Building F1, F3, F4, and G6 of Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Energy audits on buildings are carried out to determine the load profile of electrical energy usage and to avoid wasting electricity. This energy waste can cause the use of electricity in buildings that are not efficient. An electrical energy audit is carried out to produce actual data that is in accordance with existing building conditions. This study conducted on buildings F1, F3, F4, and G6 in Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta to determine the value of the intensity of energy consumption used, whether it is following the Indonesian National Standards Agency. Measurement of electrical energy consumption using a tool that is the Power Factor Analyzer. The results of the calculation of the value of the intensity of electrical energy consumption showed that the buildings of F1, F3, F4, and G6 at the Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta obtained an average energy intensity value of 10.18 kWh/month. In this case, building standards are known to be between 7.92 - 12.08, which means that the building standards are categorized as efficient because they are under established standards. Furthermore, the use of electrical energy consumption used in buildings F1, F3, F4, and G6 in Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta in a month that is equal to 190,952.769 kWh/month.

Industrial waste heat: Estimation of the technically available resource in the EU per industrial sector, temperature level and country

Industrial waste heat is examined in EU countries, focusing on the amount that can be recovered and exploited, referred to as technical potential of waste heat. An alternative methodology is proposed here, which is based on waste heat fractions derived from a detailed study of the UK industry from the period 2000–2003. These fractions express the part of heat consumption that is wasted and is possible to be recovered. The waste heat fractions have been calculated in this work for each main industrial sector and temperature level. The methodology initially includes the adjustment of waste heat fractions from each industrial sector from the UK industry to the conditions of the different EU countries in the period 2000–2003, in order to account for the different levels of energy efficiency. The second step is to adjust the fractions for the year 2015, using data about the evolution of energy intensity values from 2000 to 2003 to 2015 for each country and sector, resulting to a new set of fractions per country, temperature level and sector.This methodology has enabled the authors to study in detail the waste heat potential per sector and temperature level, using the most recent data. The main outcome is the estimation of waste heat potential for each main industrial sector in the EU, broken down to the amount of waste heat for each temperature range. A similar analysis is conducted for each EU country as well, in order to identify the magnitude of heat recovery opportunities that could exist for every industrial sector at country level.The main result of this analysis is the estimation of the total waste heat potential in EU, which is about 300 TWh/year, with one third corresponding to temperature level below 200 °C, which is often referred to as low-temperature waste heat, another 25% in the range 200–500 °C and the rest above 500 °C (mostly in the range 500–1000 °C).The findings of the current study can be used for assessing the potential of any relevant heat recovery applications, such as heat upgrade and re-use or heat-to-power conversion technologies.

Acoustic Analysis of Beethoven Piano Sonata Op.110

This paper uses phonetic analysis software Praat to extract the fundamental frequency values and energy values of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata Op.110, and examines the acoustic characteristics of Beethoven’s later piano sonatas. The research shows: fundamental frequency values of Piano Sonata Op.110’s three movements range between 80Hz-600Hz, energy intensity values range between 40dB-80dB, and the theme and emotion the composer expressed in each movement and the playing strength will have a certain effect on the changes in the movement’s fundamental frequency and energy.

Simulation of the process and system of power plants exhaust gases purification during construction and re-construction of housing and utilities infrastructure of urban areas

Urban territories shall provide for favorable life activity of people alongside with preservation of ecological balance, however, they are peculiar city-planning “focuses” on which ecological problems are maximally concentrated. Air basin of urban territories is the most dynamic and most vulnerable of all the components of environment exposed to maximal anthropogenic load. The solution of the actual problem of increase of ecological safety of urban territories on basis of imitational simulation of the process and system of purification of exhaust gases of power plants of housing and utilities infrastructure with the help of management of parameters substantially influencing the ecological efficiency and energy intensity value of the purification process is represented in the article. Management of parameters is possible on the stage of designing of system for purification of exhaust gases of power plants, which substantially optimizes the choice of ways and means for decrease of air media of urban territories.

Interlinking climate change with water-energy-food nexus and related ecosystem processes in California case studies

Global climate change creates critical challenges with increasing temperature, reducing snowpack, and changing precipitation for water, energy, and food, as well as ecosystem processes at regional scales. Ecosystem services provide life support, goods, and natural resources from water, energy, and food, as well as the environments. There are knowledge gaps from the lack of conceptual framework and practices to interlink major climate change drivers of water resources with water-energy-food nexus and related ecosystem processes. This paper provided an overview of research background, developed a conceptual framework to bridge these knowledge gaps, summarized California case studies for practices in cross sector ecosystem services, and identified future research needs. In this conceptual framework, climate change drivers of changing temperature, snowpack, and precipitation are interlinked with life cycles in water, energy, food, and related key elements in ecosystem processes. Case studies in California indicated climate change affected variation in increasing temperature and changing hydrology at the regional scales. A large variation in average energy intensity values was also estimated from ground water and federal, state, and local water supplies both within each hydrological region and among the ten hydrological regions in California. The increased regional temperature, changes in snowpack and precipitation, and increased water stresses from drought can reduce ecosystem services and affect the water and energy nexus and agricultural food production, as well as fish and wildlife habitats in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) and Central Valley watersheds. Regional decisions and practices in integrated management of water, energy, food, and related ecosystem processes are essential to adapt and mitigate global climate change impacts at the regional scales. Science and policy support for interdisciplinary research are critical to develop the database and tools for comprehensive analysis to fill knowledge gaps and address ecosystem service complexity, the related natural resource investment, and integrated planning needs.

Rainfall erosivity estimation based on rainfall data collected over a range of temporal resolutions

Abstract. Rainfall erosivity is the power of rainfall to cause soil erosion by water. The rainfall erosivity index for a rainfall event (energy-intensity values – EI30) is calculated from the total kinetic energy and maximum 30 min intensity of individual events. However, these data are often unavailable in many areas of the world. The purpose of this study was to develop models based on commonly available rainfall data resolutions, such as daily or monthly totals, to calculate rainfall erosivity. Eleven stations with 1 min temporal resolution rainfall data collected from 1961 through 2000 in the eastern half of China were used to develop and calibrate 21 models. Seven independent stations, also with 1 min data, were utilized to validate those models, together with 20 previously published equations. The models in this study performed better or similar to models from previous research to estimate rainfall erosivity for these data. Using symmetric mean absolute percentage errors and Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficients, we can recommend 17 of the new models that had model efficiencies ≥ 0.59. The best prediction capabilities resulted from using the finest resolution rainfall data as inputs at a given erosivity timescale and by summing results from equations for finer erosivity timescales where possible. Results from this study provide a number of options for developing erosivity maps using coarse resolution rainfall data.

METALS INTERNAL ENERGY CAPACITIES LINE OF CONDUCT BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS AND NEW ENERGY-SENSITIVE DESTRUCTION CRITERION

The article describes a new phenomenological equation of energy intensity of metals with the four basic factors of polycrystals: power, time, defective and external mechanical-to describe her behavior patterns depending on relative hardness, velocity relaxation ratio, density and performance load stress and strain at different degrees of deformities. The value of energy intensity can produce alculations of new integrated energy criteria: birth of synergetics, devastation spread of cracks, ragility, scale, and give a more objective analysis of polycrystalline, which cannot be obtained by mechanical properties.

Water and energy nexus of residential rainwater tanks at an end use level: Case of Australia

Internationally, rain water tank systems have experienced a renaissance in urban areas in recent times as they are perceived to be a low cost source substitution option for many end uses or micro-components (e.g. toilet, clothes washer, irrigation, etc.) of water demand. While there are many studies that have been conducted investigating rainwater tank performance, none have explored their water-energy nexus at a micro-component level. Through a high resolution (i.e. 5 s, 0.014 L/pulse, 1 W/pulse) smart metering study, this research was able to reveal the energy intensity of three rainwater tank end uses in 19 residential homes located in Gold Coast City, Queensland, Australia. Half flush toilet cistern events were found to have the highest variability of energy intensity values between homes (1.05 to 3.32 Wh/L) and also the highest energy intensity at 1.88 Wh/L. Full flush toilet events had a tighter range (1.02 to 2.30 Wh/L) and slightly lower energy intensity than half flush events at 1.61 Wh/L. Clothes washer energy intensity values were quite variable (0.90 to 2.73 Wh/L) but on average were lower than toilet flushing at 1.28 Wh/L. Lastly, irrigation events had the tightest range (0.83 to

A Future Projection of Turkey's Energy Intensity

Energy intensity is the main indicator which is used as a good measure of the energy efficiency of the economy. This study aims at obtaining numerical equations to estimate Turkey's energy intensity (EI) based on basic energy indicators by using an artificial neural network (ANN). For this purpose, main energy indicators such as total production of primary energy and total gross electricity generation were used to train the ANN approach. The EI was used in the output layer. The R 2 value of EI and average deviation were found to be 0.9998 and 0.0037%, respectively.

Analysis of energy intensity in manufacturing industry using mixed-effects models

The paper makes a cross country analysis of the energy intensity in manufacturing sectors. Empirical data for this purpose is gathered from the databases of two international agencies namely the IEA (International Energy Agency) and the UNIDO (UN International Development Organization), which provide energy consumption and manufacturing output data respectively.The analyses are carried out with exploratory as well as formal statistical methods to identify the driving factors explaining energy intensity, identify trends and facilitate comparisons. The results from modeling the energy intensities with a linear mixed-effects model show some driving factors that explain the energy intensities.In general, the energy intensities of industrial sectors decreased around the world. In particular, industrialized countries with higher value of GDP (gross domestic product) per capita tend to have lower energy intensity indicating that efficiency in energy use is achieved along with the technological advancement. Countries with higher GDP and smaller population tend to have lower energy intensity values and a lower energy intensity index.

Impact of mineral and organic fertilization on yield, C content in the soil, as well as on C, N and energy balances in a long-term field experiment

Data from a 49-year-long organic–mineral fertilization field experiment with a potato–maize–maize–wheat–wheat crop rotation were used to analyse the impact of different fertilizer variations on yield ability, soil organic carbon content (SOC), N and C balances, as well as on some characteristic energy balance parameters. Among the treatments, the fertilization variant with 87 kg ha−1 year−1 N proved to be economically optimal (94% of the maximum). Approximately 40 years after initiation of the experiment, supposed steady-state SOC content has been reached, with a value of 0.81% in the upper soil layer of the unfertilized control plot. Farmyard manure (FYM) treatments resulted in 10% higher SOC content compared with equivalent NPK fertilizer doses. The best C balances were obtained with exclusive mineral fertilization variants (−3.8 and −3.7 t ha−1 year−1, respectively). N uptake in the unfertilized control plot suggested an airborne N input of 48 kg ha−1 year−1. The optimum fertilizer variant (70 t ha−1 FYM-equivalent NPK) proved favourable with a view to energy. The energy gain by exclusive FYM treatments was lower than with sole NPK fertilization. Best energy intensity values were obtained with lower mineral fertilization and FYM variants. The order of energy conversion according to the different crops was maize, wheat and potato.

Elucidation of unit operations and energy consumption pattern in small scale cashew nut processing mills

The different unit operations involved in small scale cashew nut processing mill in the context of Konkan region of Maharashtra, India (70°17′ to 74°31′E Longitude 15°37′ to 20°20′N Latitude) was elucidated by conducting the randomized sample survey of registered 122 small scale cashew processing mills in the region. The survey covered the unit operations performed, level and pattern of energy consumption and technologies in use for cashew nut processing. The energy consumption and production of mills was analyzed to compute the disparities in energy consumption to produce the same quantity of similar product in term of installed capacity (P), Production (Pr), percent production capacity utilization (PPCU), energy (En) and energy intensity (EI). The study revealed that, the small scale cashew nut mills in Konkan region of Maharashtra (India) widely followed steam roasting process due to better control over the process which retain the valuable CNSL in the shell as well as generate the huge quantity of shell for further utilization as a fuel. The average working days of the mills were about 227 days in the year depending on the rainy season and availability of raw cashew nut seeds. The average installed production capacity of the surveyed mills was about 9800 kg of raw cashew nut seeds per annum. The actual raw material processed by these mills was in the tune of 5833 kg per annum, which revealed the average percent plant capacity utilization of 55% only. The women workers were prominent in the small scale cashew nut processing mills. The regression analysis of relationship between energy and production revealed the best fit of the form of power law i.e. En = A · (Pr) B where “ A” is the constant and the coefficient “ B” is commonly known as the Energy Elasticity. It was observed that, the energy intensity in the cashew nut processing mills producing the similar product varied from 2.15 MJ/kg to 3.80 MJ/kg. The regression analysis of relationship between energy intensity and production revealed the best fit of the form of power law i.e. En = A · (Pr) − B . The negative exponent ‘ B’ shows a decline in the value of energy intensity with increase in production. It was observed that the frequency of the number of firms in each PPCU range is a bell-shaped curve, which clearly shows about 91 (75%) of the total samples were in PPCU range less than 65% with average energy intensity of 2.9 MJ/kg. This gives considerable scope for saving of energy with better utilization of installed production capacity in the tune of 25.84%.

Estimation of energy intensity by end-use for commercial buildings

We describe the results of a study to estimate the energy intensities of major end-uses in commercial buildings in the PG&E service area. These energy intensities are central to commercial sector electricity and natural gas consumption forecasting models that utilize an end-use approach. The use of more accurate energy intensities will result in improved estimates of new power generation needs. To our knowledge, this is one of only three studies using the conditional demand approach for the commercial sector. This technique is less costly than end-use metering a large number of commercial buildings to arrive at energy intensity estimates. We obtained these energy intensity estimates for offices, food stores, restaurants, retail buildings, hotels and motels, hospitals, schools, warehouses, and miscellaneous buildings. We applied the conditional demand technique to monthly energy use, building characteristics, and weather data to produce annual estimates of natural gas and electricity use per square foot of floor space. The consumption estimates are for the following seven end-uses: space heating, cooling, lighting, water heating, cooking, refrigeration, and miscellaneous use. We have compared the results of our study to those of two other conditional demand studies and to other studies where data are available. Presently, there are few metered data available for comparison with our estimates. For most business types and end-uses, the energy intensity estimates appear reasonable. For example, for lighting, the mean energy intensity for each business type is within 20% of all the individual values from all comparable studies. Additionally, for each enduse, the highest energy intensity values occur for those business types that would be expected to show greatest utilization. However, for some end-uses in some business types, there are large discrepancies in energy intensity estimates obtained from various studies. For example, for restaurants, the energy intensity estimates for electric water heating and cooking each vary by more than a factor of seven from minimum to maximum. Additional research is needed to determine if such large variations in estimated energy intensities are real or if they are due to such factors as differences in business types (e.g. liquor stores may be included in retail or food stores), different distributions within a business type (e.g. different ratios of refrigerated to non-refrigerated warehouses), and different floor area definitions.