CC Values Research Articles

Waveguides Fabricated in Fused Silica by Germanium Ion Implantation at Varying Doses

AbstractThe implantation of MeV Ge3+ ions into fused silica has been used to fabricate single mode channel waveguides with a low propagation loss of 0.10–0.15 dB/cm. The loss coefficient, α, has been measured as a function of ion dose (8 × 1013 to 8 × 1016 ions/cm2) and annealing temperature (250 to 600 °C) at λ = 1300 nm. The value of cc for the as-implanted waveguides exhibited a minimum of -1.0 dB/cm at an intermediate range of dose from 8 × 1014 to 8 × 1015 ions/cm2. A progressive reduction in α occurred as the annealing temperature was increased from 300 to 500 °C. Annealing of the implanted waveguides at 500 °C for 1 h has produced an order of magnitude decrease in α to 0.1 dB/cm at 8 × 1014 ions/cm2. At doses which were outside of the intermediate range, the value of α was ≥ 10 dB/cm. This trend in α with ion dose has been attributed to the dominance of a residual nuclear component of damage after annealing.

Contraction of Jets from Conduits

The degree of contraction of jets issuing from conduits depends upon the geometry of the approach flow, particularly upon (1) the angle of convergence of the walls and (2) the ratio of the area of the jet opening to that of the approach flow. The work of Von Mises, which provided coefficients of contraction for the convergence angles that are multiples of π/4, has been extended to include all multiples of π/12. The analysis of the two-dimensional, irrotational flow is based on the classical free-streamline technique of Helmoltz and Kirchoff. Plots of the tabulated values of Cc for the various angles and area ratios illustrate the trends and assist with interpolations. The computed coefficients have applications, to a useful approximation, to a wide variety of flows encountered in practice, including flows that are neither two-dimensional nor entirely free from effects of viscosity. Among them are flow through valves and gates in conduits and flow under floating bridges.

Physiological response to the cross-country phase in eventing horses

Summary Blood samples were collected for lactate concentration determination (La cc ) at the arrival of the cross-country phase from 40 horses of various class levels competing in 6 different three-day events. Moreover, in 8 horses, heart rate (HR) was recorded every 5 seconds during the cross-country. Among them, 5 horses were submitted, at the beginning of the competition's season to a standardized exercise test (SET) on a track which allowed us to study the relationship between HR, blood lactate concentration and running speed on flat ground in these horses. The relationship between mean HR and mean speed, between La cc and mean speed and between La cc and HR during the cross-country were studied using regression analysis. Mean HR during the cross-country was linearly related to mean speed during this phase (r=0.87, p ≤ 0.01), but this relationship was shifted upwards in comparison with the corresponding curve obtained during the SET (r=0.97, p ≤ 0.001). In the same way, the relationship between La cc and mean speed during the cross-country was exponential (r=0.93, p ≤ 0.001), but blood lactate accumulation occurred at a lower speed than during the SET (r=0.94, p ≤ 0.001). The correlation between La cc and HR was stronger when La cc was related to HR during the 15 last minutes of the cross (r = 0.84) than to mean HR during the whole cross (r = 0.75) or to HR during the 2 last (r = 0.74) or the last (r = 0.80) minute of the course, which indicated that continuous recording of HR allowed a more accurate estimation of the severity of exercise performed during the cross-country than La cc . Heart rate ranged from 170 to 190 beats/min during the first part of the cross-country and reached or exceeded values of 190 to 200 beats/min at the end of the course. Therefore, the anaerobic threshold is reached during cross-country. Recruitment of anaerobic me tabolism at the end of the course was otherwise demonstrated by the high values of La cc . These aerobic-anaerobic meta bolic requirements should be taken into account to design the training program of an eventing horse.

Cranial capacity: New Caucasian data and comments on Rushton's claimed Mongoloid-Caucasoid brain-size differences

There appears to be little published information for modern humans on the relation between body weight (WT) and brain weight or size (cranial capacity, CC). We present data on WT, stature, head measurements, and calculated CC from 211 young adult Caucasian male students. In this sample the correlation between WT and CC is +.202 ( p < .01) and the value of b in the usual equation, CC = a(WT) b is .087 ± .030 ( SE). Rushton (1991a) presented data on WT and calculated CC from 4 Mongoloid (M) and 20 Caucasoid (C) samples of military men ( N = 57, 378). Using the value b = .67 (derived from between-species comparisons), Rushton (1991a) claimed that, after correcting for the (lower) mean WT of M, the enecephalization quotient (and, therefore, CC) for M exceeds that of C. However, when the covariance adjustment for WT is made using a b value of either the preceding .087 or .200 (3.8 SEs above .087), and sample means are weighted by sample size (not done by Rushton, 1991a), the mean CC value of the M remains very significantly below that of the C. Only when b reaches .400 do the two adjusted means approach each other. We conclude that these military data do not support Rushton's (1991a) claim for a greater WT-adjusted CC of M. We also suggest that in modern humans, other factors, such as speed and efficiency of cortical information processing, may be more important for intelligence than brain size.

The Impact of the Proximate Determinants of Fertility: Evaluating Bongaarts's and Hobcraft and Little's Methods of Estimation

How well do Bongaarts's and Hobcraft and Little's methods estimate the fertility-reducing impact of the proximate determinants of fertility? Since we cannot observe what the methods estimate (i.e. fertility in the absence of the inhibiting factors), reproductive histories of a population of women are simulated to learn what the quantities are that the methods can only estimate, the ‘true’ values of Cm, Cc, Ca and Ci. When fertility behaviour is random, both methods work well; however, under more realistic conditions the methods go awry. Neither method works well when women employ stopping behaviour once they have achieved their desired family size. While the simulations do not attempt to incorporate the innumerable complexities of fertility behaviours, the incorporation of the simplest family-building strategy leads to the unambiguous conclusion that the methods yield poor estimates of the fertility-reducing impacts of marriage delay, contraceptive use, and induced abortions.

３０４ステンレス鋼突合せ溶接継手のクリープ破断強さの継手効率

The short-time tensile strength and creep-rupture strength of butt welded joints for 304 stainless steel by electron beam welding (EBW), narrow-gap gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and submerged arc welding (SAW) were evaluated. Three types of SAW joints, were prepared by using a conventional 308 wire and two modified wires with the addition of Nb and V. Short-time tensile and creep-rupture tests were conducted on 308 weld metal specimens (GL=30mm, Dia.=6mm) and welded joint specimens (GL=100mm, Dia.=10mm) at 500, 550, 600, 650 and 700°C. Little difference in short-time tensile strength was observed among conventional and modified 308 SAW weld metals. On the other hand, the creep-rupture strength of modified 308 weld metals was higher than that of conventional 308 weld metal. However, the creep rupture ductility of the 308 weld metals was not improved by the addition Nb and V.First, the creep-rupture data of the welded joints and the base metal were evaluated by the Larson-Miller parametric method. Then, the stress rupture factor (SRF) of the welded joints for creep-rupture strength were computed, and were compared with that for weldments given in Code Case N-47-28 of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The relationship between the SRF and the time dependent allowable stress Smt was discussed.Generally, the SRF for EBW, GTAW and Modified SAW joints were larger than 1.0, which means overmatching joints. But the SRF of SAW joint with conventional 308 wire decreased with increasing time or temperature, becoming as low as 0.67 in 100000h at 650°C and below the value of CC N-47. Besides, it was shown that the allowable stress Smt of the weldment became lower than that of CC N-47 when the SRF was less than 0.83.

(1- 13C)Alditols: elimination of magnetic equivalence in 1H-and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of symmetric compounds through ( 13C)-substitution

(1- 13C)Glycerol, d-(1- 13C)arabinitol, d-(1- 13C)ribitol, d-(1- 13C)xylitol, d-(1- 13C)glucitol, d-(1- 13C) mannitol, and d-(1- 13C)talitol have been prepared by NaBH 4 reduction of the corresponding (1- 13C)aldoses. A comparison of the 1H- (300 and 620 MHz) and 13C (75 MHz) n.m.r. spectra of natural and (1- 13C)-substituted dissymmetric alditols has permitted the unequivocal assignments of their hydroxymethyl proton and carbon signals and the measurement of several 13C 1H and 13C 13C spin-coupling constants. Similar spectra of (1- 13C)-substituted symmetric alditols, however, are more difficult to interpret since they are composed of overlapping 13C-coupled and 13C-noncoupled subspectra. In some cases, 1H difference spectra and 1H-coupled 13C spectra may be used to extract the 13C 1H and 13C 13C spin couplings from the 13C-coupled component. These couplings have been examined in light of conformational models previously proposed, permitting a preliminary evaluation of standard 3 J CH and 3 J CC values for specific coupling pathways in these compounds.

A Super-High-Resolution HVEM (H-1500) Newly Installed in NIRIM

A new high-voltage electron microscope (H-1500) specially aiming at super-high-resolution (1.0 Å point-to-point resolution) is now installed in National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials ( NIRIM ), in collaboration with Hitachi Ltd. The national budget of about 1 billion yen including that for a new building has been spent for the construction in the last two years (1988-1989). Here we introduce some essential characteristics of the microscope.(1) According to the analysis on the magnetic field in an electron lens, based on the finite-element-method, the spherical as well as chromatic aberration coefficients ( Cs and Cc ). which enables us to reach the resolving power of 1.0Å. have been estimated as a function of the accelerating As a result of the calculaton. it was noted that more than 1250 kV is needed even when we apply the highest level of the technology and materials available at present. On the other hand, we must consider the protection against the leakage of X-ray. We have then decided to set the conventional accelerating voltage at 1300 kV. However. the maximum accessible voltage is 1500 kV, which is practically important to realize higher voltage stabillity. At 1300 kV it is expected that Cs= 1.7 mm and Cc=3.4 mm with the attachment of the specimen holder, which tilts bi-axially in an angle of 35° ( Fig.1 ). In order to minimize the value of Cc a small tank is additionally placed inside the generator tank, which must serve to seal the magnetic field around the acceleration tube. An electron gun with LaB6 tip is used.

Studies on the temperature dependence of extinction oxygen index values for cellulosic fabrics: III. Comparison with limiting oxygen index for commercial flame‐retarded cotton

AbstractLimiting oxygen index values of single and multilayer Proban CC‐ and Pyrovatex CP‐flame retardant finished cotton fabrics having a variety of area densities were determined as a function of igniter application time and temperatures up to 200°C. Except for the lightweight (140 g m−3) Proban CC‐treated fabrics, LOI, like comparable extinction oxygen index (EOI) values, increased as ignition times were increased from 2 to 10 s. Extrapolation to zero ignition time enabled [LOI]0 values to be determined at each temperature, which, for a given flame retardant, increased linearly with area density of mono‐ and multilayered fabric combinations. Comparison with earlier extinction oxygen index results showed that this [LOI]0 vs. area density dependence had significantly lower correlation than that for [EOI]0. These ṕoor former correlations further substantiated the claims that the EOI concept offers a more effective means of quantifying textile fabric flammability. Analysis of the linear relationships enabled intrinsic limiting oxygen index, L0, and area density‐dependent, L1, terms to be determined. Like conventional LOI values, L0, values also reduce significantly at elevated temperatures.

Comment on "Residual Stresses in 2024-T81 Aluminum Using Caustics and Moire Interferometry"

turbines, the value of C? is positive due to a significant component of lift that increases with a in the chordwise direction. For symmetrical airfoils, the values of Cc are negative in the poststall region III. range of incidence for which the values of Cc are negative in this region increases with the increase in the thickness ratio of the airfoil. In region IV the values of Cc are positive again. In this region, the chordwise coniponenets of aerodynamic forces are dominated by the suction around the leading edge. Wortmann FX63-137 airfoil data show much larger values of Cc, which are positive in regions II, III, and IV. Cc vs a curve for a symmetrical airfoil has a direct implication in the design of a Wells air turbine for self-starting characteristics.' When such as turbine starts from rest, there is sufficient torque to start the turbine rotating due to the fact that at a = 90 deg, Cc is positive. As the turbine speed increases, a decreases. In order to move into the Operational regime (region II), the turbine has to go through a region of negative torques (region III), which results in a turbine speed much lower than the operational speed. This phenomenon, known as crawling, can be eliminated by increasing turbine solidity, which effectively results in a* positive value of Cc in region III. References 1 JacobSi E. N. and Abbot* I. H., Section Data Obtained in the NACA Variable Density Tunnel, NACA TR 669, 1939. Jacobs, E. N. and Sherman, A., Airfoil Section Characteristics Affected by Variation of Reynolds Number, NACA Rept. 586, 1937. Blackwell, B. F. and Sheldahl, R. E., Characteristics of Fbur Symmetrical Aerofoil Sections Through 180 deg Angle of Attack at Reynolds Number, Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, NM, Rept. 87115, 1976. Beans, E. W. and Jakubowski, G. S., Method for Estimating the Aerodynamic Coefficients fo Wind Turbine Blades at High Angle of Attack, AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, June 1983, pp. 747-749. Muller, T. j. and Jansen, B. J., Measurements at Reynolds Numbers, AIAA Paper 82-0598, 1982. Muller, T. J., Low Reynolds Number Vehicles, AGARD-AG288, 1985, pp. 1-69. Raghunathan, S; and Tan, C. P., Performance of the Wells Turbine at Starting, Journal of Energy, Vol. 6, 1982, pp. 430-431. Raghunathan, S. and Tan, C. P., The Aerodynamics of Wells Turbine, Journal of Energy, Vol. 7, 1983, pp. 226-230.

Compression Index: Misleading Parameter?

The limitations of the compression index Cc as an indicator of soil compressibility are demonstrated and the usefulness of the relationship Cc = 0.007(LL. - 10) is questioned. (Note: LL = liquid limit.) Using experimental data from three soil groups of widely differing properties, it is shown that soils having the highest values of Cc and LL are not necessarily those of the highest compressibility. The parameters CR [+Cc/(1 + 3o)] or mv are better indicators of compressibility and peak values of these parameters do not coincide with peak values of Cc. The plasticity index, or position on the plasticity chart, is shown to provide a more reliable guide to soil compressibility than the liquid limit.

When should doppler-determined valve area be better than the Gorlin formula?: Variation in hydraulic constants in low flow states

In low flow states, underestimation errors occur when the Gorlin formula is used to calculate valve area. A model of valvular stenosis designed to examine changes in the hydraulic discharge coefficient (Cd) and coefficient of orifice contraction (Cc) may explain these errors. Unsteady flow was examined in a pulsatile pump model and in a dog model. Valve areas were calculated from pressure and flow data using: a modified form of the Gorlin formula (assuming constant values for Cd and Cc) and a corrected formula (with values of Cd and Cc obtained from steady state data). Valve area was also calculated using the continuity equation with velocity and flow data (constant Cc). Flow velocities were measured using a newly designed ultrasound Doppler catheter capable of resolving flow velocities of up to 5.5 m/s. Both the corrected formula and continuity equation were highly predictive of actual valve area (r = 0.99, slope or M = 0.96 and r = 0.99, M = 1.06, respectively). The modified Gorlin equation was less accurate and tended to underestimate valve areas (r = 0.87, M = 0.83). This underestimation was most notable at low rates of flow (Gorlin: r = 0.94, M = 0.53; continuity: r = 0.93, M = 0.81 and r = 0.94, M = 0.89, respectively) more accurately than the modified Gorlin formula (r = 0.69, M = 0.49). In patients with low cardiac output, hemodynamic formulas, such as the Gorlin formula, which assume a constant value for the hydraulic discharge coefficient (Cd), may be less accurate than formulas using either a corrected value of Cd or Doppler-determined flow velocity and mean systolic flow.

Flow properties of concentrated solutions of polyarylate in m‐cresol

AbstractThe flow properties of concentrated solutions of polyarylate from bisphenol A/50:50 isophthalic acid: terephthalic acid in m‐cresol are studied. The results are discussed in terms of critical concentration Cc and critical molecular weight Mc for the onset of entanglements. Values of Cc = 8,2 wt.‐% and Mc ≈ 3500 are obtained. The dependence of the Newtonian viscosities with temperature allows to obtain different energies of activation of flow for each polyarylate/m‐cresol system, ranging from 9 to 13 kcal/mol (= 37,7 to 54,4 kJ/mol). The following free‐volume‐additivity equation is proposed to fit these data: where Ea, Eap, and Ead are the activation energies of the solution, the polymer and the solvent, respectively. Vp and Vd are the polymer volume fraction and the diluent volume fraction, respectively, and αp and αd represent the differences between the volume coefficients of expansion above and below the corresponding glass transition temperatures for the polymer and the solvent.

年間毎時刻雲量,日照率,日射データの作成法

A simulation program has been developed which can estimate the hourly values of cloud amount CC, relative sunshine duration SD, and rain and snow index RS throughout a year, providing sufficient statistical information indicating the respective characteristics of CC, SD, and RS and the relations among them are given as input data. In addition, the indefinite parts of CC, SD, and RS are numerically determined in this program by the Monte Carlo method as probability problems. The value of hourly solar radiation TH can be calculated, if the simulated CC, SD, and RS are put in the formula for the estimation of TH value, presented by the author in Ref. (5). By the procedure stated above, CC, SD, RS, and TH values are generated throughout a year by inputting statistical information picked out of the hourly weather observations at Kagoshima City in 1975. The calculations are compared with the observations from several viewpoints of statistical characteristics, and these characteristics of the calculations were found to show high repeatability with those of the observations.

Influence of three dietary sources of choline on liver lipids in rats fed animal or plant protein 1

The interrelationships among choline source (choline chloride, CC, egg lecithin, EL, and soybean lecithin, SL), choline level (0, 0.1 and 0.2% added to the diet) and protein source (lactalbumin, LA, and soy flour, SF) were studied. Male weanling rats were fed purified 10% protein diets adequate in all other vitamins and minerals for 4 weeks. For both protein sources, the addition of each choline source to the diet caused a significant reduction in liver total lipid, triglycerides and cholesterol (P<0.05). At the 0.2% level of choline liver phospholipids (% of total lipid) were lower for SL and EL compared to CC (P<0.05). In rats fed LA, the liver phospholipid values for SL, EL and CC were 50, 57 and 74%, respectively. In rats fed SF, the liver phospholipid values for SL, EL and CC were 46, 46 and 56%, respectively. For each choline level and choline source, SF-fed rats had higher liver cholesterol levels than rats fed LA (P<0.05). All choline sources reduced liver cholesterol to a similar extent with LA. However, EL and SL were not as effective as CC in reducing liver cholesterol with SF. These data suggest that protein source influences the magnitude of the lipid changes and that the three choline sources are unequal in their role in lipid metabolism.

Off-energy-shell effects in energy sudden factorization relations: Computational study of He+H2 rotational–vibrational scattering

We apply an approximate off-shell version of the ES scaling developed for molecule–surface scattering by Gerber, Beard, and Kouri to the He+H2 CC cross section results of Flower and Kirkpatrick. The predicted results are in much better agreement with CC values than are those obtained using earlier on-shell versions of the ES scaling.

A stereologic analysis of collagen phagocytosis by periodontal ligament fibroblasts during occlusal hypofunction in the rat

Maxillary molars were extracted unilaterally from 4 young male rats so as to leave the agonist mandibular molars in hypofunction. The mandibular molars on the opposite side of the mouth acted as controls. Three days later, the animals were killed by perfusion and all mandibular molars removed en bloc. After demineralization, each block was trimmed, prepared for electron microscopy and embedded in Epon. The Epon blocks were trimmed so as to comprise the middle-third of the buccal periodontal ligament of the mesio-buccal root of the first molar together with some cementum and alveolar bone as landmarks. Two light-gold sections were cut from each trimmed block and systematically photographed in the electron microscope. The photographs were analysed stereologically so as to quantitate phagocytosed collagen (ICC), cytoplasm (CC) and extracellular fibrillar collagen (ECC). The results for the hypofunctional and contralateral control ligaments were compared with each other and with earlier results from similar but untreated (baseline) animals. The results were expressed as mean values for ICC, CC and ECC, and as the ratios ICC ECC (the fraction of extracellular collagen phagocytosed), ICC CC (collagen phagocytic activity per unit cytoplasm) and CC ECC (cell density per unit extracellular collagen fibril). Significant differences were found for all measurements except ICC ECC which remained the same in the three states of the ligament. The hypofunctional ligaments had the lowest collagen phagocytic activity and the highest cell density, whereas the ligaments from the untreated animals had the highest collagen phagocytic activity and the lowest cell density. The values for the contralateral control ligaments were intermediate between those for the other two states of the ligament. There was also a significant loss of recognizable, extracellular fibrillar collagen in the hypofunctional ligament. It is suggested that this loss of ECC and its replacement by less organized, pre-fibrillar forms of collagen may be an important mechanism in tooth eruption.

The chromatic and spherical aberration of round electron optical lenses with spatially periodic electrostatic fields: cone-edge and cone focusing

Whereas conventional foilless electrostatic lenses without axial electrodes or space charge show positive spherical Cs and chromatic Cc aberration for paraxial rays, results presented here show that for periodic or quasiperiodic electrostatic fields, low or negative values of Cc and Cs can occur if the rays pass through zonal regions. Not only can cone-edge focusing occur, but cone focusing can be found at several values of the emission angle. As a possible application, charged particles of sufficiently high velocity originating from a weak point source, for instance, Auger or internal conversion electrons, can be focused onto a small spot by utilizing an annular rather than a circular aperture.

Stability and structure of the C2H6+ion: investigation of the photoelectron spectrum of ethane below 14 eV usingab initiomethods

Potential surfaces have been calculated for ethane and the three lowest-lying states of its positive ion using ab initio SCF and CI methods. The C2H6 + states treated consist of two 2 Ag and a single 2 Bg species in the lowest nuclear symmetry considered (C 2h ) and they are found to possess markedly different equilibrium structures both compared to ethane itself and also to one another. The C2H6 + ground state (2 Ag ) is a pure 2 A 1g species (D 3d symmetry) at large CC distances with optimum CCH angles of 100°, but at shorter R CC values it becomes a mixture of both 2 A 1g and 2 Eg character through a large diborane-type (v 12) distortion. The second 2 Ag species is complementary to the first and appears to prefer D 3d symmetry both at large CC values, for which it is a 2 Eg species, and also at short distances, for which it eventually becomes a 2 A 1g state. The 2 Bg species correlates with 2 Eg in D 3d symmetry but is Jahn-Teller distorted, possessing an R CC value of 2·75 bohr and an HCH angle of onl...

Collagen in the autoclave-soluble proteins of scleractinian corals (Cnidaria)

Abstract 1. 1. Autoclave soluble protein extracts from several scleractinian corals were examined to determine the collagen concentration value (CC) in each extract. 2. 2. The CC values found range from 5 to 60 depending on species. 3. 3. The CC values may reflect taxonomic relationships or structural changes in the mesoglea. 4. 4. The CC values may provide a convenient assay useful for comparative studies of the Anthozoa.