Drift Values Research Articles

Age-period-cohort analysis on kidney cancer mortality trend in China, 1992-2016

Objective: To evaluate the current status and long-term trend of kidney cancer mortality in China from 1992 to 2016. Methods: Mortality data of kidney cancer were collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The online analysis tool of age-period-cohort model provided by the National Institutes of Health was used to analyze the death data of kidney cancer in China from 1992 to 2016. Results: From 1992 to 2016, the crude and standardized mortality rates of kidney cancer in Chinese men and women showed an overall increasing trend, with a large increase. The estimated average annual percentage change (AAPC) in kidney cancer mortality for men was 2.85% (95%CI: 2.68%-3.02%) and that for women was 1.25% (95%CI: 1.04%-1.45%). From 1992 to 2016, the local drift values of both men and women were greater than 0 (all P<0.05). In terms of age effect, after adjusting for cohort effect and period effect, the risk of death of kidney cancer in men and women increased exponentially with age from the age of 15. From 15 to 19 years old to 75 to 79 years old, the RR of kidney cancer death was 1.85 in male and 1.59 in female. The cohort and period effects of the two genders were statistically significant (P<0.05), the AAPC for the whole and all age groups were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusion: The mortality rate of kidney cancer increased greatly, and more attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of kidney cancer.

Seismic Fragility Analysis of Base Isolated Structure Subjected to Near-fault Ground Motions

In order to better evaluate the performance of the base isolated structure under the near-fault earthquakes, this paper takes into consideration an existing engineering case study in China as the prototype, and uses OpenSEES platform to establish the nonlinear finite element model of the base isolated structure. The nonlinear response of the isolated structure under the near-fault earthquake is analyzed. The incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method is used to calculate the damage probability of the structure under the near-fault earthquake, and the fragility curve of the base isolated structure is established. The fragility equation is obtained by nonlinear regression, and the error of fragility equation is analyzed. The results show that the maximum value of the inter-story drift of the upper structure under the action of near-fault earthquake is significantly greater than that under the action of far-fault earthquake. With the increase of seismic intensity, the damage probability of base isolated structure increases nonlinearly, and the maximum response value of horizontal displacement of bearing and inter-story drift of superstructure increases generally. In addition, the exceeding probability of the fragility curve based on PSDA is greater than that based on EDP criterion. When the sample points of the two methods are the same, the exceeding probability points calculated based on PSDA can be regarded as accurate values. The fragility curve based on PSDA may overestimate the exceeding probability to some extent, and the overestimation may be enlarged with the increase of failure stage.

A satellite orbit drift in binary near-Earth asteroids (66391) 1999 KW4 and (88710) 2001 SL9 — Indication of the BYORP effect

We obtained thorough photometric observations of two binary near-Earth asteroids (66391) Moshup = 1999 KW4 and (88710) 2001 SL9 taken from 2000 to 2019. We modeled the data and derived physical and dynamical properties of the binary systems. For (66391) 1999 KW4, we derived its mutual orbit's pole, semimajor axis and eccentricity that are in agreement with radar-derived values (Ostro et al., 2006. Science, 314, 1276–1280). However, we found that the data are inconsistent with a constant orbital period and we obtained unique solution with a quadratic drift of the mean anomaly of the satellite of −0.65 ± 0.16 deg./yr2 (all quoted uncertainties correspond to 3σ). This means that the semimajor axis of the mutual orbit of the components of this binary system, determined a = 2.548 ± 0.015 km by Ostro et al. (2006), increases in time with a mean rate of 1.2 ± 0.3 cm/yr.For (88710) 2001 SL9, we determined that the mutual orbit has a pole within 10° of (L,B) = (302∘,−73∘) (ecliptic coordinates), and is close to circular (eccentricity < 0.07). The data for this system are also inconsistent with a constant orbital period and we obtained two solutions for the quadratic drift of the mean anomaly: 2.8 ± 0.2 and 5.2 ± 0.2 deg./yr2, implying that the semimajor axis of the mutual orbit of the components (estimated a ~ 1.6 km) decreases in time with a mean rate of −2.8 ± 0.2 or −5.1 ± 0.2 cm/yr for the two solutions, respectively.The expanding orbit of (66391) 1999 KW4 may be explained by mutual tides interplaying with binary YORP (BYORP) effect (McMahon and Scheeres, 2010a. Icarus 209, 494–509). However, a modeling of the BYORP drift using radar-derived shapes of the binary components predicted a much higher value of the orbital drift than the observed one. It suggests that either the radar-derived shape model of the secondary is inadequate for computing the BYORP effect, or the present theory of BYORP overestimates it. It is possible that the BYORP coefficient has instead an opposite sign than predicted; in that case, the system may be moving into an equilibrium between the BYORP and the tides.In the case of (88710) 2001 SL9, the BYORP effect is the only known physical mechanism that can cause the inward drift of its mutual orbit.Together with the binary (175706) 1996 FG3 which has a mean anomaly drift consistent with zero, implying a stable equilibrium between the BYORP effect and mutual body tides (Scheirich et al., 2015. Icarus 245, 56-63), we now have three distinct cases of well observed binary asteroid systems with their long-term dynamical models inferred. They indicate a presence of all the three states of the mutual orbit evolution – equilibrium, expanding and contracting – in the population of near-Earth binary asteroids.

Relativistic synchronization of onboard clocks of navigation space vehicles with the aid of intersatellite measurements

The problem of the synchronization of onboard clocks of navigation satellites has considered from a relativistic point of view using the concept of “coordinate simultaneity”. This concept allows an unambiguous interpretation of the synchronization results within the framework of general relativity. The algorithm of intersatellite measurements processing has formulated in terms of a proper time of a space vehicle and the coordinate time of a reference frame. Rules of transformation between coordinate and proper time scales have indicated. An analytical expression has obtained for the periodic relativistic correction to the estimated value of the relative clock drift. This correction has expressed in terms of the coordinate time of a ground observer. The value of this correction exceeds the acceptable synchronization error and should be taken into account for the inter-satellite measurements processing. The error of the relativistic correction determination has calculated. This error provides an upper limit for the period of uploading of ephemeris data on the board of the space vehicle.

Analysis of core and outrigger structural system for different soil condition

As achievement of structural system for tall building is not easy task. As the tall building is more affected by lateral loads so design and analysis of high rise building is difficult so to minimized this effects of load now a days new different systems like outrigger system belt truss system. In this present study outrigger system is used with rigid core. In this study G+30 floor building is considered in which outrigger is provided at top floor and mid height floor of the building. Wind load and seismic loads are considered with three type of soil such as soil type I, soil type II and soil type III and analysis and 3D modeling is done in Etabs software. And comparative results are calculated for building considering with outrigger and by considering without outrigger for all three soil conditions by considering parameters like story drift and base shear values. This study concludes that the story drift for soil type II and soil type III is decreases by approximately 23% in building provided with outrigger and outrigger provided at top story will be more efficient. Keywords: outrigger system, response spectrum analysis, story drift.

Trends in Mortality Rates for Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias Over 30 Years in China.

This study examines trends in the mortality of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in China from 1990 to 2019. The data were drawn from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019), and an age-period-cohort model was used for analysis. The net drift was .152% (95% confidence interval [CI]: .069%, .235%) per year for men (P < .05) and .024% (95% CI: -.078%, .126%) per year for women. The local drift values were below 0 in both genders for people aged 45-54 years (P < .05), and above 0 for males aged 60-94 years and females aged 60-79 years (P < .05). In the same birth cohort, the risk of mortality of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias exponentially increases with age for both genders. More rapid and effective efforts are needed to mitigate the substantial impact of Alzheimer's and other dementias on the health of China's elderly.

Seismic Vulnerability Studies of a G+17 storey building in Abu Dhabi - UAE using Fragility Curves

The growth of tall buildings in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has paved the way for a surge in interest in the country's seismic vulnerability investigation. The case study building comprises of shear walls and RC columns as its lateral force-resisting system. It is a newly constructed G+17 storey building and is about 78 meters high. The non-linear dynamic seismic analysis which is the time history modal analysis, also known as Fast Non-linear analysis was performed on the study building with about 45 earthquakes in 3 sets of hazard levels (2%, 5%, and 10% Probability of Exceedance [PE]) to generate the inter-story drift values. Based on the Performance-based approach given by FEMA 356, the Fragility curves are developed by creating the Probabilistic Seismic Design Modal. The resultant fragility curves are given in terms of 3 probabilities i.e., (1) Immediate Occupancy, (2) Life Safety, and (3) Collapse Prevention. The whole study depends on the idea that comparative sort of structures will have a similar likelihood of a given harm state for a given seismic force

PRECISION QUATERNION BASED ONE STEP STRAPDOWN ATTITUDE ALGORITHM

Introduction. Calculative algorithms of Strapdown inertial navigation systems (SINS) can be divided on navigation algorithms, which transform accelerometers output signals into local coordinates and attitude algorithms, which transform gyroscopes output signals into vehicle angular attitude [1]. Wherein, navigation task solution requires double integration of acceleration and attitude task – integration of kinematic attitude equation, related measured object angular velocity with attitude parameters.Paper considered of autonomous position determination methods based on vehicle angular velocity information without acceleration measurement. Thus, attitude algorithms are considered only.Paper researched the errors of algorithm based on quaternion attitude equation, moreover algorithm error drifts were accepted as a main accuracy characteristicThe main part. Algorithm researched by imitation modeling of vehicle’s computer with SINS attitude algorithm. The main task of modeling is defining depends between algorithm drift and sensor’s call step in cases of different frequencies and amplitudes of base angular oscillations. It was researched four one-step algorithms: reverse, based on modified Euler method; Picard method with two successive approximations and the new author’s algorithm which combines formulas of first two algorithms. It was studied depends of algorithm drift and faze shift between two orthogonal axes oscillations. It was shown, the biggest drift values are obtained in case of base conning movement. It was made the modeling researches of algorithm drift amplitudes relatively to sensor sample steps and oscillation frequencies in dimensionless form. It was shown, substantial increase new algorithm accuracy compared to other researched.Conclusions. The algorithm drift accuracy of new algorithm in 2600 times exceeds the revers algorithm. Small modification of one-step algorithm allowed increase accuracy in few orders, almost without computing increase. Received results allows to expend attitude algorithms application area and prognose their accuracy with different base movement.

Comparative analysis of multi storey mono column structures for different plan configuration with same plan area

Wind load and Earthquake load play an indispensable role in structural analysis. Many research works carried out on analysis & design of single column structures. Being inspirit from the previous works on effect of earthquake and wind load on single column structure, this paper presents effects of six different plan configurations i.e., Square, Rectangular, Circular, Triangular, Pentagon and Hexagon with same plan area (144 m2). Mono column structure with different plan geometry react adversely in contrast to earthquake and wind loads. Modelling, analysis and design of Multi storey mono column structure is done by using CSI ETABS software. Seismic and wind analysis has been done and maximum values of Storey displacement, Storey drift, Storey shear, overturning moment, Storey stiffness and Time period results are manifest in form of figures. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the most effective and vulnerable shape of structure in prone areas. Storey displacement, storey drift values are minimum in circular shape structure in all seismic zones. Storey shear, overturning moment, storey stiffness is minimum in square shape structure, maximum in triangular shape structure. Time period is maximum for mono column structure with rectangular plan configuration.

Dynamics of the Annual Variation in the Climate Variables of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Their Relation to Solar Activity

In this article, the dynamics of the annual variation in the mean monthly values of temperature and precipitation is studied via the expansion of series into natural orthogonal functions according to data from of observations at the Primorskii krai and St. Petersburg weather stations. It is found that the series converge rather quickly: two to three expansion components are sufficient. In this case, the first component of the series expansion of temperature contributes up to 98% to the variation of the basic series. The long-term trend of the annual variation amplitude decrease is revealed by the temporal variations. The second component of the series expansion of temperature contributes ≈0.5% and is apparently related to the general long-term climate warming. A trend toward increasing temperature and precipitation values is observed during the maximum and declining phase of the 11-year cycle of solar activity. In addition, the extreme values of climate variables drift during the declining phase of the 11-year cycle. This seems to be due to a small difference in the length of climate and solar cycles. There is a rather high correlation coefficient between the aa planetary geomagnetic index and the changes in the amplitude of the annual temperature variation.

Experimental study on seismic performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete wall piers

AbstractExtensive damage to the bridges in recent earthquakes has revealed the vulnerability of these structures to the seismic excitation. Bridge piers play a key role in maintaining the operability of the bridge structure during and after earthquakes. As determinant elements in single‐pier bridges, wall piers significantly affect the bridge structure behavior. Hence, the present experimental study was conducted to examine the seismic performance of wall piers made of modern materials, that is, fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) in RC bridges. Eight wall piers made of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) with different aspect ratios, steel percentages and concrete strength were subjected to lateral load. The results showed that using SFRC reduced the steel strain within the serviceability range. Compared to conventional concrete, SFRC changes failure modes and deformational characteristics and also increases the energy dissipation capacity, stiffness in every drift values, load‐bearing capacity as well as yielding length.

A Study on the Effects of Vertical Mass Irregularity on Seismic Behavior of BRBFs and CBFs

Today, architectural application and economic constraints require that vertical-irregular structures be constructed in urban areas. Proposing methods to minimize damage to these structures during earthquakes is therefore crucial. Strict regulations have been enforced for the design and analysis of irregular structures given their higher vulnerability to damage compared to that of regular structures. The present study aimed to evaluate eight regular and irregular 10-story and 15-story steel structures with buckling-restrained braces frames (BRBFs) and concentric braced frames (CBFs) in terms of their responses to twelve far-field earthquakes. According to the obtained results, the mean value of maximum drift, top floor displacement and floor acceleration were higher in both regular and irregular structures with BRBFs than in those with CBFs.

Estimation Of Drift Limits For Different Seismic Damage States Of Typical Single-story Precast Rc Buildings

In the past earthquakes, the field surveys performed on the single-story precast RC industrial buildings reveal that the main reason for severe damages in those structures were due to the insufficient lateral stiffness. These high period structures exhibit more flexible behavior than conventional reinforced concrete structures. In this study, different code status single story precast RC industrial building models have been considered. Limit drift values for four different damage states such as slight, moderate, extensive, and complete have been investigated based on Park and Ang damage index values. These damage index values are obtained from incremental dynamic analysis. Incremental dynamic analysis is conducted for 25 earthquake ground motion records. The results of current study show that there is an increase in mean drift values obtained for each damage case taken from low code to high code. In the final step, values of current study are also examined in comparison with the values recommended for low-rise prefabricated building class in HAZUS. It is believed that the limit drift values presented in the study will allow a practical and rapid evaluation of the vulnerability of the considered structure.

Analytical study on seismic response of RC and steel structures with fluid viscous dampers

This paper presents a comparative study of the performance of Fluid Viscous Damper (FVD) in mitigating the seismic response of both Reinforced Concrete (RC) and Steel structures. The aim of the study is to understand the behavior of the seismic resistant structures and to study the advantages of FVD over other dampers. The study is done to determine the optimum positioning of FVD in order to reduce the storey displacements and storey drifts. G+3, G+5, G+7 RC and steel structures were modeled in SAP2000 software and were subjected to non linear time history analysis under three different earthquake ground motions such as Imperial Valley – 02 (1940), Loma Prieta (1989) and Northridge-01 (1994). The dampers were placed in four different configurations such as alternate (AT), corner (CR), diagonal (DL) and middle (ML). The seismic response parameters such as the storey displacements and the storey drifts were determined for the structures. It is found that the presence of FVD reduces the storey displacement and storey drift values to about 40-70% from the uncontrolled structure. It is also understood that the optimum positioning of the dampers is greatly influenced by the aspect ratio of the building.

A comparison of the burden of lung cancer attributable to tobacco exposure in China and the USA.

BackgroundTobacco exposure (TE) is the major contributor to lung cancer mortality worldwide. This study aims to clarify the possible reasons underlying the long-term trends and differences in lung cancer mortality attributable to TE in China and the United States of America (USA).MethodsLung cancer mortality data from China and the USA were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2017. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess the magnitude and direction of trends from 1990 to 2017, and the age-period-cohort model (APCM) was used to analyze the temporal trends of lung cancer mortality by age, period, and cohort.ResultsFor lung cancer attributable to smoking, the age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) exhibited an upward trend in China and a downward trend in the USA. The overall net drifts per year were 0.72% for China and −3.03% for the USA, and the local drift values in China and the USA increased by age group. All cohort/period relative risks (RRs) increased in China but decreased in the USA. The longitudinal age curves increased rapidly in China, whereas those in the USA were rose gradually. For lung cancer attributable to secondhand smoke, the ASMRs showed a downward trend in both China and the USA. The overall net drifts per year were −0.48% for China and −3.97% for the USA, and the local drift values in China and the USA also increased by age group. Cohort/period RRs decreased in the USA, and fluctuated in China. The longitudinal age curve trends in China and the USA were similar to those of smoking.ConclusionsThe dangers of TE in China remain serious. The rates of lung cancer mortality attributable to TE have increased, especially in older individuals. We recommend that China strengthens the implementation of effective targeted tobacco control policies and other interventions to reduce the burden of lung cancer.

Validation of a New Transcutaneous tcPO2/tcPCO2 Sensor with an Optical Oxygen Measurement in Preterm Neonates

Introduction: Traditional transcutaneous oxygen (tcPO₂) measurements are affected by measurement drift, limiting accuracy and usability. The new potentially drift-free oxygen fluorescence quenching technique has been combined in a single sensor with conventional transcutaneous carbon dioxide (tcPCO₂) monitoring. This study aimed to validate optical tcPO₂ and conventional tcPCO₂ against arterial blood gas samples in preterm neonates and determine measurement drift. Methods: In this prospective observational study, during regular care, transcutaneous measurements were paired to arterial blood gases from preterm neonates aged 24–31 weeks of gestational age (GA) with an arterial catheter. Samples were included based on stability criteria and stratified for sepsis status. Agreement was assessed using the Bland-Altman analysis. Measurement drift per hour was calculated. Results: Sixty-eight premature neonates were included {median (interquartile range [IQR]) GA of 26 4/7 [25 3/7–27 5/7] weeks}, resulting in 216 stable paired samples. Agreement of stable samples in neonates without sepsis (n = 38) and with suspected sepsis (n = 112) was acceptable for tcPO₂ and good for tcPCO₂. However, in stable samples of neonates with sepsis (n = 66), tcPO₂ agreement (bias and 95% limits of agreement) was −32.6 (−97.0 to 31.8) mm Hg and tcPCO₂ agreement was 4.2 (−10.5 to 18.9) mm Hg. The median (IQR) absolute drift values were 0.058 (0.0231–0.1013) mm Hg/h for tcPO₂ and 0.30 (0.11–0.64) mm Hg/h for tcPCO₂. Conclusion: The accuracy of optical tcPO₂ in premature neonates was acceptable without sepsis, while electrochemically measured tcPCO₂ remained accurate under all circumstances. Measurement drift was negligible for tcPO₂ and highly acceptable for tcPCO₂.

Gaussian mixture model for robust design optimization of planar steel frames

A new method is presented for an application of the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to a multi-objective robust design optimization (RDO) of planar steel frame structures under aleatory (stochastic) uncertainty in material properties, external loads, and discrete design variables. Uncertainty in the discrete design variables is modeled in the wide range between the smallest and largest values in the catalog of the cross-sectional areas. A weighted sum of Gaussians is statistically trained based on the sampled training data to capture an underlying joint probability distribution function (PDF) of random input variables and the corresponding structural response. A simple regression function for predicting the structural response can be found by extracting the information from a conditional PDF, which is directly derived from the captured joint PDF. A multi-objective RDO problem is formulated with three objective functions, namely, the total mass of the structure, and the mean and variance values of the maximum inter-story drift under some constraints on design strength and serviceability requirements. The optimization problem is solved using a multi-objective genetic algorithm utilizing the trained GMM for calculating the statistical values of objective and constraint functions to obtain Pareto-optimal solutions. Since the three objective functions are highly conflicting, the best trade-off solution is desired and found from the obtained Pareto-optimal solutions by performing fuzzy-based compromise programming. The robustness and feasibility of the proposed method for finding the RDO of planar steel frame structures with discrete variables are demonstrated through two design examples.

Spray Drift Generated in Vineyard during Under-Row Weed Control and Suckering: Evaluation of Direct and Indirect Drift-Reducing Techniques

The most widespread method for weed control and suckering in vineyards is under-row band herbicide application. It could be performed for weed control only (WC) or weed control and suckering (WSC) simultaneously. During herbicide application, spray drift is one of the most important environmental issues. The objective of this experimental work was to evaluate the performance of specific Spray Drift Reducing Techniques (SDRTs) used either for WC or WSC spray applications. Furthermore, spray drift reduction achieved by buffer zone adoption was investigated. All spray drift measurements were conducted according to ISO22866:2005 protocol. Sixteen configurations deriving from four nozzle types (two conventional and two air-induction—AI) combined with or without a semi-shielded boom at two different heights (0.25 m for WC and 0.50 m for WSC) were tested. A fully-shielded boom was also tested in combination with conventional nozzles at 0.25 m height for WC. Ground spray drift profiles were obtained, from which corresponding Drift Values (DVs) were calculated. Then, the related drift reduction was calculated based on ISO22369-1:2006. It was revealed that WC spray applications generate lower spray drift than WSC applications. In all cases, using AI nozzles and semi-shielded boom significantly reduced DVs; the optimum combination of SDRTs decreased spray drift by up to 78% and 95% for WC and WSC spray application, respectively. The fully-shielded boom allowed reducing nearly 100% of spray drift generation. Finally, the adoption of a cropped buffer zone that includes the two outermost vineyard rows lowered the total spray drift up to 97%. The first 90th percentile model for the spray drift generated during herbicide application in vineyards was also obtained.

A new construction technology suitable for frame partitioned infill walls with sliding nodes and large openings: Test results

Because high damage to walls means high repair costs after an earthquake, in recent years, an increasing number of scholars have begun to focus on the vulnerability of frame-filled walls in regions with high seismicity. Traditional frame-filled walls exhibit low ductility capacities, high damage characteristics at small drift levels, and strong interactions between the frame and masonry material. Some scholars have proposed various types of partitioned infill walls. Partitioned infill walls generally have a high ductility capacity, low damage characteristics even at large drift values, and weak interactions between the frame and masonry material. Partitioned infill walls seem to have the potential to solve the problem of frame-filled wall vulnerability. However, due to the lighting and ventilation requirements of buildings, openings required for large doors and windows also need to be considered, which could seriously interfere with horizontal and vertical partitions. If this problem cannot be solved, the promotion and application of frame partitioned infill walls could be hindered. To solve this problem, this article takes a frame with a span of 5.4 m as an example and introduces the results of in-plane experiments using traditional building technology, new horizontal partitioning technology and vertical partitioning technology. Notably, many authors have suggested that the low damage to a partitioned wall is mainly related to the number of partitioned subpanels, the filling material between the wall and frame, and the setting of the sliding nodes. However, this study also found that the failure mode of the wall had a relationship with the type of frame used.

ANALYSIS OF TALL BUILDING WITH DIFFERENT LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM

In the current circumstance, the populace is expanding rapidly, thus, the urban areas are becoming wide by devouring farming and green space and the land esteem is expanding. Another point is the tall vertical structure speaks to the country. As it builds the notoriety of the nation. To keep away from this the structures began developing vertical and thin as it arrives at a specific height the wind force governs the building as the main load more than gravity load, as the building grows higher the stability reduces. Due to a lack of design to face wind loads, as the cross-section decreases the stability reduces. And these structures are more prone to earthquakes and wind. Therefore, much research is proceeding to balance out the structure from an increasingly affordable perspective. To know the best performance and economical for the lateral force-resisting system of different types of 30 story buildings are model-led in ETABS, assuming the site location as BHUJ Gujarat, India. For the different structural systems that are compared for minimum story displacement and minimum story drift, these are the qualities that characterize the human comforts for the structure. the structural system used is conventional, shear wall, truss belt, outrigger, diagrid, and fluid viscous damper are used to compare the best performance of the structure. Above all diagrid and viscous damper shows the less displacement and drift values when compared to others but from the economic point of view viscous damper gives the best result from all the above.