Carbohydrate Values Research Articles

Proximate composition and sensory acceptability of cowpea-based pudding produced from cowpea cultivated using different weed control methods

Abstract This study evaluates the effect of different weed control methods on the proximate composition and sensory properties of cowpea-based pudding produced from cowpea flour. Cowpea seeds of Ife Brown variety with three different treatments [(supplementary hoe weeding at 6 weeks after sowing, two hoe weeding at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing, and three hoe weeding at 3, 6, and 9 weeks after sowing (WAS)] were processed into flour samples and analysed for physicochemical properties using standard methods. The puddings were prepared from cowpea flour and were subjected to proximate composition, colour properties as well as sensory qualities using standard methods. The pH, total titratable acidity, water absorption capacity and amylose of cowpea flour were 4.85–5.10, 0.02%–0.05%, 276.00%–287.09%, and 22.04%–24.60% respectively. The ranges of values for moisture content, crude fat, total ash, crude fibre, crude protein, and total carbohydrate of cowpea based pudding were 74.26%–76.15%, 0.63%–0.71%, 0.75%–0.94%, 0.66%–0.75%, 16.70%–17.83%, and 5.11%–5.55% respectively. The colour properties of cowpea-based pudding were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by each treatment. However, cowpea-based pudding prepared from treatment of supplementary hoe weeding at 6 weeks after sowing and three hoe weeding at 3, 6, and 9 weeks after were preferred most by the panelist.

The Effect of Sugar Replacement with Different Proportions of Khalas Date Powder and Molasses on the Nutritional and Sensory Properties of Kleicha

Evidence from the scientific community suggests that high levels of added sugar consumption contribute to the global epidemics of glucose intolerance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The study aims to develop a local traditional food product (Kleicha) with healthy ingredients and to take advantage of the most productive crops in Saudi Arabia, namely dates, where Khalas date powder and molasses will be manufactured as an alternative to sugar in the Kleicha product. Six Kleicha samples with different fillings were manufactured as follows: Kleicha filled with sugar filling (KS), Kleicha with Khalas date powder filling (KD), Kleicha filled with Khalas date molasses filling (KM), Kleicha filled with sugar and Khalas date powder (1:1) filling (KSD), Kleicha filled with sugar and Khalas date molasses (1:1) filling (KSM), and Kleicha filled with Khalas date powder and Khalas date molasses (1:1) filling (KDM). In order to evaluate the prepared Kleicha samples, the proximate chemical composition, mineral content, phytochemical content and their antioxidant activities, sugar profiles using HPLC, in vitro glycemic index, glycemic load, and sensory evaluation were investigated. The results indicated that KM had the highest moisture content, while the KS sample had the lowest content. KD and KM had significantly higher ash contents compared with the other Kleicha samples. The protein and fat contents did not differ significantly. KD, KSD, and KDM demonstrated a significantly higher dietary fiber content than the other Kleicha samples. KS had the highest value of available carbohydrates. Regarding mineral content, the KDM sample had the highest K, Na, Ca, and P contents, while KD and KM had the highest Mg, Fe, and Mn contents. The Cu content indicated that KM had the highest content, representing a 25% increase compared with KS. Similarly, the Zn content in KM and KSD was significantly higher than in the other Kleicha samples. Replacing sucrose with Khalas date or molasses significantly changed the sucrose, glucose, and fructose contents. The phenolic content in KD, KM, and KDM was higher compared with KS, KSM, and KSD. Furthermore, the oxidative activity increased associatively with the addition of Khalas date powder and molasses. The percentage of sucrose decreased in KD and KDM. There was no significant difference in the general acceptance rate between the control sample and the other samples containing Khalas date powder, Khalas date molasses, and sugar or their mixture. In conclusion, it is possible to replace the sugar in the filling of the Kleicha with Khalas date powder and molasses or their mixture as it increases the health benefits; scaling up is recommended.

Microbiota and Nutrient Portraits of European Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Rumen Contents in Characteristic Southern German Habitats

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) are found in various habitats, from pure forest cultures to agricultural areas and mountains. In adapting to the geographically and seasonally differentiating food supply, they depend, above all, on an adapted microbiome. However, knowledge about the microbiome of wild ruminants still needs to be improved. There are only a few publications for individual species with a low number of samples. This study aims to identify a core microbiota for Bavarian roe deer and present nutrient and microbiota portraits of the individual habitat types. This study investigated the roe deer’s rumen (reticulorumen) content from seven different characteristic Bavarian habitat types. The focus was on the composition of nutrients, fermentation products, and the rumen bacterial community. A total of 311 roe deer samples were analysed, with the most even possible distribution per habitat, season, age class, and gender. Significant differences in nutrient concentrations and microbial composition were identified for the factors habitat, season, and age class. The highest crude protein content (plant protein and microbial) in the rumen was determined in the purely agricultural habitat (AG), the highest value of non-fibre carbohydrates in the alpine mountain forest, and the highest fibre content (neutral detergent fibre, NDF) in the pine forest habitat. Maximum values for fibre content go up to 70% NDF. The proportion of metabolites (ammonia, lactate, total volatile fatty acids) was highest in the Agriculture-Beech-Forest habitat (ABF). Correlations can be identified between adaptations in the microbiota and specific nutrient concentrations, as well as in strong fluctuations in ingested forage. In addition, a core bacterial community comprising five genera could be identified across all habitats, up to 44% of total relative abundance. As with all wild ruminants, many microbial genera remain largely unclassified at various taxonomic levels. This study provides a more in-depth insight into the diversity and complexity of the roe deer rumen microbiota. It highlights the key microorganisms responsible for converting naturally available nutrients of different botanical origins.

Effects of Seed of Different Mango Cultivars in Triton X-100 Induced Hyperlipdemic Rats

Hyperlipidemia is the most prevalent indicator for susceptibility to atherosclerotic heart diseases. The present study investigated the hypolipidemic potential of Mangifera haden, Mangifera pirie and combined extracts of Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie seeds in Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Before the starting of the experiment, the animals were acclimatized to the laboratory conditions for a period of seven days. At the end of the acclimatization period, each rat was weighed and randomly divided into twelve groups of five animals each, comprising of test animals and control groups. Proximate analysis, toxicity studies, lipid profile parameters were determined in the study. The research study took place in the animal house of Biochemistry Department, University of Nigeria, Nsukka from July 2020 to August 2022. Proximate composition of Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie seed extracts revealed that the (%) values of protein, lipid, crude fibre, ash, moisture, and carbohydrate are (4.82, 17.18, 4.29, 2.77, 8.39, 62.55) and (3.81, 20.20, 3.0, 1.0, 34.0, 37.99) respectively. Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie were administered at different doses (200 mg, 300 mg, 500 mg) of the extracts per kilogram body weight of the animals while combined extract of Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie were administered at 300 mg and 500 mg of the extract per kilogram body weight of the animals in Triton –Induced hyperlipidemic rats. Simvastatin and Atorvastatin were used as reference standards. Simvastatin was found to be an effective drug to Atorvastatin in lowering lipid profiles. The statistical analyses were carried out using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons test. Mangifera haden, Mangifera pirie and combined extracts of both species show significant decrease (P = 0.05) in the levels of serum Total Cholesterol, triacylglycerols, VLDL-C, LDL-C, Atherogenic index (A.I) and significant increase (P = 0.05) of serum HDL-C against Triton-Induced hyperlipidemic rats. The result also suggest that at 200 mg/kg Mangifera pirie and 300 mg/kg Mangifera haden body weight concentrations are an excellent lipid lowering agent. Single administration of either Mangifera haden or Mangifera pirie effectively suppressed the Triton-Induced hyperlipidemia in rats than the combined extracts. The organic extracts (Mangifera haden or Mangifera pirie) exhibited quite hypolipidemic potential when compared with one of the reference drugs, Atorvastatin which indicates that the organic extracts could be explored as an alternative therapeutic agent in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Nutrient and Antinutrient Determination of Some Agrowates in Port Harcourt, Rivers State

Studies on the nutrient and antinutrient compositions of some agrowastes in Port Harcourt were carried out in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Rivers State University. Agrowastes such as sawdust, wood ash and rice bran were selected for this study. Sawdusts from Xylopia aethiopica and Mitragyna ciliata and Rhizophora racemose wood were obtained from Mile II Timber Market Diobu in Port Harcourt while the wood ash was sourced from burnt Rhizophora racemose wood after cooking. Rice bran was obtained from Dilomat Farms and Services Limited in Rivers State University. All selected agrowastes were brought to the Department for further studies. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer methods described by Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) were used for the determination of proximate, mineral, vitamin and antinutrient contents of these agrowastes. Proximate evaluation revealed rice bran to possess highest values for moisture (11.63±0.15), lipid (7.50±0.10) and carbohydrate (35.63±0.60). Highest values (9.56±0.03) for protein, 71.50±0.10 for fibre and 15.00±0.50 for ash were recorded for M. ciliata, X. aethiopica and R. racemose wood ash respectively. Mineral and vitamin assessment revealed wood ash to contain highest calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium while thiamine (0.23±0.01) was only recorded for rice bran. Antinutrient investigation showed the availability of oxalate, tannin, carotenoid, polyphenol, flavonoid and lignant in all tested agrowastes. However, X. aethiopica recorded highest antinutrient composition compared to other assessed agrowastes. Generally, these agrowastes still possess valuable nutrients and antinutrients that could support other production processes

The Natural Alternatives: The Impact of Plant Extracts on Snowbush (Breynia disticha Forst.) Cuttings’ Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics

The utilization of cuttings remains a prevalent method for vegetative propagation in various plant species. Synthetic rooting hormones have conventionally been employed to enhance the rooting process; however, their high cost and potential environmental risks have necessitated the exploration of natural alternative compounds. In this study, the efficacy of natural plant extracts (pure honey, aloe extract, willow extract, moringa extract, and cinnamon powder) and synthetic auxin derivatives (indole-3-butyric acid and α-naphthaleneacetic acid) at a concentration of 2000 ppm was compared for their influence on rooting and vegetative growth of snowbush (Breynia disticha) cuttings, a significant ornamental and medicinal shrub. Results demonstrated that while the synthetic hormones produced the highest survival percentages and root number, the roots were consistently short, thick, friable, and largely void of secondary roots. Conversely, the alternative natural plant extracts, particularly aloe extract, exhibited promising outcomes, showcasing good rooting percentage and root number, significantly increased root length, and fresh and dry root weight. Furthermore, aloe extract demonstrated the potential to enhance shoot length and alter the chemical constituents of the cuttings. The highest values of total phenols and nitrogen percentage were recorded with cuttings treated with indole-3-butyric acid, followed by cuttings treated with aloe extract. While using aloe extract, we recorded the highest values of total carbohydrates, phosphorus, and potassium percentages. Notably, the highest endogenous levels of indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid, along with the lowest abscisic acid concentration in cutting tissues, were associated with the highest rooting percentage observed with indole-3-butyric acid, followed by the use of aloe extract. We hypothesized that natural plant extracts, specifically aloe extract, have potential as a viable alternative for synthetic auxins in promoting successful rooting and vegetative growth in snowbush cuttings. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and optimize the application of these natural compounds in vegetative propagation techniques.

Comparative Studies on the Quality and Bacterial Contamination of Five Varieties of Groundnut (Arachishypogaea L.)

Studies on the quality and bacterial contamination of five varieties of groundnut were carried out in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Rivers State University. Nutrient analysis was conducted in accordance with the guideline of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) while the laboratory cultural method was used for bacterial isolation and characterization. The proximate assessment revealed the presence of moisture, ash, lipid, fibre, carbohydrate and protein. However, highest lipid (49.25±0.05%) and fibre (4.95±0.50%) were recorded for SM 10 while LM had highest values of moisture (7.8±0.00%) and carbohydrate (31.25±0.37%). Highest ash (6.55±0.05%) and protein (36.74±0.04%) were seen for SN22 and SN23 respectively.The mineral evaluation revealed calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium to be present in all test groundnut samples. Although, SN24 recorded highest calcium (130.00±0.00mg/100g) potassium (950.00±0.00mg/100g) and iron (4.70±0.00mg/100g). However, highest values magnesium (161.00±1.mg/100g), phosphorus (376.50±0.50mg/100g) and sodium (107.30±87.70mg/100g) were recorded for SN22, SN10 and SN23 respectively. Bacteria investigation showed the occurrence of five organisms viz: Bacillus cereus, Micrococussp, Staphylococcus sp and Bacillus mycoide. However, SN10 and SN23 had highest number of bacterial flora (3 genera) while SN22 had least bacterial flora (1 genus). Generally, all groundnut varieties possessed vital nutrient but could still be contaminated by bacteria.

Effect of Processing Techniques on Nutritional Parameters of Antioxidant Rich Pomegranate Flowers

Background: India is the largest producer of pomegranate in world. The cultivation is having a drawback of producing more of agricultural waste; all bloomed flowers do not get developed to a proper fruit and drops down earlier only. Dropped flowers may be the male flowers which drop naturally after pollination and others are female flowers which dropped due to environmental conditions or agricultural factors. According to the literature, pomegranate flowers are chemically composed of various phenol compounds which shows medical properties like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor property which helps in fats and glucose anabolism, antioxidative property, anti-inflammatory property and also hepatoprotective property. Methods: The study was conducted reduce the agricultural waste by finding some nutritive composition of flowers. Nutritional analysis (energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates) and antioxidant analysis (Vitamin C and gallic acid) of fresh and shade dried pomegranate flowers of three different varieties i.e. Solapur Lal, Bhagwa and Ruby were done. Result: Our findings shows that shade dried pomegranate flowers of ruby variety are having highest mean values for energy (334.7833±0.571) and carbohydrates. (72.176±0.123). protein and Fat content was found to be highest in shade dried pomegranate flowers of Solapur Lal variety with mean values as 10.350±0.121 and 0.813±0.0152 respectively. For antioxidant content, Shade dried pomegranate flowers of ruby variety contains highest amount of both the antioxidants i.e. Vitamin C and gallic acid with the mean values as 35.330±0.249 and 1533.873±11.265, respectively.

Phytochemical and Nutritional Profile, Mineral Ratio and Mineral Safety Index of Young and Matured Corn Silk Collected from Ekiti State, Nigeria

Corn silk is an agricultural waste material from corn cultivation. The need for a supplement feed material that would be readily available, affordable and has nutritional qualities prompted this study. Fresh and dry corn silk were collected from a farm land in Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria and evaluated for phytochemical and nutritional composition using standard techniques. The phytochemical analysis revealed that both the young and matured corn silk contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, steroids and reducing sugar. The qualitative phytochemical estimates showed high concentration of flavonoids and total phenols while tannins were found in moderate quantities. The proximate estimation (%) revealed high values of carbohydrate and crude fiber, moderate crude protein and ash, low crude fat, low moisture as well as high energy content in young and matured corn silk respectively. Both samples contained high K, P, Ca, Mg, moderate Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu while Pb and Ni, toxic metals, were absent. The results showed low mineral CV% which ranged from 1.32-38.92. The results of the mineral safety index were lower than the standard, an indication that there would be no mineral overload. The two corn silk samples were rich in active secondary metabolites which could offer protective health benefits, also safe and contained nutritional qualities that could make them suitable to be incorporated into man’s diet and domestic feed.

Zinc sulfate biofortification enhances physio-biochemical attributes and oxidative stress tolerance in rice varieties grown in zinc deficient alkaline soil

Zinc (Zn) is a crucial trace mineral with diverse roles in plants; its deficiency in edible plant parts results in micronutrient malnutrition, leading to stunted growth. Zinc deficiency in the soil is a significant factor leading to poor rice quality. This research aimed to reveal the impact of Zn biofortification on rice productivity and to introduce rice cultivars with enriched nutrients. The effects of various zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) rates viz. 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mM (designated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively) on the germination process, chlorophyll pigments, biochemical activities, and the mitigation of oxidative damage in four different rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (KSK-133, Basmati-198, Basmati-515, and PK-386) grown in alkaline Zn-deficient soil were evaluated. A control without Zn application (T0) was kept for comparison. Results demonstrated that Zn treatments significantly affected the germination rates, vegetative growth, photosynthetic attributes, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of all tested cultivars. Zn application significantly ameliorated the oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), glutathione peroxidase, and non-enzymatic compounds (such as flavonoids, proline, phenolics, reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar, total carbohydrates, and free amino acid) in all tested cultivars. Among the application rates, ZnSO4 application at 400 mM depicted the highest values of the above-mentioned traits. Furthermore, recorded data also revealed that ZnSO4 had a significant impact on flavonoids, total carbohydrates, and phenolic contents where its application at 400 mM depicted significantly higher values than other treatments. Among the tested cultivars, Basmati-198 exhibited the highest values of flavonoids, total carbohydrates, and phenolic contents showing an increase of 134.53%, 103.57%, and 265.34%, respectively, over the average of other cultivars. In sum, ZnSO4 application at 400 mM significantly improved rice performance under alkaline conditions whereas its application at 500 mM onsets toxic effect on all tested cultivars. However, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms, further research is needed to conduct long-term field studies at the molecular level.

Revival of wild edible-medicinal mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) based on organic agro-industrial waste- achieving a commercial protocol with the highest yield; optimum reuse of organic waste

Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) pers mushroom is belonging to the Class Agaricomycetes and family Hericiaceae that has been used as medicinal interests in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine in Eastern Asia for hundreds of years. It is grown on a substrate based on hardwood sawdust and agricultural or industrial wastes supplemented with various additives. In the present experiment, the mycelial growth rate of Hericium erinaceus investigated in the eight media including the malt extract agar (MEA), Quercus infectoria (Oak) sawdust extract agar (OEA), Carpinus betulus (Hornbeam) sawdust extract agar (HEA), wheat straw extract agar (WEA), buttom mushroom compost extract agar (CEA), Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Lam.) sawdust extract agar (CWEA), Ulmus americana (Elm) sawdust extract agar (EEA), bagasse extract agar (BEA). Results showed the highest rate in CWEA and CEA media cultures and the lowest growth rate in the BEA media culture with 5.13, 4.83, and 1.73 mm/day, respectively. In this present study, has been used of compounds including wheat straw, sawdust, bagasse, rice bran, wheat bran, soybean powder, and corn flour. Among the 19 substrates for the cultivation of H. erinaceus, the best substrate found composition 17 (wheat straw 30 % + sawdust 30% + wheat bran 15% + bagasse 15% + corn flour 10%) for SRP, PHFP, FHP, TCP, Y and BE with values of 25, 29, 34.33, 44 days, 244.19 g/bag and 69.77%, respectively. Also, the maximum values of protein, dietary fiber, carbohydrate, fat, and energy were recorded with values of 19.33, 30, 35.33, and 1.23 g/100 g DW and 289.6 kcal/100 g DW, respectively.

Studying the chemical composition and nutritional value of Iraqi buffalo buttermilk and its use in the manufacture of healthy ice cream

Making buttermilk by fermenting raw buffalo milk with two types of commercial starters, YO-MIX 495 and YO-MIX 505, and stirring it by electrophoresis and estimating the chemical content using an analyzer Eko milk, pH, Titration Acidity percentage, carbohydrates and organic acids using HPLC technology, active compounds with GC-MS technology, antioxidant activity, and making ice cream with three mixtures: 0:1, 1:1 and 1:3 from skimmed milk to raw milk, and physical tests were conducted on it, The results showed that the fermentation time had no effect on the chemical content, but it did affect the pH, surface Titration Acidity, the concentration of carbohydrates, organic acids and active compounds. The highest value of pH was 4.37, and ash was 0.65% for buttermilk fermented with YO-MIX 495 starter, and the highest value for Titration Acidity, protein and fat is 0.84, 2.73 and 1.24%, respectively, with YO-MIX 505 starter. The highest value of carbohydrates is for lactose sugar, 3.30 % with YO-MIX starter 505 and the highest value for organic acids is succinic, 169.82% with starter YO-MIX 505 and lactic, 42.50 % with starter YO-MIX 495 and different ratios of active compounds reached the highest area of the peak % Acetic acid, cesium salt 25.08334% with start YO-MIX 495 and it showed the highest antioxidant activity 75% with the starter YO-MIX 495, and the highest starter diameter against Bacillus cereus was 10 mm for the starter. The mixtures manufactured with YO-MIX starter 495 excelled on the mixtures manufactured with YO-MIX starter 505 in sensory evaluation, and the mixture 1:1 showed the highest value in taste and general acceptance. At the same time, 1:3 was superior in color, texture and oral feeling, while 0:1 obtained the lowest acceptance between the three mixtures. Keywords: Buttermilk, organic acids, carbohydrates, active compounds, ice cream, starter.

Effect of enset (Ensete ventricosum) varieties and fermentation time on nutritional compositions, antinutritional factors, functional properties, and sensory acceptance of Bulla.

The effect of enset varieties and fermentation time on the nutritional composition, antinutritional content, functional properties, and sensory acceptance of bulla was assessed. Bulla samples were prepared from newly improved enset varieties yanbule, gewada, zereta, and messina and were fermented for 0, 15, and 30 days. The result revealed that bulla prepared from gewada had relatively better values of fat (0.3 g/100 g), fiber (1.04 g/100 g), carbohydrate (97.7 g/100 g), energy (394.2 Kcal), and Fe (2.54 mg/100 g). Yanbule had relatively higher ash content (1.05 g/100 g) and considerably higher Ca (317.9 mg/100 g) than bulla prepared from the other varieties. Mg (56.8 mg/100 g) and Zn (2.3 mg/100 g) were relatively higher in bulla prepared from Messina. A very low level of tannin was detected only for gewada, but high contents of phytate up to 112.5 mg/100 g were obtained. With respect to the functional properties of bulla fermented for 30 days, no significant differences were observed among the varieties except for water absorption capacity. In terms of sensory quality, bulla porridge prepared from yanbule had comparatively higher overall acceptability score (7.6).

Analisis Nutrisi Sereal dari Ampas Kelapa dan Ampas Susu Kedelai

Coconut pulp and soy milk pulp flour can be combined to reduce the use of wheat flour in the manufacture of cereals. The high fiber and protein content of coconut and soy milk pulp will improve the quality of cereals. The aim of this study was to obtain the mass ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour which produces cereals with high nutritional value. The ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour used was 0:100; 25:75; 50:50; 75:25; and 100:0 (w/w). Cereal quality was determined based on the value of carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber, water, and ash content. The results showed that the protein, fat, water, and ash content met the SNI standard, while the fiber content was still higher than the maximum SNI limit. Statistically, the treatment of the ratio of coconut and soy milk pulp flour had a significant effect on all cereal quality parameters (sig. 0.00 < α (0.05)). The high cereal protein content was found in all levels, namely in the range of 14.29-21.14%, while the fat content was in the range of 17.8-34.41%. The use of a 0:100 ratio produces carbohydrate content that meets SNI, which is more than 60%. The use of a combination of coconut pulp and soy milk pulp for the manufacture of cereals that needs to be developed is 25:75 (w/w), however still needs further modifications to reduce fiber content and increase the carbohydrate content.

Chemical properties and sensory evaluation of sweetened condensed rice (Oryza sativa L.) milk

Food and beverage products that provide beneficial effects on human health and the prevention of diseases have become more popular among consumers who are seeking a healthy lifestyle. Sweetened condensed rice (Oryza sativa L.) milk (SCRM) is a plantbased food product and it is suitable for some people who practise vegetarianism and suffer from a food allergy, such as lactose intolerance. The study herein developed SCRM by applying three different sweeteners that comprise refined sugar (SCRMSU), glucose syrup (SCRMGL), and stevia syrup (SCRMST). The aim of the study was to examine the chemical properties (proximate composition and concentrations of sugars), physical properties (colour measurement, pH and moisture content), microbial analysis during the storage period and sensory evaluation. Results showed that SCRMGL exhibited the highest total carbohydrate value (67.93%), while the lowest value was shown in SCRMST (44.07%). All samples have a relatively low amount of protein, fat, and ash compared to carbohydrates. The total sugar concentration of SCRMGL and SCRMSU was 48.36 g/100 g and 45.23 g/100 g, respectively; but not detected in SCRMST. Sucrose constituted the highest concentration of total sugar in all samples, with SCRMSU (44.93 g/100 g) having the highest. Based on the aerobic plate count, SCRMST showed the highest microbial reduction after being stored for 7 (3.68 log CFU/g) and 15 (6.99 log CFU/g) days, followed by SCRMSU (7 days, 2.53 log CFU/g; 15 days, 5.81 log CFU/g). In contrast, there was no appreciable amount of mould detected in all samples after seven days of storage. The study also included the sensory evaluation involving thirty panellists by using a 9-point hedonic scale and a majority of panellists accepted SCRMST given that it had the highest score on several sensory characteristics, e.g., appearance (8.00±1.00), colour (8.10±0.91), taste (8.10±0.91), flavour (7.65±0.88), and texture (7.95±0.85), with the overall acceptability of 8.25±0.64. In summary, SCRMST is expected to respond well in the health market and be one of the alternative products for some people who face food allergy problems.

Análise fitoquímicae nutricional do caruru-de-espinhos (amaranthusspinosus) colhido em uma cidade na microrregião do bico do papagaio - estado do tocantins, brasil

The Caruru-de-espinho (Amaranthusspinosus) is an edible plant belonging to the genus Amaranthus, and family Amaranthaceae, having high nutritional content, in addition to being the target of phytochemical studies. In view of this, the objective is to evaluate the phytochemical, protein and nutritional content of the spiny caruru (Amaranthusspinosus) harvested in a city in Bico do Papagaio, North of Tocantins, Brazil. This is a descriptive, experimental study. Leaves and seeds of the spiny caruru (Amaranthusspinosus) were collected, the sample was prepared to produce flour, extract and experimental procedures, to verify the presence of flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds and tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, coumarin derivatives, amino acids, carotenoids, terpenoids/steroids, and check the ash, protein, carbohydrate, moisture, digestion, crude fiber and lipid content. After the phytochemical analysis, the presence of flavonoids, foaming saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, coumarin derivatives, amino acids, carotenoids, terpenoids/steroids and significant values for carbohydrate, fiber, protein and lipid content were observed. The results obtained are consistent with the literature, the plant only has to add to the scientific community, since it is rich in secondary metabolites and nutritional properties. New research is necessary in different periods, to observe the potentiality of the species according to climate changes and even the soil of a quantitative nature.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles mitigate toxic effects of Cadmium heavy metal in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Heavy metals contaminated soils and water sources are one of the major global causes of inhibition of plant growth and productivity. Different strategies are being employed to overcome the challenging issue to increase plant yield requirements to fulfil the needs of future generations. The objective of the present study was to observe the effects of spray (foliar) of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (100 ppm), alone and its interaction in conjugation with Cd (Cd+ZnO-NPs) 100 ppm of both on the growth and biochemical activities of the target plant, i.e., two chilli varieties. After two weeks of transplant, treatments viz., Control (T1), ZnO nanoparticles 100 ppm (T2), Cd 100 ppm (T3), and ZnO nanoparticles 100 ppm + Cd 100 ppm (T4) were given for six weeks and different parameters of growth and biochemical analysis were made. Results have shown that 100 ppm foliar spray of ZnO-NPs has significantly increasing effects on root and shoot growth of chilli plants in alone (ZnO nanoparticles) and Combined (ZnO nanoparticles +Cd heavy metal) treatments mitigating toxic effects of Cd stress. A similar increase in values of total carbohydrates, soluble proteins, free amino acids, and photosynthetic pigments were observed mostly in a combination of Cd+ZnO-NPs treatment showing remediation properties of ZnO nanoparticles against Cd stress in chilli plant. In conclusion, it may be suggested that 100 ppm ZnO-NPs foliar spray can have an increasing effect on the growth parameters of the plants under stressful conditions of Cd heavy metal.

Characterizing indigenous plant growth promoting bacteria and their synergistic effects with organic and chemical fertilizers on wheat (Triticum aestivum).

The excessive use of chemical fertilizers is deteriorating both the environment and soil, making it a big challenge faced by sustainable agriculture. To assist the efforts for the solution of this burning issue, nine different potential native strains of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) namely, SA-1(Bacillus subtilis), SA-5 (Stenotrophomonas humi),SA-7(Azospirillum brasilense), BH-1(Azospirillum oryzae), BH-7(Azotobacter armeniacus), BH-8(Rhizobium pusense), BA-3(Azospirillum zeae), BA-6(Rhizobium pusense), and BA-7(Pseudomonas fragi) were isolated that were characterized morphologically, biochemically and molecularly on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing. Furthermore, the capability of indigenous PGPB in wheat (Triticum aestivum, Chakwal-50) under control, DAP+FYM, SA-1,5,7, BH-1,7,8, BA-3,6,7, DAP+ FYM + SA-1,5,7, DAP+FYM+ BH-1,7,8 and DAP+FYM+ BA-3,6,7 treatments was assessed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results of the study showed that there was a significant increase in plant growth, nutrients, quality parameters, crop yield, and soil nutrients at three depths under SA-1,5,7, BH-1,7,8, and BA-3,6,7 in combination with DAP+FYM. Out of all these treatments, DAP+ FYM + BA-3,6,7 was found to be the most efficient for wheat growth having the highest 1000-grain weight of 55.1 g. The highest values for plant height, no. of grains/spike, spike length, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, 1000 grain weight, biological yield, and economic yield were found to be 90.7 cm, 87.7 cm, 7.20 cm, 53.5 cm, 33.5 cm, 4.87 g, 1.32 g, 55.1 g, 8209 kg/h, and 4572 kg/h, respectively, in the DAP+FYM+BA treatment. The DAP+FYM+BA treatment had the highest values of TN (1.68 µg/mL), P (0.38%), and K (1.33%). Likewise, the value of mean protein (10.5%), carbohydrate (75%), lipid (2.5%), and available P (4.68 ppm) was also highest in the DAP+FYM+BA combination. C:P was found to be significantly highest (20.7) in BA alone but was significantly lowest (11.9) in DAP+FYM+BA. Hence, the integration of strains BA-3, BA-5, and BA-7 in fertilizers can be regarded as the most suitable choice for agricultural growth in the sub-mountainous lower region of AJK. This could serve as the best choice for sustainable wheat growth and improved soil fertility with lesser impacts on the environment.

What are Brazilian plant-based meat products delivering to consumers? A look at the ingredients, allergens, label claims, and nutritional value

The aim of this study was to analyze the labels of plant-based meat analogues (PBMAs) sold in Brazilian supermarkets. The study focused on ingredient lists, allergens, label claims, and nutritional values. Of the 59 products analyzed, 38 listed soy as the primary source of protein, while pea and wheat were the next most common sources. Sunflower oil was the most frequently listed lipid source, appearing in 19 of the products. The labels of 70% of the products made claims such as "100% vegetable," "no preservatives or colorings," and "source of fiber." Compared to traditional meat products, PBMAs showed wide variation in energy, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate values. The highest protein content was found in hamburgers, meat/chicken, sausage, and hotdogs, while hamburgers and meatballs had the highest saturated fat content. When compared to legislation on meat products, only 49% and 23% of the PBMAs met the minimum protein and maximum carbohydrate levels, respectively. These findings suggest that dedicated regulations for plant-based meat alternatives are necessary to ensure consumers can make informed choices and support the development of the plant-based meat industry.

Sensory and Chemical Characteristics of Solid Brem with The Addition of Gedong Gincu Mango Juice (Mangifera Indica L. Var. Gedong Gincu)

Brem is a type of advanced processed food from fermented white glutinous rice. This study aims to determine the characteristics of solid brem with the addition of Gedong Gincu mango juice. This research uses a one-factor, completely randomized design (CRD) with three levels of treatment with a comparison of white sticky tape juice and Gedong Gincu mango juice, namely A1 (85%:15%), A2 (75%:25%), and A3 (65%:35%). As well as testing paired T-tests for selected products and control. The data analysis used is ANOVA with Duncan advanced test (α=0,05). Based on the results of research solid brem addition of Gedong Gincu mango juice affects the sensory quality (color (3,53-8,44), flavor (5,61-6,79), and appearance (5,44-7,85)), hedonic (color (4,97-7,29), aroma (6,04-7,30), texture (6,34-7,79), and overall (6,41-7,53)), and chemical (water content (18,31%-20,71%), carbohydrates as starch (2,63%-9,17%), acidity (9,51%-17,85%), and vitamin C (2,25 mg/100g-3,02 mg/100g)). However, the addition of Gedong Gincu mango juice did not affect the sensory quality (aroma (5,92-6,45), taste (6,77-7,60), and texture (7,41-7,75)), hedonic (taste (6,34-7,16)), and chemical (ash content (1,45%-4,06%), and water-insoluble part (3,61%-4,15%)). Further test results T-test sample A1 and control showed parameters of color, aroma, and appearance (sensory quality); color, aroma, and taste (hedonic); and the value of water content, ash content, carbohydrates, acid degrees, and vitamin C has no significant effect with the addition of Gedong Gincu mango juice. In contrast, the parameters of taste, flavor, texture (sensory quality), texture and overall (hedonic), and water-insoluble part significantly affect the addition of Gedong Gincu mango juice